{"id":10296,"date":"2023-11-10T17:15:48","date_gmt":"2023-11-10T10:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=10296"},"modified":"2023-11-11T12:35:04","modified_gmt":"2023-11-11T05:35:04","slug":"phat-bieu-ve-giao-duc-nghe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/phat-bieu-ve-giao-duc-nghe\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0<\/span>Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c<\/span> <\/em><\/h1>\n

H\u1eccP H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG HI\u1ec6U TR\u01af\u1edeNG C\u00c1C TR\u01af\u1edcNG CAO \u0110\u1eb2NG, TRUNG C\u1ea4P<\/span><\/h1>\n

TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ecaA B\u00c0N TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ed0 H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ng\u00e0y 9\/11\/2023<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U H\u1ed8I NGH\u1eca g\u1eedi cho 150 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Nam H\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u1ec7 Tinh, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1, v\u00e0 K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Hi\u1ebfu, h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1959, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u01a1 kh\u00ed Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng qua m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 anh Hi\u1ebfu sau chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

K\u00ednh th\u01b0a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00ednh th\u01b0a c\u00e1c Anh Ch\u1ecb Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng, L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 trung c\u1ea5p d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00ednh th\u01b0a Qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u<\/em>,<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 song h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a TP v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean gia, nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0o thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thung l\u0169ng Silicon<\/em>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 xem nh\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u sai l\u1ea7m. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m nay, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trung k\u1ef7, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10, 11 tr\u1edf \u0111i, khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 sung t\u00fac. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 quan th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00c1o v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1i \u0111a th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trong gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft tay ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp. C\u00f4ng ty ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecd. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, Facharbeiter<\/em>, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy, v\u1eeba l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u1eeba v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 t\u1ed1t, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u00f2ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c, hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u00f3\u00a0k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (industrial skill), s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (proficiency), t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu, x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea1nh tranh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tinh x\u1ea3o, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tinh x\u1ea3o, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh x\u1ea3o h\u01a1n. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tinh x\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa<\/em>. S\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c Cty hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Cty n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. T\u1eeb 13 n\u0103m qua, nh\u00f3m T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Nh\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec7 tinh<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y Ban T\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ee3 Vi\u1ec7t Ki\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c Europa Lehrmittel<\/em> (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u). B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 kh\u00ed, \u0110i\u1ec7n-\u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, C\u01a1-\u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u00d4 t\u00f4, X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng vv, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao ph\u1ee7 8 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n 80 n\u0103m qua c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 ch\u01b0a n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e2u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1<\/em>, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean hoan ngh\u00eanh nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n phi-th\u00f9 lao c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i CHLB \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960-70 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam du h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i s\u00e1ch ra, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m, th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u00e1c phong<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. H\u1ecdc vi\u00ean \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u00f4ng L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Hi\u1ebfu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e2u n\u0103m, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sau n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c, do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh qu\u00fd b\u00e1u sau \u0111\u00e2y: T\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd<\/em> (P\u00fcntlichkeit, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00fang h\u1eb9n<\/em>), T\u00ednh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m<\/em> (Sparsamkeit), T\u00ednh si\u00eang n\u0103ng<\/em> (Fleiss), T\u00ednh ham th\u00edch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> (Arbeitsamkeit), T\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng<\/em> (Gerechtigkeit), T\u00ednh ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> (Standhaftigkeit, kh\u00f4ng l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n), T\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng<\/em> (Ehrenhaftigkeit, T\u00ednh t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/em>). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n<\/em> lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc kinh doanh<\/em>. Xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean d\u1ea1y th\u00eam nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a kinh doanh<\/em> cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean noi theo nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u doanh nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 James Watt \u1edf Scotland, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Ho\u1eb7c August Borsig, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y x\u1ebb l\u1eeda, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n v\u1ea1n c\u00e1i, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c manh m\u00fan th\u00e0nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 minh ch\u1ee9ng, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, r\u1ea5t y\u00eau v\u00e0 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u201cham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3\u201d, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Adam Smith, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00fang ta cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed3\u201d. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y, c\u1ed1i xay ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3, s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1eaft k\u00ednh, vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh, m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n, khai m\u1ecf, m\u00e1y in, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh g\u00e2y b\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, trong s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. Karl Marx \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed1i xay \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n: \u201cChi\u1ebfc c\u1ed1i xay tay mang l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa phong ki\u1ebfn; c\u1ed1i xay h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc cho b\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d<\/em> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean th\u00e1p obelisk n\u0103m 1586 \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Peter n\u1eb7ng 327 t\u1ea5n, cao 23 m\u00e9t, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 800 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, 140 con ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 r\u00f2ng r\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00e9t d\u00e2y, d\u01b0\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Domenico Fontana, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u1ea3 t<\/span>h\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y, machina mundi<\/em>, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y, nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i h\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng \u1edf v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n nh\u1ea1c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i J.S. Bach th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17\/18 c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng minh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t craftsman<\/em>, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, t\u00ecm c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd thu\u00ea l\u00e0 Gottfried Wagener, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c sang l\u00e0m c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u00d4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Tokyo, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Tokyo Institute of Technology (TIT) v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y tinh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1892. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cho x\u00e2y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb c\u00f4ng \u01a1n \u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/em>. tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon, l\u1ea5y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd \u0111i b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u00e2n, lu\u00f4n b\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec lu\u00f4n ng\u1ea9ng nh\u00ecn tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft xa h\u01a1n. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3: th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 m\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1eafp tri\u1ec3n khai l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh x\u1ea3o h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1i n\u00f4i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ede l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y, ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>, Kulturgeschichte<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y h\u00f4m nay. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m deus artifex<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u201cCh\u00faa Tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129\u201d. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7m chi\u1ebfc compass \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u201cth\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a\u201d vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng? Walter Gropius, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i BAUHAUS th\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Weimar \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 (K\u00fcnstler) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng (Handwerker) theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb n\u00e0y.<\/em> V\u00e2ng, ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, trong tinh th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tinh x\u1ea3o, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eeba c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1eeba c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u201cN\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m phu qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y qu\u00e9t nh\u01b0 Michelangelo v\u1ebd tranh, nh\u01b0 Shakespeare l\u00e0m th\u01a1, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 Beethoven s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c<\/em>,\u201d nh\u01b0 M\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Martin Luther King Jr. mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 ch\u00fac H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(9.11.2023)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Nh\u1ea5t Ngh\u1ec7 Tinh<\/a><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c Khai S\u00e1ng C\u00f4ng Nghi\u1ec7p : Chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh C\u01a1 kh\u00ed\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c H\u1eccP H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG HI\u1ec6U TR\u01af\u1edeNG C\u00c1C TR\u01af\u1edcNG CAO \u0110\u1eb2NG, TRUNG C\u1ea4P TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ecaA B\u00c0N TH\u00c0NH PH\u1ed0 H\u1ed2 CH\u00cd MINH Ng\u00e0y 9\/11\/2023 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, b\u00e0i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10296"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10296"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10296\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10303,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10296\/revisions\/10303"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10296"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10296"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10296"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}