{"id":10124,"date":"2023-08-06T11:09:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-06T04:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=10124"},"modified":"2023-08-06T16:21:52","modified_gmt":"2023-08-06T09:21:52","slug":"hegel-noi-ve-trung-hoa-khoa-hoc-va-tinh-than-phuong-dong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/hegel-noi-ve-trung-hoa-khoa-hoc-va-tinh-than-phuong-dong\/","title":{"rendered":"Hegel n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">HEGEL N\u00d3I V\u1ec0 TRUNG HOA,<\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">KHOA H\u1eccC\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #008000\">V\u00c0 TINH TH\u1ea6N PH\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u00d4NG<\/span><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> <em>ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-10126\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2023\/08\/Hegel-anh.jpg?resize=485%2C584&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"485\" height=\"584\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">W. F. Hegel (1770-1831)<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2010 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 n\u0103m, tr. 461-467. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n abstract ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. T\u00f4i \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thu\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n, bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (theo Adam Smith) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c k\u00edch th\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n tay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, bi\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tham v\u1ecdng. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 &#8211; v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, self-interest, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. B\u00e0n tay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh entrepreneurial, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00f5i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, hay c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a <em>nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t &#8220;ch\u1ec9 huy ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a&#8221; nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. M\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong t\u1ef1 do khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng Ionia s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c, c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1-h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ef1-\u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 Hegel n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ec5 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1eaft \u0111i c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u1eeb minh qu\u00e2n. Kant vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed9c <em>Tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa<\/em>: \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 do th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa kh\u00e1c (\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng), v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea3i \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> 6\/8\/2023<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Abstract<\/em><\/span>. In his <em>\u201cLectures on Philosophy of History\u201d<\/em> (1822-1830) Hegel examined Chinese society\u2019s social-political structure and mentality of Chinese people developed under the despotism and argued among other things why Chinese scientific spirit couldn\u2019t develop as in western Europe. There is in China <em>absolute egality<\/em>, but not freedom. The emperor is like the sun, which people have to turn around. He is chief both in religious affairs and in science. Hegel also examined the \u2018oriental spirit\u2019 in his historical-political studies at Frankfurter time. The lack of freedom is the key to understanding the oriental society. \u201cWorld history is the record of the spirit&#8217;s efforts to attain knowledge of what it is in itself. The Orientals do not know that the spirit or man as such are free in themselves. And because they do not know that, they are not themselves free. They only know that <strong>One<\/strong> is free&#8230;. The consciousness of freedom first awoke among the Greeks, and they were accordingly free; but, like the Romans, they only knew that <strong>Some<\/strong>, and not all men as such, are free&#8230;. The Germanic nations, with the rise of Christianity, were the first to realize that <strong>All<\/strong> men are by nature free, and that freedom of spirit is his very essence\u201d. We translate some extracts.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/em>.<\/span> Hegel \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tri th\u1ee9c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung trong \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n hay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. V\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do\u2026\u00dd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 do l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do; nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia german, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u201d Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a Hegel v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm cho h\u00f4m nay. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. M\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdan li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u tinh th\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa (ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u), v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (ph\u1ea7n 2) nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay trong s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>\u00a0<\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong><em>V\u1ec1 Trung Hoa<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 qua c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Trung Hoa th\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i hai. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh suy vong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, Nanking l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4; b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Peking, trong khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 kh\u00e1c. Trung Hoa ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u phen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tartar th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. V\u1ea1n l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c. \u00d4ng Ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chia \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u t\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3i chung. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi s\u00e1ch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gom l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111i, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y n\u1ea1n l\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i. Ai trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1t s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (Constitution), n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. V\u00ec ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft sau. S\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung v\u00f4 v\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do hay \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng xem x\u00e9t n\u1eefa l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Trung Hoa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf Trung Hoa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, cho n\u00ean chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. V\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 <em>trong<\/em> s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; ngo\u00e0i ra h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta. \u1ede \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Trung Hoa nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i. Gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, quan l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, lo\u1ea1i sau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Quan l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao h\u01a1n, v\u00ec \u1edf Trung Hoa vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Ai mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 thi, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ba k\u1ef3. \u1ede k\u1ef3 thi th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 thi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 qua hai k\u1ef3 thi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i th\u01a1 ph\u00fa \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng g\u1ed3m hai ngh\u00ecn ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ng\u1ea7n \u1ea5y quan l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. (Trong c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 quan l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng). [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i xoay quanh v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. C\u1ea3 c\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng y\u00ean b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ef1-h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd suy y\u1ebfu \u0111i, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay danh d\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ec vinh d\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh phi-\u0111\u1ea1o-\u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c x\u1ea5u n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh hay \u0111\u1ebfn tai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn; s\u1ef1 m\u00ea t\u00edn n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do tinh th\u1ea7n. \u1ede m\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 xem v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 hay m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t, hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. [\u2026] Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ma thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh \u201cphi- tinh-th\u1ea7n\u201d (Geistlosigkeit) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c <em>Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> Trung Hoa c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y. Khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m l\u1edbn hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng khai t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o ra v\u1edbi v\u0103n phong hay nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n phong n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf s\u00e1t h\u1ea1ch; h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, v\u1eadt l\u00fd gia, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd gia. \u2026<\/p>\n<p>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 vun b\u1ed3i, th\u00ec m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i m\u1ecdi m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m (t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3), v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u1edf th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu xa trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u01b0a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 la b\u00e0n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt in s\u00e1ch. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in, h\u1ecd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n g\u1ed7 r\u1ed3i in ra; h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt in ch\u1eef di \u0111\u1ed9ng. Thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang ch\u1eafc h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c cha d\u00f2ng T\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fac nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y s\u00fang c\u00e0-n\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho h\u1ecd. V\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd tuy bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. [\u2026.]<\/p>\n<p>H\u1ecd \u0111em c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eb7ng l\u00e0m qu\u00e0 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y l\u00e0m v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang.\u00a0 Y khoa c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, pha l\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u00ea t\u00edn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i chung d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. [\u2026.]<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. H\u1ecd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u00e0nh h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 Trung Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu anh ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau v\u1ea3y tr\u00ean con c\u00e1 ch\u00e9p, bao nhi\u00eau kh\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y, th\u00ec c\u00e1i cao qu\u00fd, c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a anh ta. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cho n\u00ean khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n \u1edf Kanton \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ki\u1ec3u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u00ec theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. [\u2026.]<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n (Geist), nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ec1u xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n v\u1edbi v\u1ebb oai nghi\u00eam, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, trong khi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec mang trong m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-\u00fd-th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh sinh ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o l\u00ea c\u1ed7 xe quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 oai nghi\u00eam ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u00faa. C\u00e1i g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng k\u00e9o h\u1ecd xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kinh ho\u00e0ng khi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 b\u00e1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n \u201cc\u01a1m thiu\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. T\u1ef1 s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1ee9t con ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00edt \u1ecfi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao danh gi\u00e1 (hay \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb), th\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1-\u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><em>\u00a0<\/em>(Trong [1] <em>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><strong><em>Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch (character) c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eefa m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00f2n c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch. T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i s\u1ebd th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1i kia s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau. [\u2026] M\u1ed9t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3 ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, hay c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. V\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00e1c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. [\u2026] Cho n\u00ean trong t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau: <em>s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7<\/em>, c\u1ea3 hai li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. C\u1ea3 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 N\u00f4 l\u1ec7, hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi <em>h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 <em>can \u0111\u1ea3m<\/em> khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c (n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m h\u01a1n anh ta, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 <em>s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan<\/em> n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng ngay c\u00e1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n anh ta. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>hi\u1ec1n <\/em>(wise) khi bi\u1ebft r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay c\u00e2u ch\u1eef. [\u2026] Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng dung n\u1ea1p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng anh ta. Anh ta \u0111\u1ea9y sang l\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu cho anh ta. Anh ta ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n anh ta, ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 n\u00f3 hay ch\u1ecbu n\u00f3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c; nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00ednh b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. [\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">(Trong [2] <em>C\u00e1c b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Frankfurt<\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef 2010<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em>Th\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/span>:<\/p>\n<p>[1] G.W.F. Hegel, <em>Vorlesungen \u00fcber die Philosophie der Geschichte<\/em>. NXB Suhrkamp 1970.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em>[2] G.W.F. Hegel,<em> Historisch-politische Studien aus der Frankfurter Zeit<\/em>. NXB Suhrkamp, 1966.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>HEGEL N\u00d3I V\u1ec0 TRUNG HOA, KHOA H\u1eccC\u00a0V\u00c0 TINH TH\u1ea6N PH\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u00d4NG Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef W. F. Hegel (1770-1831) L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2010 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 n\u0103m, tr. 461-467. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n abstract ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10124"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10124"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10124\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10132,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10124\/revisions\/10132"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10124"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10124"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10124"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}