{"id":10153,"date":"2023-08-13T15:55:38","date_gmt":"2023-08-13T08:55:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=10153"},"modified":"2023-08-14T22:26:37","modified_gmt":"2023-08-14T15:26:37","slug":"trung-quoc-da-tro-thanh-nuoc-tu-ban-the-nao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/trung-quoc-da-tro-thanh-nuoc-tu-ban-the-nao\/","title":{"rendered":"Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o"},"content":{"rendered":"

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TRUNG QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u00c3 TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH N\u01af\u1edaC T\u01af B\u1ea2N\u00a0<\/span>NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O<\/span><\/h1>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ronald Coase<\/strong> (Nobel kinh t\u1ebf 1991) & Ning Wang<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Tham lu\u1eadn gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng:<\/span><\/p>\n

HOW CHINA BECAME CAPITALIST<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Cato Institute, Jan-Feb 2013<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Nh\u00e3<\/strong> d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ea1c quan, nhi\u1ec7t quy\u1ebft, s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Trung Qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 doanh.\u00a0 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m sao cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: ” Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u; th\u1ee9 ba, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecd”. L\u00e3o t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o, c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: “Khi n\u00e0o t\u00f4i (nh\u00e0 Vua) kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec h\u1ebft, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: “\u0110\u1ea1o cai tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3”. V\u00e0 c\u00e2u kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh: “L\u00e0m gi\u00e0u l\u00e0 vinh quang”, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfng k\u00e8n qu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh cho cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 20, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i t\u1ef1-nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1-ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ng\u00e0y 11-1-2011, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed cao 9.5 m\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u1edf Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 h\u1eadu Mao trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u sa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. L\u00fac Mao qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi 200 USD m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng 4000 USD. Trong c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n chia c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 2% l\u00ean 9%. Trong th\u1eddi Mao tr\u1ecb, kinh doanh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, t\u01b0 doanh n\u1ea3y n\u1edf kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. V\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 internet \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1edfi m\u1edf, \u0111\u1ea7y sinh l\u1ef1c, l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o. Ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t. C\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n phi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1eadu Mao c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 “cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ” chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ” c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5. Trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, t\u01b0 doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf cho t\u01b0 doanh, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng mang c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong l\u00fac t\u1ea1i Matx-c\u01a1-va, Warsaw, Prague, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u1edf T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean, An Huy, Chi\u1ebft Giang, v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Mao s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ra Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng ta s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u01b0 doanh v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 tan v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ebfu th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong l\u00fac n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i do s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u00f3, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ec5n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m (Qian Xuesen), nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2009: “T\u1ea1i sao, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hay m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?”<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng 3 th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n xa \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, khi kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p k\u1ebb s\u0129. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh giai c\u1ea5p k\u1ebb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cai tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb khi T\u1ea7n Th\u1ee7y Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 221 TCN, cho t\u1edbi khi Nh\u00e0 Thanh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u0103m 1911. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ebb s\u0129 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i la b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nho gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh t\u1eed: “S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng danh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd; s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u0103m t\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecd chao \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecd s\u1ee3”. Ng\u00e0y nay Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebb s\u0129. D\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u0129, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb s\u0129 x\u01b0a kia v\u1eabn c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u00e2m vang trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tinh vi h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd g\u00ec m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. “C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec5n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m” \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd phai m\u1edd \u0111i. Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u1eeba qua, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i ph\u1ed3n vinh cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh mang \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ed7i r\u1ec5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. S\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng qua h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp mang t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1955, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Ti\u1ec5n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao \u0111ang n\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California (Caltech), ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean t\u00e0u Cleveland President tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, Ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng Los Angeles: \u201cT\u00f4i d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 khi ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u0169 \u1edf Catech l\u00e0 Frank Marble t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh, Ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb9 nh\u01b0ng hoang mang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm v\u1ebb b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa: \u201cN\u00e0y Frank, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 12-2- 2010, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eebng n\u0103m m\u1edbi, Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 h\u01a1n\u201d, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec5n H\u1ecdc S\u00e2m c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo ki\u1ec3u \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng. Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o \u01b0a th\u00edch, Adam Smith cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1i kia, s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i lan t\u1ecfa, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 k\u1ec1 vai s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea7m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Trung Qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u phi th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf b\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ronald Coase & Ning Wang<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ronald Coase v\u00e0 Ning Wang t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch How China became capitalist<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, t\u1eeb d\u00e2n gian, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00f3. \u201cT\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb\u201d. Trung Hoa t\u1eebng c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 TCN \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u00f9ng d\u1eady th\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh quy m\u1ed9t khi th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn, sau khi \u201cb\u1ecdn b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1eadn bi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Adam Smith v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch How China became capitalist<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Nh\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef c\u00f4ng phu nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i \u201cqu\u1ed1c c\u1ea5m\u201d. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/em> chi nh\u00e1nh TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn xem x\u00e9t. Sau nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n c\u00e3i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf b\u1edbt v\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, v\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t. Ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfc m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y do d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Nh\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Coase v\u00e0 Wang cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2013, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Cato, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 libertarian think thank \u1edf Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc b\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0: m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi, h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3i chung.<\/p>\n

Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a TQ ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do tri th\u1ee9c. TQ t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u01b0 Coase v\u00e0 Wang nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u1ea3y n\u1edf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Nho gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p gia \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i l\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u1ea3y n\u1edf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00fac Tr\u00e0ng An (T\u00e2y An) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong khu v\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng hai th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ra v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eebng l\u00e0m, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 Thanh s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed7. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec. S\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa TQ m\u1edbi b\u00f4n ba \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em> m\u1edbi c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111ang r\u1ec7u r\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng ra, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp theo, trong khi TQ d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, khi TQ r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o TQ \u0111i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Coase v\u00e0 Wang c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng critical, v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn. H\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n TQ tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, \u201cch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong tham v\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e1n. H\u1ecd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean \u00e1n, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. H\u1ecd mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y TQ s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111i c\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng cai tr\u1ecb theo ki\u1ec3u ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thu\u1edf x\u01b0a v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u trong t\u00e2m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t an ninh. Nh\u01b0ng an ninh cho ai? C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, cho th\u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1t-x\u00edt \u00dd Gramsci, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t duy nh\u1ea5t, cho n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, khi n\u00f3 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. N\u00f3i chung, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o TQ ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9, l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em>, khoan dung<\/em> trong x\u1eed th\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Trung qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, theo \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Hegel n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay ti\u00eau vong<\/a><\/p>\n

Francis Bacon \u2013 Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2b50\u2b50\u2b50<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>TRUNG QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u00c3 TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH N\u01af\u1edaC T\u01af B\u1ea2N\u00a0<\/span>NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O<\/span><\/h1>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u201chi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a) m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TQ th\u1eddi h\u1eadu Mao \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 30 n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao cho kinh t\u1ebf TQ. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt TQ, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ai ng\u1edd t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf TQ, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 TQ v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n TQ c\u00f2n ngh\u00e8o. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch c\u00f2n \u00edt h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n khi h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean TQ \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb trong ra ngo\u00e0i trong su\u1ed1t 35 n\u0103m qua. Cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a TQ l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn n\u0103m 1976 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1eadu Mao, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, TQ \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o WTO n\u0103m 2001. Trong thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi, kinh t\u1ebf TQ ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xung l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m sao TQ tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i chia l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi Phong tr\u00e0o sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m 1989.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 hai cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 do B\u1eafc Kinh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u1ef1c d\u1eady n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c doanh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u nguy ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 do s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1976, d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong. Hoa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mao ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sau khi b\u1eaft giam \u201cB\u00e8 l\u0169 4 t\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Mao, Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c, Hoa \u0111\u00e3 tung ra ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm l\u00e0 \u201cCu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt ra ngo\u00e0i\u201d. N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 huy, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u00f3 hai n\u0103m. N\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1979. L\u00fd do m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1978, Ban Ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp, b\u1ea7u \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n (Chen Yun) tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 sa th\u1ea3i Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ezra Vogel v\u1eeba vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf TQ. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0ng Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a TQ trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 5 n\u0103m l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a TQ v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1953, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eadp trung. V\u00ec \u00f4ng ta l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tham gia c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, tuy c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Mao c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u201cB\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt\u201d v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1958, v\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1978, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf TQ \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u: \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, so v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 canh n\u00f4ng; v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c doanh v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1eadp trung, b\u1ecf qu\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo \u00f4ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Hoa Qu\u1ed1c Phong, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho kinh t\u1ebf TQ th\u00eam t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Tr\u1ea7n ra l\u1ec7nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt ra ngo\u00e0i\u201d, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (N\u1ed9i c\u00e1c), v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai v\u1ebf: \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m v\u0129 m\u00f4, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m vi m\u00f4. S\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ti\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e1y m\u00f3c (capital goods) qua khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. B\u01a1m th\u00eam ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o canh n\u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1 n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n 20% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979, v\u00e0 cho t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. B\u1eafc Kinh c\u0169ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (t\u1ec9nh) th\u00eam quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n.\u00a0 Tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh, v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 trao th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang l\u01b0u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1979, v\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TQ \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. (1)<\/p>\n

C\u1ea2I T\u1ed4 \u1ede C\u00c1C V\u00d9NG BI\u00caN (MARGINS)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ai h\u1ed3 nghi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TQ th\u1eddi h\u1eadu Mao \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c mu\u1ed9n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf tham gia th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf TQ trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980) l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3, c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng<\/em> do B\u1eafc Kinh kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. (2)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TQ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1edbi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c doanh hay th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean\u201d. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ed3i sinh \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c kinh doanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf TQ trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1980).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n<\/em>. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 \u1edf TQ. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1949, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, Mao \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng tay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o Mao v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tho\u00e1t c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o. Sau 20 n\u0103m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 40 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n. Sau khi Mao ch\u1ebft, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 B\u1eafc Kinh v\u1eabn t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch duy tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1980, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng m\u1edf ra cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ai ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1982, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p TQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a. Sau n\u00e0y, khi l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, B\u1eafc Kinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 khen m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Kinh ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p TQ v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n TQ, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do B\u1eafc Kinh ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf trong l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c, th\u1ecb x\u00e3<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea. Trong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf TQ. V\u00ec ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u00e0i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc., ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i mua nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ngo\u00e0i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee3 \u0111en v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb ri\u00eang, \u0111i kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh th\u1ee9 thi\u1ec7t. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ed1c doanh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty kinh doanh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn<\/em> \u1edf TQ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ebb \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1eeba m\u1edbi t\u1eeb th\u00f4n qu\u00ea tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Trong th\u1eddi Mao c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, 20 tri\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc (t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn 18 tu\u1ed5i) \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd. Sau khi Mao ch\u1ebft, h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1eb7n c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n xe l\u1eeda. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda, cho ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do. C\u00e1c c\u1eeda ti\u1ec7m t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdc ra nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eb9p qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u nguy ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 cho ch\u00fang th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoanh l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00e0i v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef0 C\u1ea2NH TRANH KHU V\u1ef0C (Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp kinh t\u1ebf TQ. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a TQ n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TQ ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. B\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n TQ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 mang tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i TQ trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, trong l\u00fac ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n m\u1ea3i m\u00ea t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ee9u g\u1ee1 khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c doanh.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1992, sau chuy\u1ebfn du h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh. Trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean mang nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i TQ trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, bi\u1ebfn TQ th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf TQ. TQ \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch thu\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c doanh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf, bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Huang Yasheng trong s\u00e1ch \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh TQ\u201d. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a Huang l\u00e0 TQ mang t\u00ednh kinh doanh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990. N\u1ebfu l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf TQ r\u1eddi xa n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 vu\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990: S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c (3a), \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u00ec l\u00e0m m\u00e9o m\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 (3).\u00a0 Trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb: \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a TQ (v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c), \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Hayek: N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>. Th\u1eddi Mao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. TQ t\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Mao \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ngh\u00e8o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u00e9p k\u00edn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Sau khi Mao ch\u1ebft, TQ tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng. \u201cT\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng; tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e0 vinh quang. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf – C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ra sao? – ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng- \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Hayek g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cHi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n- Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c. Khi 32 t\u1ec9nh, 282 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 2861 huy\u1ec7n, 19522 th\u1ecb x\u00e3, 14.677 l\u00e0ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a TQ nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, TQ tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, trong \u0111\u00f3 mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n kinh nghi\u1ec7m kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. M\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a TQ \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c cao.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c TQ tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y g\u00ec v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf TQ? M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a TQ l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb TQ \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 trong 35 n\u0103m qua. \u0110\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn (radical). H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u1eefa, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u00ean. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, internet \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy v\u1eady, TQ v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (\u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng) n\u00e0y, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf TQ. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. D\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Giang Tr\u1ea1ch D\u00e2n v\u00e0 H\u1ed3 C\u1ea9m \u0110\u00e0o, TQ kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i n\u1eefa. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb TQ ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n th\u1eddi Mao v\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TQ \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00edch \u1ee9ng TQ v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf TQ l\u00e0 do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd mong manh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n. Khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o TQ s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7? V\u00e0 li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng sau c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a TQ.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea9n b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf TQ. TQ \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a TQ. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hai l\u00fd do: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf TQ. Th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng\u201d trong ch\u1eef TQ c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ. \u201cTh\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang t\u01b0\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o l\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cD\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a chung\u201d. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa trong c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ: \u201cB\u00e1ch hoa t\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng, b\u00e1ch gia tranh minh\u201d (Tr\u0103m hoa \u0111ua n\u1edf, tr\u0103m nh\u00e0 \u0111ua b\u00e0n). C\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed. Theo \u00fd ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb TQ, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bao dung, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Trong 35 n\u0103m qua, TQ \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf. S\u00e1ch \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (4) (The Theory of Moral Sentiments) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Hoa. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o. L\u1eddi g\u1eedi g\u1eafm c\u1ee7a Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 vang l\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi TQ, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1i l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf TQ v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i TQ qua ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 TQ \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u1edf TQ, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1eb7ng Ti\u1ec3u B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n di\u1ec5n ngh\u0129a sai l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 \u201cTinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn b\u1ecb che \u0111\u1eady \u1edf TQ v\u00ec th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i h\u01a1i l\u1ea1c quan v\u1edbi c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf TQ, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00fac n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i do s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u00e3i b\u1ecf n\u00f3, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a TQ v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf TQ, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng cho TQ, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1eebng cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, gi\u00fap cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00eam s\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong l\u00fac m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m cho chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m; m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh xa s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Ronald Coase & <\/strong>Ning Wang<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n, v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 duy tr\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u00e9 m\u1edf t\u1ef1 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Tr\u1ea7n V\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u cho Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00fd B\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec7u T\u1eed D\u01b0\u01a1ng trong v\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean An M\u00f4n 1989.<\/p>\n

(2) C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng. n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3; C\u00f2n khu v\u1ef1c v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean (margines- khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9, t\u01b0 doanh\u2026<\/p>\n

(3) N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1: n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

(3a) C\u1ea1nh tranh khu v\u1ef1c: C\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

(4) S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1759, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Smith d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cho nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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  TRUNG QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u00c3 TR\u1ede TH\u00c0NH N\u01af\u1edaC T\u01af B\u1ea2N\u00a0NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ronald Coase (Nobel kinh t\u1ebf 1991) & Ning Wang Tham lu\u1eadn gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng: HOW CHINA BECAME CAPITALIST T\u1ea1i Cato Institute, Jan-Feb 2013 Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Nh\u00e3 d\u1ecbch Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y   \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10153"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10153"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10153\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10176,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10153\/revisions\/10176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10153"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10153"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10153"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}