{"id":10037,"date":"2023-07-30T16:41:57","date_gmt":"2023-07-30T09:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=10037"},"modified":"2024-12-29T16:36:33","modified_gmt":"2024-12-29T09:36:33","slug":"su-doan-iwakura-di-tim-khai-sang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/su-doan-iwakura-di-tim-khai-sang\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura \u0111i t\u00ecm Khai s\u00e1ng (Ian Nish)"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u1ee8 \u0110O\u00c0N IWAKURA<\/span><\/h1>\n

CHUY\u1ebeN T\u00c2Y DU \u0110I T\u00ccM KHAI S\u00c1NG CHO NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N<\/span><\/h2>\n

The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment<\/span><\/h1>\n

Ian Nish<\/strong> ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/span><\/strong>ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0<\/em> <\/span><\/span>d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

“Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng S\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VII, 2024”<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>1868 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/strong> (1868)<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec3 cho l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i?<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u201cm\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n man di, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c tu ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

It\u014d Hirobumi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n\"\"\n

\"\"<\/p>\n\"\"\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft Fukuzawa Yukichi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. V\u1eady ai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3? H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ngh\u0129 g\u00ec? D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2023 v\u1eeba qua, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam do Cty s\u00e1ch Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em>. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch do h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Ian Nish (1926-2022) l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia am hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean The Iwakura Mission in America & Europe<\/em>. A New Assessment<\/em>. N\u00f3 ra m\u1eaft c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u00fac Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao, 1993-2023, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang 150 n\u0103m sau khi chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em> k\u1ebft th\u00fac (1873-2023).<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i quan ch\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u0169ng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang du h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

V\u1eeba b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn theo Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0n d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 g\u1eedi s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i (1862) nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ch\u01b0a t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi cho l\u1eafm. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Fukuzawa theo l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura c\u0169ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t t\u1eadn m\u1eaft t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thu ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn lao l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a m\u1edf c\u1eeda b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp g\u1ea7n ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, cho n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ng\u1ee1 ng\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, quan l\u1ea1i, hay v\u00f5 s\u0129, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, doanh nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng gas, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, ho\u1eb7c ra s\u1ee9c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t \u0111ang h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n samurai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng con b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00fang b\u00e0i<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t player<\/em> trong c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u00e0m kh\u00e1c h\u1ea3, c\u00f3 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng “d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o” h\u1ea3, th\u00ec xin m\u1eddi \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c ch\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng agenda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00f3c \u0111i nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp v\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch khi h\u1ecd b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng s\u1ebd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb s\u00e2u x\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a xem hoa. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u0169 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ch\u1eafc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, 1871-73, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng du l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thai ngh\u00e9n trong \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00f9 Tang. Tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng sinh ra ai tr\u00ean ai d\u01b0\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa n\u00f3i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed, b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb5ng c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 mang theo m\u1ed9t “th\u01b0 k\u00fd” ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, Kume Kunitake, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ghi ch\u00e9p h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 quan s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch g\u1ed3m 5 t\u1eadp cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham kh\u1ea3o, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft quan s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tinh vi v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd! Kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi nho h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Qu\u00e1 hay. Qu\u00e1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 ch\u01b0a m\u1edf m\u1eaft ra.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7t Nam hay qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 quan s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, hay H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, hay ngay c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3. C\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u1edf Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft. C\u1ee5 b\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ee5c k\u00edch c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, tuy l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng”. Nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ecd gi\u1ed1ng T\u00e2y m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00f3i quen, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch \u0103n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i vv, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o. C\u1ee5 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ee5 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh dung h\u1ebft. L\u00fac C\u1ee5 qua th\u0103m, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 Thanh, nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1. C\u1ee5 th\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 gieo. C\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e1 ph\u1ed5i b\u1ecb h\u01b0, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi trong l\u00e0nh s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00edt th\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em> gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ai y\u00eau qu\u00fd khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa Yukichi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y bunmei-kaika<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a TS Choi Hyung Sup: C\u1ea7n l\u00e0m<\/em> khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l<\/strong><\/em>\u00e0m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed <\/em><\/strong>t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cT\u00e2y du k\u00fd\u201d hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ecdc xong S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, hay l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 duy b\u1ea1n phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung so v\u1edbi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ee3t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n 150 n\u0103m, 1868-2018. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch c\u00f4-v\u00edt, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5. C\u1ea3m \u01a1n Cty s\u00e1ch Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra m\u1eaft quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n anh ch\u1ecb quan t\u00e2m. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “tinh l\u1ecdc”, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng, v\u00ec qu\u1ef9 th\u1eddi gian eo h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(30\/7\/2023)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3n xem s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1eaft<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Benjamin C. Duke, M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1<\/span>i<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/span>, do Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c IRED ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/em>:<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn khai minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

v\u00e0<\/p>\n

Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u2013 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u2013 v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Donald Keene<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1)<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy t\u00e2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n h\u00f9ng ca l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng nh\u00e0 Thanh v\u00e0 Nga ho\u00e0ng trong hai tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong khi c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111ang ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng du g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura<\/em> th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n TS Guido Verbeck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan, g\u1ee3i \u00fd, d\u1ef1a l\u00ean m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Peter \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf Nga th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 18 nh\u1eb1m h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u. Verbeck \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u0103m 5 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura \u0111i th\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn 20 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 1 n\u0103m 10 th\u00e1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110o\u00e0n c\u0169ng mang theo nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eef sinh tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i du h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u00f3 hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eefng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho h\u1ecd. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Th\u00f4ng qua quan s\u00e1t, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3 thi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi sang m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111i t\u00ecm chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. Honda Toshiaki (1744-1821), s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Tokugawa. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i trang s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1edbi, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thao th\u1ee9c, t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu. Trong \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u0111ang r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf. Honda ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, v\u0103n minh Ai c\u1eadp 6.000 n\u0103m m\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n xa, v\u0103n minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi 3.800 n\u0103m th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n v\u0103n minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi 1.500 n\u0103m nay, cho n\u00ean t\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. V\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n s\u00e1u ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m kia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u0111i ch\u1ecdn v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.\u00a0 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y. \u00d4ng h\u00ecnh dung Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (Donald Keene).<\/p>\n

(2)<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du Iwakura<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u l\u1eafm, Hoa K\u1ef3 hai l\u1ea7n \u0111em h\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu k\u00fd nh\u1eefng Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 H\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt. L\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1858 khi Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc H\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u00e0u Powhatan<\/em> ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 7, 1858, m\u1edf n\u0103m h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Hakodate, Kanagawa (Yokohama), Nagasaki v\u00e0 hai c\u1ea3ng Hyogo (Kobe) v\u00e0 Niigata s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf sau. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e2u Yokohama. L\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 Townsend Harris l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf c\u1eeda – m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch do d\u1ef1. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c, Anh, Ph\u00e1p theo ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Tokugawa ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nguy hi\u1ec3m, n\u0103m 1868 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean Satsuma v\u00e0 Ch\u014dsh\u016b n\u1ed5i l\u00ean l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u00f4n Mutsuhito, con c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf K\u014dmei m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm l\u00ean l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb. Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n minh-Khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> (Bunmei-kaika) v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00ec. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o. Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang ch\u00ecm trong m\u00ea ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c: \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, Trung Hoa, \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng… Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 con m\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi? C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1n hay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ebb s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n: N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m sang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i du h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m 1868, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u Ng\u0169 Ki\u1ec7t<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u (Ch\u014dsh\u016b<\/em>) tr\u1ed1n l\u00ean t\u00e0u b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m xu\u1ea5t ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb 1634 \u0111\u1ec3 sang Anh h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 It\u014d Hirobumi sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; Masaru Inoue m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft; Kaoru Inoue l\u00e0m b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao.<\/p>\n

(3)<\/span><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du Iwakura<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/em> Minh Tr\u1ecb (Meiji Restoration) t\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00ean ng\u00f4i n\u0103m 1868[1]<\/a> (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 16 tu\u1ed5i), xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u00e0ng d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ngang trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u2018n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh\u2019<\/em> (f\u016bkoku-ky\u014dhei), khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (shokusan k\u014dgy\u014d<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura<\/em> (Mission) do c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Iwakura Tomomi (1835-1883) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cao c\u1ea5p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 It\u014d Hirobumi, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 30 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 60 sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch, th\u00f4ng tin (c\u00e1c ryugakusei<\/em>). H\u1ecd \u0111i th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0 Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00c1o, \u00dd, B\u1ec9, H\u00e0 Lan, \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129, Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n, Nga. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m 1871-1873, ch\u1ec9 ba n\u0103m sau Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Minh Tr\u1ecb, gi\u1eefa l\u00fac m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5 ra t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n cho \u0111o\u00e0n, Nh\u1eadt ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/p>\n

Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t k\u1ef9, \u201ctr\u1eabm\u201d c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc m\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 vun x\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t\u2026N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c khai s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, hay g\u1eedi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00f3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem ra l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>\u201d l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i th\u0103m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, to\u00e0 \u00e1n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh th\u1eddi Victoria c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd g\u1eb7p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, vua ch\u00faa, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Grant c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nam-B\u1eafc d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng A. Lincoln), N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria c\u1ee7a Anh, Vua Wilhelm I v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Bismarck c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 (\u0110\u1ee9c), T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Thiers c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p vv. H\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00c2u ph\u1ee5c qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u2018v\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng\u2019, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u, trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>, enlightenment, cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0(4)<\/span><\/p>\n

Hoa K\u1ef3<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o M\u1ef9 (Daily Evening Bulletin<\/em> c\u1ee7a San Francisco) b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng, khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. H\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, th\u00f4ng minh cao \u0111\u1ed9, can tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh, \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c cao v\u1ec1 danh d\u1ef1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 m\u1ecdi l\u00fac m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c s\u1eafc cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebb th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2n \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, hai t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9<\/em>. Trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi \u1edf Washington, Iwakura \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00ec khai s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>\u201d, tuy h\u1ecd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia: Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng; Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p; n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 thanh l\u1ecbch, tinh t\u1ebf; n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111ang l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u1eeba m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung: n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Kume Kunitake nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ea3n ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh Khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qu\u1ed1c gia, hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p, theo Kume, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/em> m\u1ea1nh: \u201cN\u1ebfu \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn. S\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng vong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ch\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c). K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec7c chi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3i r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 3, 1872 t\u1ea1i Washington DC<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kido kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o n\u00e2ng cao thanh th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta trong ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m t\u1edbi. \u2026 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ng\u00e0y nay; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, hay s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\u201d \u0110o\u00e0n Iwakura c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 li\u1ec1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Mori Arinori. Mori l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i Washington, 1871-1873. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00f3m khai s\u00e1ng L\u1ee5c Minh X\u00e3 (Meirokusha) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c khai s\u00e1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Fukuzawa Yukichi. L\u00fac \u1edf Washington Mori \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 vi\u1ebft cho \u00f4ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Mori c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1873. M\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 David Murray chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rutgers, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d. Murray g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi sang Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn 1878. Mori c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u, th\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi \u0110o\u00e0n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i trong v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau t\u1ea1i Shimonoseki (1864) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i cho \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ph\u00ed.[2]<\/a> T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Grant sau \u0111\u00f3 qua th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9, Iwakura Tomomi (gi\u1eefa) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong trang ph\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt. T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i: Kido Takayoshi, Yamaguchi Naoyoshi, It\u014d Hirobumi, v\u00e0 \u014ckubo Toshimichi. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mang g\u01b0\u01a1m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. \u1ea2nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1872 t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n. (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n\"\"\n

L\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura n\u0103m 1871-1873, d\u00e0i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Columbus kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (\u1ea2nh trong The Making of Modern Japan<\/em>, tr. 357)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kume Kunitake (1839-1931), ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0 k\u00fd quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura<\/p>\n

(\u1ea2nh trong Japan and Its World<\/em>, tr. 74)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(5)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>Anh qu\u1ed1c<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1eb7n, qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n, xe l\u1eeda, m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ec7t may. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t \u1edf Trung Hoa \u1edf s\u00e1t b\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1839\u201342) v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai (1856\u201360).<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u01b0 k\u00fd Kume Kunitake d\u00e0nh cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh 443 trang, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Hoa K\u1ef3 46 trang, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian \u1edf M\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, 205 ng\u00e0y, so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Anh 122 ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n chia nhau \u0111i quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3ng: lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee1ng vi\u1ec7n; c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, thu\u1ebf; c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n. H\u1ecd th\u0103m nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c Woolwich. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 8.600 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 700 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fac. H\u1ecd \u0111i th\u0103m Crystal Palace, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1851, ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Victoria. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Metropolitan Railway, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 1860-1863. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd \u0111i th\u0103m B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh (British Museum) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u01a1i C\u00e1c M\u00e1c t\u1eebng ng\u1ed3i 20 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n I.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Manchester, h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ec7t b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tham quan nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u00e9p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u00e9p 8.000 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00fang l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quen bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi 14 tu\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 5 gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111i h\u1ecdc trong 3 gi\u1edd\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Liverpool v\u00e0 Manchester, hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh, sau di\u1ec5n v\u0103n ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n \u0110o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng William Booth, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Iwakura \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd ng\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap qu\u00fd ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mong m\u1ecfi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n (m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia. \u2026 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Henry Dyer, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thu\u00ea trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Tokyo, sau th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Tokyo, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cAnh qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi \u1edf l\u1ea1i Newcastle l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Elswick, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i William Armstrong. \u0110o\u00e0n \u0111i th\u0103m x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00fang Armstrong v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 Ba, 22 th\u00e1ng 10, 1872. H\u1ecd g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sir William Armstrong, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong tr\u1eadn ph\u00e1o k\u00edch Kagoshima (1863) v\u00e0 Shimonoseki (1864). T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng cho x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p. Trong tr\u1eadn Tsushima (\u0110\u1ed1i M\u00e3) n\u0103m 1905 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nga-Nh\u1eadt, m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea9u s\u00fang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u do Armstrong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Elswick.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1p h\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u tu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecdc th\u00e9p l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1911, \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Togo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn Tsushima th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1905 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Glasgow \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00e1y \u0111o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn. Togo n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng ‘C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i th\u1eafng tr\u1eadn Tsushima’. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura \u0111\u00e3 gieo h\u01a1n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u00fang Armstrong \u1edf Elswick<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(6)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Otto von Bismarck t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kinh kh\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cho n\u00ean Bismarck th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n (g\u1ed3m 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i chi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3i tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3: \u201cGi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p khi h\u1ecd giao ti\u1ebfp nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb1ng sau l\u00e0 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m s\u1ef1 m\u01b0u h\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf.\u201d \u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft: M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng h\u1ea3o th\u00f4i. \u00d4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: Khi \u00f4ng c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1ea5p \u1ee7 gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.[3]<\/a> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00f4m nay c\u0169ng trong c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Cho n\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 n\u00ean gi\u1eef m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau. Iwakura v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n bao nhi\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Berlin, h\u1ecd \u0111i th\u0103m c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Siemens, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Borsig, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed1m Ho\u00e0ng gia (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft), \u0111i th\u0103m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Friedrich-Wilhelm Berlin (\u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt sau n\u00e0y), \u0110\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Vua Wilhelm, th\u0103m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Charit\u00e9 cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 Augusta cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u00fa, h\u1ed3 c\u00e1 aquarium, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u0103m cung \u0111i\u1ec7n vua t\u1ea1i Potsdam, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb vua Friedrich II mu\u1ed1n d\u1eb9p c\u1ed1i xay l\u00faa g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 thua ki\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed1i xay. Ngo\u00e0i ra t\u1ea1i Essen, h\u1ecd th\u0103m x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Krupp, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u00fang c\u00e0 n\u00f4ng h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e9p l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Anh. Krupp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 20.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u00faa c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5m g\u00ec so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Krupp. T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Krupp g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5. Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 3, 1873 ghi: \u201cC\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p.\u201d<\/p>\n

(7)<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft th\u00fac chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129. S\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e2u l\u1eafm, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp. Kume ch\u1ec9 ra trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau 1800 \u2026 N\u0103m 1830, t\u00e0u th\u1ee7y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 xe l\u1eeda m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t trong n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ed3n h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u1edbi mong \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh sau n\u00e0y). \u0110o\u00e0n c\u00f3 mang theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1863-1864, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf K\u014dmei, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Minh Tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng $3.000.000, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ebb th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i kh\u00e1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Trung Hoa, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00e0y \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u201cTho\u00e1t \u00c1\u201d nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Trung Hoa l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Nha Phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\u201d, Fukuzawa Yukichi (\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1872, v\u00e0 \u201cc\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia s\u01a1 khai (primitive) v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trong khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai.\u201d \u00cdt n\u0103m sau, Fukuzawa vi\u1ebft V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/em>, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: hoang d\u00e3 (yaban<\/em>), b\u00e1n khai (hankai<\/em>), bao g\u1ed3m Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh (bunmei<\/em>), g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u00e0n c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i ngh\u1ecb th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Kido d\u1eabn kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ba Lan \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng tham gia c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> (Charter Oath) n\u0103m 1868 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia: r\u1eb1ng (\u0111i\u1ec1u 2) \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p, cao c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5p, s\u1ebd h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n; (\u0111i\u1ec1u 3) \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n\u201d.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd b\u1ecf l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1ea5m s\u00e2u v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn \u1edf Nh\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng vai tr\u00f2 thay th\u1ebf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c. Kume cho r\u1eb1ng Kinh th\u00e1nh d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sutra Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 suy ra t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y: \u201cm\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e0ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ea t\u00edn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y: tham gia nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i m\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 1868-1902, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p 11.148 visa cho du h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u du h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c1. T\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cho con du h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Iwakura v\u00e0 Kido c\u0169ng c\u00f3 con trai du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 (\u1edf Rutgers) trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f4ng du c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura thu\u00ea ngay hai chuy\u00ean gia quan tr\u1ecdng: GS David Murray c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Rutgers cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t; K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Henry Dyer c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1873, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngay sau chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngay \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Tokyo<\/em> (The Imperial College of Engineering, ICE), t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1877 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u014dbu daigakk\u014d<\/em> v\u1edbi Dyer l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o. [Ch\u1ec9 sau tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 1865 kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.]<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1edf m\u00e0n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thu\u00ea chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t. N\u0103m 1875 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 500-600 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1890 Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. Ri\u00eang trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trong v\u00f2ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea kho\u1ea3ng 400 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 1873 B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 14% ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. N\u0103m 1877 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

(8)<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u014d Hirobumi<\/em>. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, It\u014d, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n, tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa (1882-83) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, m\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean (han<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 hay Anh th\u00ec c\u00f3 phong th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do hay \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5 1870. Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Staatswissenschaft<\/em>, khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Lorenz von Stein \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vienna, v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ea7m ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ch\u1ebft b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 tin, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn” ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ng\u00e0y 11, th\u00e1ng 2, 1889, b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea1n ra \u0111\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u sake ra t\u1eb7ng nhau u\u1ed1ng, tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e9 v\u00e0o c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. It\u014d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu \u00edch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 \u201cni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng khai, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n khoan dung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau.\u201d N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn<\/em> (constitutional government) trong d\u1ea1ng \u201cch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d (popular government) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n th\u1eddi phong ki\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u201ck\u1ec1m gi\u1eef trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong khi Fukuzawa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec It\u014d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> \u201cb\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 1900 \u00f4ng l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea3ng Rikken Seiy\u016bkei<\/em> (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn), \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II. Sau 1945, \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea3ng D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 T\u1ef1 do (Liberal Democratic Party, LDP) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay m\u00e0 c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Shinzo Abe c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 “h\u1eadu du\u1ec7” r\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u1ea3 hai, It\u014d v\u00e0 Abe \u0111\u1ebfu ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

It\u014d Hirobumi (16. 10. 1841 \u2013 26. 10. 1909) v\u00e0 Shinzo Abe (21. 9. 1954 \u2013 8. 7. 2022)<\/p>\n

(9)<\/span><\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 5 trong N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ebb xung quanh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 4, n\u0103m 1868 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 nam cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: r\u1eb1ng \u201ctri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf.\u201d<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du Iwakura l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 32, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c quy lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111em v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, gi\u1eefa t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u01a1 ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed3i cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd quan s\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c quan s\u00e1t trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong Nho gi\u00e1o, hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 gh\u00e9 S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i (tr\u1eeb Singapore do d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111en t\u1ed1i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y. N\u0103m 1895, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Thanh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa. Fukuzawa \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u201cgi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh\u201d. C\u00f9ng l\u00fac, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c n\u0103m 1899, thay cho c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n sau 30 n\u0103m! Sao ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u201c\u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1nh\u201d v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd h\u1eb1ng mong mu\u1ed1n, n\u1ed5i l\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a Honda Toshiaki, v\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 tranh h\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o (Kokumin Shimbun<\/em>) h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n khoe r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn (Trung \u2013 Nh\u1eadt), v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9 di\u1ec7n ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf l\u00f2ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai l\u00e0 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t hay t\u00ednh kh\u00ed m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi khi h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cTr\u00ec ch\u00ed v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m\u201d. N\u0103m 1905, h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng lu\u00f4n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nha Ho\u00e0ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(10)<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eb7ng cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, 2018-1868, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n khi l\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trang s\u1eed chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura<\/em> t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm khai s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Columbus \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm T\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cDarwin\u201d \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd \u0111em v\u0103n minh-khai s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Ph\u00f9 Tang, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i: “H\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa, h\u1ecdc m\u00e3i”, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 sau \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, v\u0103n minh, khoa h\u1ecdc, cho con ch\u00e1u h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1878 bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kume Kunitake \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u0103m t\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u00ean Bei-O kairan jikki<\/em>, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 kairan jikki<\/em>, cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang tham kh\u1ea3o. S\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1977, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn trung th\u1ef1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u0103m x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura, s\u1ed1 6 trong danh m\u1ee5c tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kume Kunitake.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12, 2018; b\u1ed5 sung th\u00e1ng 7\/2023<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Donald Keene, The Japanese Discovery of Europe<\/em>, 1720-1830. Stanford University Press, 1969.<\/li>\n
  2. Marius B. Jansen, Japan and Its World<\/em>. Two Centuries of Change<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 1980.<\/li>\n
  3. Marius B. Jansen (ed.), The Making of Modern Japan<\/em>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000.<\/li>\n
  4. Paul Akamatsu, Meiji 1868<\/em>. Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Japan<\/em>. Translated from French by Miriam Kochan. Harper & Row, Publishers, 1972.<\/li>\n
  5. Ian Nish (ed.), The Iwakura Mission in America & Europe<\/em>. A New Assessment.<\/em> Japan Library, 1998.<\/li>\n
  6. Chushichi Tsuzuki and R. Jules Young (ed.), Japan Rising<\/em>. The Iwakura Embassy to the USA and Europe<\/em> 1871-1873. Compiled by Kume Kunitake. With Introduction by Ian Nish. Cambridge University Press, 2009.<\/li>\n
  7. Takii Kazuhiro, It\u014d Hirobumi<\/em> \u2013 Japan\u2019s First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution<\/em>. Translated by Takechi Manabu. Routledge, 2014. (\u0110ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t)<\/li>\n
  8. Hugh Borton, Japan\u2019s Modern Century<\/em>. Second edition. The Ronald Press Company, 1995<\/li>\n
  9. Taggart Murphy, Japan and the Shackles of the Past<\/em>. Oxford University Press, 2014.<\/li>\n
  10. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19<\/em>. B\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o 2011<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    [1]<\/a> T\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 1867-68 Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng T\u1ed9 \u0111i c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc: \u201cC\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi tinh, th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u1eefng, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee3i \u00edch do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ra, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tai h\u1ea1i do \u0111\u1ea5y m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt<\/em>.\u201d \u201cT\u00f4i thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 trong ng\u0169 ph\u00fac, ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean lo \u0103n<\/em>.\u201d \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u00e1i ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i th\u00fac b\u00e1ch th\u00ec lo k\u1ebf s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xong, c\u00f2n h\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 b\u00e0n l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Hoa K\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Ngh\u0129a H\u00f2a \u0110o\u00e0n (Boxer war) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m qu\u1ef7 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho sinh vi\u00ean Trung Hoa. D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u1ea5n Ninh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 sang M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u post doc. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 L\u00fd Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u00f3ng n\u0103m 1957 l\u00fac \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 35 tu\u1ed5i khi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng cho l\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ef9 t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau 1975 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh VEF (Vietnam Education Foundation).<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> Xem N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Cty ZENBOOK.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    S\u1ee8 \u0110O\u00c0N IWAKURA CHUY\u1ebeN T\u00c2Y DU \u0110I T\u00ccM KHAI S\u00c1NG CHO NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment Ian Nish ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp   “Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng S\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 VII, 2024”   Tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10037"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10037"}],"version-history":[{"count":60,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10037\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10134,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10037\/revisions\/10134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10037"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10037"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}