{"id":10392,"date":"2023-12-16T18:22:48","date_gmt":"2023-12-16T11:22:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=10392"},"modified":"2023-12-16T20:42:23","modified_gmt":"2023-12-16T13:42:23","slug":"nhung-kinh-nghiem-tu-anh-quoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nhung-kinh-nghiem-tu-anh-quoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb Anh qu\u1ed1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

NH\u1eeeNG KINH NGHI\u1ec6M T\u1eea ANH QU\u1ed0C<\/span><\/h1>\n

(2019)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t ham mu\u1ed1n\u2026. \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00fang ta cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Adam Smith<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong>. B\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n (tr. 324-341)\u00a0 trong b\u00e0i c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ee8C TRONG B\u1ed0I C\u1ea2NH CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ea0NG NGHI\u1ec6P C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/span><\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/em> XIX l\u1ea7n in n\u0103m 2019 do Cty s\u00e1ch ZENBOOKS ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 300 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u1edf Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 ng\u1ee5c Bastille, hay \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u201cNh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed3n \u00e0o c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d nh\u01b0 Adam Smith n\u00f3i. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng hai ph\u00e1t minh: M\u00e1y ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 ri\u00eang (separate condenser) c\u1ee7a James Watt \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc (water frame) c\u1ee7a Richard Arkwright \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee3i cotton b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc thay cho s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1769, cho n\u00ean n\u0103m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/em>, annus mirabilis<\/em> (theo Donald Cardwell) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Friedrich Engels so s\u00e1nh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (1847): \u201cL\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Anh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Anh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc; Anh qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u2013 hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i Anh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 cho ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, hay cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Algiers (v\u00e0 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng). V\u00e2ng, c\u00f2n ai truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh \u1edf M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00dac, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Anh?\u201d Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Engels, Hegel t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft trong Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>: \u201cS\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a V\u0103n minh<\/em> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; v\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd l\u1ee5c l\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c man di, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf Anh, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t. Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 200.000, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef (nh\u1eefng d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd), nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 in, th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. [Trong khi Berlin, \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n l\u00ednh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. N\u0103m 1780, trong s\u1ed1 141.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, Berlin c\u00f3 33.000 l\u00ednh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, 13.000 quan ch\u1ee9c, 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 56.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u00f4ng. Magdeburg c\u00f3 5-6.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00ednh trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 20.000 d\u00e2n c\u01b0. T\u1ea1i Petersburg (Nga), trong s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n 218.000 c\u00f3 55.600 l\u00ednh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. (Sidney Pollard)]<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang 1688 (Glorious Revolution), tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em> v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Phong c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Anh-Scotland l\u00e0 \u00edt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u2212 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn khai th\u00e1c n\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cC\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \u201cl\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean)\u201d. Qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1i, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (J. M. Roberts & O. A. Westad). Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1790 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tinh vi, h\u1ecd vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn Bacon nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Tin l\u00e0nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m t\u1eeb Newton v\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh cao. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1ecfi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (Industrial Enlightenment, Mokyr), tin v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00ean. Khai s\u00e1ng gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb homo civilis<\/em> (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) sang homo economicus<\/em> (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf), h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng\u201d (R. Porter).<\/span><\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00edch nghi v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu g\u00f2 b\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi hay xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 (I. I. Rabi). Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u01b0\u1eddn g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a vun x\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00e2y m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p in<\/em> c\u1ee7a Gutenberg th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh<\/em> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. Tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Tin L\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh th\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Khai s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u1edbn. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Newton ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00ea t\u00edn, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n-hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00ea t\u00edn s\u1edbm bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c. \u1ede Anh, Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.\u201d Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh kinh t\u1ebf (Max Weber). Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a (science as culture). Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt. (Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/em> s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3[1]<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1726, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Daniel Defoe, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Robinson Crusoe<\/em>, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: \u201cGi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh \u0103n b\u00e9o v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m \u0103n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u; h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau x\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.\u201d \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Anh n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Anh qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ca ng\u1ee3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi cho qu\u1ed1c gia \u2026 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed, phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ed3n vinh l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh gi\u00e0u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, \u201cv\u0103n minh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0; m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoang d\u00e3, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia man di ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd.\u201d (Roy Porter)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Daniel Defoe t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Robinson Crusoe (1659\/60-1731)<\/span><\/p>\n

Defoe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf\u201d, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, theo \u00f4ng, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc (patriotism), v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Anh. \u201cQuy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d, Defoe vi\u1ebft, \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p, hay h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m\u201d. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cNgo\u00e0i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u201d, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd vinh quang<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 \u1edf Anh, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0, qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eb7n b\u00e3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Vua Charles II n\u00f3i: R\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c<\/em> (gentry) \u1edf Anh. \u1ede Anh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u201cnh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c\u201d, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh nam ch\u00e2m cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, \u201cl\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u201d, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vinh quang v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u2026. l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u1edfi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u2026c\u00e1i l\u00e0 su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9ng l\u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec.\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cAi tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, cung c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n vay, v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i? Ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty? … Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea3 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh?\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3 hay sao?\u201d (Liah Greenfield)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed danh t\u1eeb \u201cnh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n\u201d, merchant, t\u1eebng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn nho gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u vinh d\u1ef1 \u1edf Anh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo Defoe, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Anh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cB\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ao, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i.\u201d Ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Anh th\u1eddi Defoe \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Wealth of the Nations<\/em>: L\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, hay d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f2n xem m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea5t h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, hay \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n xem vi\u1ec7c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i kinh th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mercantilism th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Smith, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf Anh h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Adam Smith (1723-1790)<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu: T\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/em>. Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edbm c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u khoan dung h\u01a1n. T\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, kinh doanh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khoan dung v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ebf: Mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb phong ki\u1ebfn, hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Khi ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, khung lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u1ecfi l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Theo Smith, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u201ch\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Alan Macfarlane).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng minh. Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Marx t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o?\u201d v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201c\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham th\u00edch. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 1900, hai qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Anh, c\u00f3 8.000 khoa h\u1ecdc gia m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 70.000 khoa h\u1ecdc gia trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Manhattan c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 40.000. \u0110\u1ebfn 1980, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u. T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (J. R. McNeill & W. H. McNeill).<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf Anh c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: tinh th\u1ea7n Tin l\u00e0nh<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Max Weber ch\u1ec9 ra. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin l\u00e0nh thanh gi\u00e1o (puritan) \u1edf Anh tin r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng phung ph\u00ed, s\u1ed1ng \u201ckh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh b\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gian\u201d, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u trong kho, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ai s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i theo Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb Amsterdam \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (Fernand Braudel) [2]<\/a>. N\u00f3i chung, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin, ni\u1ec1m tin g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e3o h\u00f2a\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch, hay k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd, nh\u01b0 Philippin v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh hay Ch\u00e2u Phi, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, trong khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Singapore nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ghana v\u00e0 H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 GNP, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng 30 n\u0103m sau t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c: H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u00f4 t\u00f4, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f2n gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ghana kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 GNP ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3? C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean do, nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean do quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ghana c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. (Lawrence E. Harrison v\u00e0 Samuel P. Huntington)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i con s\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh hay t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d (workshop of the world). N\u0103m 1850 Anh qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Wale, Scotland v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ai-Len) s\u1edf h\u1eefu ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u \u0111i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray xe l\u1eeda. N\u0103m 1851 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh (Great Britain) luy\u1ec7n 2.5 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n s\u1eaft, b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Anh c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 1.2 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c, h\u01a1n ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i (Roberts & Westad). Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111i. Cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Pha l\u00ea t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n n\u0103m 1851 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Anh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i cho \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai th\u1ebf k\u00fd 18 v\u00e0 19 \u2212 gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1702 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i William \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1901 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria \u1edf Anh \u2212 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p (factory) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. De Tocqueville cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 mang gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n tr\u00ean thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng gia n\u0103m 1500 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ganh t\u1ef5. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Shakespeare v\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Dickens v\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. (Ron Davison).\/.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(2019)<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u0110\u00e3 ra m\u1eaft, xem https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/gioi-thieu-sach-dai-hoc\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Byzantine \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00eda Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo Tin l\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1610-1620, danh t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em> (capitalism) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho ph\u00eda Nam (Braudel). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Tin l\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Weber. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0m \u0103n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ec7n t\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u, chi nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NH\u1eeeNG KINH NGHI\u1ec6M T\u1eea ANH QU\u1ed0C (2019) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   S\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t ham mu\u1ed1n\u2026. \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00fang ta cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed3. Adam Smith   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10392"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10392"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10414,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10392\/revisions\/10414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}