{"id":10839,"date":"2024-02-09T18:32:39","date_gmt":"2024-02-09T11:32:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=10839"},"modified":"2025-06-23T16:29:35","modified_gmt":"2025-06-23T09:29:35","slug":"muoi-nha-giao-duc-lon-cua-nhat-ban-hien-dai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/muoi-nha-giao-duc-lon-cua-nhat-ban-hien-dai\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u1ec0N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N \u0110\u00c3 \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C \u0110\u1ecaNH H\u00ccNH NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/strong>g<\/em><\/span>i\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Benjamin C. Duke, <\/strong>Ten Great Educators of Modern Japan\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:<\/em> \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n (Mai L\u00fd)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp: <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u1edf s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00ean ngang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 cho hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\u014ckuma Shigenobu<\/strong>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wasade<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch b\u00eca c\u1ee9ng, in tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y hoa v\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb9p, kh\u1ed5 14×22 cm, 336 trang, gi\u00e1 b\u00eca 285.000\u0111, do Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c IRED ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh, gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2024.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

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L<\/span>\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed5 sung.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd m\u1edf c\u1eeda ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi t\u1ef1-\u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e0u kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n minh h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp thu tri th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn g\u00ecn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia (kokumin d\u014dtoku<\/em>), v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn thanh ni\u00ean h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng “c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u” nh\u01b0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n, \u0111\u00fang theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 trong N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> (Charter Oath<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1868: Tri th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf<\/em>. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, tr\u1ec5 l\u1eafm sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng<\/a><\/em> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, bao g\u1ed3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do d\u1ef1 hay n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i bang d\u00e0y x\u00e9o. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o x\u00e2y \u0111\u00ea l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang tr\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1, nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa Yukichi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong Tho\u00e1t \u00c1 lu\u1eadn<\/em>: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ecf c\u00e2y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y. <\/em>K\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c Fichte di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi tai h\u1ecda h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c con \u0111\u00ea d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi kia s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t sinh vi\u00ean ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng m\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c: trong n\u0103m 1874, c\u00f3 211 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, n\u0103m 1874 c\u00f3 27 trong s\u1ed1 39 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd d\u1ecbch Kinh th\u00e1nh sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eebng l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 TS Guido Verbeck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean si\u00eang n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Nagasaki l\u00e0 \u014ckuma Shigenobu, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh gi\u00e1 Waseda. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 It\u014d Hirobumi, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. N\u0103m 1871, trong khi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t college, c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn nghe \u00f4ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc (Kinh th\u00e1nh). Ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i I<\/em>wakura<\/em> quan tr\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kaisei n\u0103m 1869 (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Tokyo), c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00fac b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1871. N\u0103m 1877 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean cho t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gakushuin (Peers\u2019 school, con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u1ee7y vi\u00ean th\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Meiji Gakuin, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kit\u00f4 t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i Tokyo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1886.<\/p>\n

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Guido Verbeck v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean samurai n\u0103m 1868 (\u1ea2nh Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. M\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0: C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft<\/em>. Fukuzawa Yukichi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh [ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y]. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.\u201d L\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eeda v\u1eddi n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. M\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c sang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, <\/em>l\u00e0m cho “qu\u1ed1c ph\u00fa, c\u01b0\u1eddng binh”. <\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 hai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb Rutgers college, Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 TS. David Murray. \u00d4ng quen bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Rutgers college v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2m ra c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 (American Superintendent of Education), trong B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1eeb 1873-1879. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Murray l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Kaisei Gakk\u014d college v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n college n\u00e0y chung v\u1edbi Tokyo Igakk\u014d (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y) th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb ch\u00fac m\u1eebng kh\u00f3a t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1877 trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb. Murray c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (Tokyo Joshi Shihan Gakk\u014d) th\u00e1ng 11, 1874, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

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College \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Kaisei Gakk\u014d n\u0103m 1874 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo. T\u1eeb William Elliot Griffis, Verbeck of Japan<\/em> (Fleming H. Revell, 1900, 272). In l\u1ea1i trong Benjamin Duke, Dr. David Murray, <\/em>179.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi 12 n\u1eef sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tokyo Teaching School for Women,<\/em> n\u0103m 1875. Trong B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Gakusei Goj\u016bnen Shi<\/em> (N\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gakusei, 1922, vol. 1, preface) (\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong Benjamin Duke, Dr. David Murray, <\/em>204)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

M\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a David Murray l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 cho n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em>. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Murray l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00e3y g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh. Trong Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1<\/em>\u00a0v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n <\/em>c\u1ee7a David Murray, 1872, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4n ngoan. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. (Benjamin Duke, Dr. David Murray<\/em>, 340)<\/p>\n

\u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Motoda Eifu, gia s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o ra \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Murray c\u0169ng r\u00e1t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Egi Kazuyuki, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eadt t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Murray, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n “t\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c” (sonn\u014d aikoku<\/em>) m\u00e0 Egi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Motoda \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n danh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3m b\u1ea1i trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

\"\" \u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

Motoda Nagasane hay Motoda Eifu (1818-1891) v\u00e0 Egi Kazuyuki (1853 \u20131932)<\/p>\n

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Dr. David Murray (1830-1905)<\/p>\n

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NH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U T\u00c2M NI\u1ec6M C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O VI\u00caN TI\u1ec2U H\u1eccC<\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a Egi Kazuyuki, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

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“Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc hay bu\u00f4ng l\u1ecfng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc hay bu\u00f4ng l\u1ecfng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ecbnh suy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1eady n\u00ean, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i l\u00e0, c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c, l\u00e0m cho phong t\u1ee5c tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n ph\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 an ninh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.” (B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Lam Anh, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, 1871. T\u1eeb The Ministry of Education,
\nGakusei Hajij\u016bnen Shi [Eighty years of the Code of Education] (1953), 2. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i trong Dr. David Murray<\/em>, 170<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Fukuzawa Yukichi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi “\u0111\u1eadp ph\u00e1 th\u00e1nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. \u00d4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Fukuzawa Yukichi, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng theo “khai s\u00e1ng v\u0103n minh” (bummei kaika<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta so s\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hay v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t . . . kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i. . . . Ngo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ra th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, kinh doanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ai s\u1ebd so s\u00e1nh xe ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi s\u00fang l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd? Ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh; h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. . . . Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng; h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang li\u00eang, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t; h\u1ecd \u0111i du l\u1ecbch kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. .. . Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c… l\u00e0 phong c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0(The Cambridge History of Japan<\/em>, Volume 5, ed. by Marius B. Jansen, 677)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00e3y quay m\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ra kh\u1ecfi nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111ang r\u00ecnh r\u1eadp. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ng\u00f4n ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Gakumon no susume<\/em> (Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc): \u201cTr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u201d b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thuy\u1ebft \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u00f2ng tin m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Theo \u00f4ng, trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a anh ta. Trong Bummeiron no gairyaku <\/em>(Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch theo bummei kaika \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nghi ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t (universal), khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do Taguchi Ukichi c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m bummei kaika di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00fang m\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. Ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, t\u00e0u h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ti\u1ec7n nghi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (Marius B. Jansen, tr. 677)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a bummei kaika<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1eefu \u00edch cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u00e1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Tokugawa l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0103n c\u01a1m\u201d k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cqu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc, kinh doanh l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc, nh\u00ecn xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc\u201d. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chi ph\u1ed1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o. \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, sau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d; Fukuzawa \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn. (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11 trong Marius B. Jansen) Sau khi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 sang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ee9c (Ph\u1ed5), trong \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ebft ly c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (moral character) c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng (enlightened will) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa sai v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Herbart l\u00e0 Emil Hausknecht (1853-1927) m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o gymnasium v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Tokyo h\u01a1n ba n\u0103m. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y vua l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1890 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em> n\u0103m 1889, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 khung tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn (constitutionalism) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o (j\u016bky\u014d shugi<\/em>) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb (benenolence), nh\u00e2n \u00e1i (humanity), trung th\u00e0nh (loyalty) v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o (filial piety, jingi ch\u016bk\u014d<\/em>), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd l\u1ea5y gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m (kazoku shugi d\u014dtoku<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng vua (k\u014dd\u014d shugi<\/em>). Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha” c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n g\u1ee7i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Shinto. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn. C\u1ea3 hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u “H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n”, \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c th\u1ee9 n\u0103m trong N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u Th\u1ec1 \u01af\u1edbc<\/em>: Tri th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngay trong tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ni\u1ec1m tin cho h\u1ecd, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n minh khai s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pestalozzi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m, v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f3t v\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, trong khi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Pestalozzi c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. (Mark Lincicome, Imperial subjects als global citizens<\/em>, 11)<\/p>\n

M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn. Okakura Kakuz\u014d, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m The Book of Tea<\/em> (Tr\u00e0 Th\u01b0), \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i: \u201c\u0110\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hy sinh c\u00e1i c\u0169, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129. Ai nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p b\u1ed9 trang ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n C\u0169 v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.\u201d M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y sau n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169 trong \u201cl\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh phong ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 h\u1ec7\u201d, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00f5 \u0111\u1ee9c.\u201d D\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n in s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed sau n\u00e0y, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00ednh (Taish\u014d), khi \u201cd\u00e2n ch\u1ee7\u201d \u0111ang l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Lafcadio Hearn (1850\u20131904), nh\u00e0 v\u0103n, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u201csuy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u00f3m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed theo nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d. Hearn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng “V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do; tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, anh ta, ch\u1ecb ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf; tuy nhi\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo ki\u1ec3u x\u01b0a. . . . Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 rung \u0111\u1ed9ng; nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a anh ta l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.” (Hane & Perez, Modern Japan<\/em>, 194-195)<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>h\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng khi th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft Gi\u00e1p Th\u00ecn 2024. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng mong n\u00f3 ra m\u1eaft v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n 150 n\u0103m (1868-2018). Th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf v\u1edbi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn \u0111i theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c cho nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u1ed5i.T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c IRED cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m \u01a1n hai \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 B\u00f9i Mai L\u00fd (L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n IRED \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1ed1t cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m \u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a IRED \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nhau.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, ai c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin trong \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 xu\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai ph\u00e1 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cho ch\u00e2u \u00c1, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng\u00a0M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn<\/em> s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong d\u1ecbp T\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 ch\u00fac t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a Xu\u00e2n Gi\u00e1p Th\u00ecn “bay b\u1ed5ng” trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u00e1p T\u1ebft Gi\u00e1p Th\u00ecn 2024<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

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Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y sau cu\u1ed9c Duy t\u00e2n Minh Tr\u1ecb. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, h\u1ecd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong vi\u1ec7c mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1eebng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 Mori Arinori, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; Fukuzawa Yukichi \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Keiro; Naruse Jinzo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; Shimonaka Yasaburo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; Sawayanagi Masataro, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u201cti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y: l\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m; v\u00e0 Nambara Shigeru, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(T\u1eeb b\u00eca b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Anh)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch:<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4ng ai sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e0u hay ngh\u00e8o; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1edf n\u00ean cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5.\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng kh\u00e1t khao h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. [\u2026] \u0110i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a em h\u1ecdc sinh \u1ea5y, v\u00ec t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i tim v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Tsuda Ume<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\n

Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed9t b\u1eadc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Chi\u00eau H\u00f2a Duy t\u00e2n (Sh\u014dwa Restoration) ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nambara Shigeru<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng phu, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Benjamin C. Duke, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa \u0111\u1ebfn Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1871. N\u0103m sau, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ban h\u00e0nh Lu\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> (Gakusei<\/em>). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ra \u0111\u1eddi trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00e2m nguy, b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00f4 b\u1edd, h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. V\u1ecb B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Mori Arinori, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh (sens\u014d) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft nhau, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, tri th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y. Thua trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ebd thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n. <\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng ba l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng hai, r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1ng hai l\u00ean h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Mori l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (kuni no dokuritsu<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nation-state, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t tri th\u1ee9c (tr\u00ed d\u1ee5c, chiiku<\/em>), \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ee5c, tokuiku<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 (th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c, taiiku<\/em>), ba lo\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Herbert Spencer, trong \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ed d\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi, nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1edf Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1862, \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ebb h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ecm c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kia. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, xa h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nghe, th\u1ea5y, mua, b\u00e1n hay cho vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n. N\u00f3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hay \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i thi\u1ebfu trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. H\u00e3y t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/em> (jitsugaku<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu \u00edch cho qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc.<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n<\/em> (Ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9<\/em>) Iwakura<\/em> (1871-1873) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Minh Tr\u1ecb. Tanaka Fujimaro, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 \u0111o\u00e0n, sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i, t\u01b0\u1edbng Yamada Kenji l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c gia tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 giai c\u1ea5p hay th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

Kido Takayoshi, ph\u00f3 s\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Iwakura Tomomi, ghi l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ta thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o n\u00e2ng cao thanh th\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m n\u1eefa, \u2026 D\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang M\u1ef9 hay ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u00f4m nay; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tranh lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u201cT\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a\u201d (Westenizers) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gia s\u01b0 Motoda Nagazane (Eifu), k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Motoda, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m gia s\u01b0 cho Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o ra \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d (Imperial Will on Education<\/em>) n\u0103m 1879 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd trung qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u016bkun aikoku<\/em>). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Inoue Kowashi, m\u1ed9t modernist, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng It\u014d Hirobumi, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o ra \u201cHu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d (Imperial Rescript on Education<\/em>) n\u0103m 1890 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi Motoda v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1889 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh It\u014d Hirobumi, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong c\u1ea3 hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em>, \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (imperial ideology) nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Minh Tr\u1ecb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u00ec Inoue quay v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (kokumin d\u014dtoku<\/em>). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Motoda k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd cho n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> n\u0103m 1890 c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n,<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1ebb vang c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta.<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ee1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng anh ch\u1ecb em, h\u00e3y h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n; h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tha \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vun x\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng, khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i chung; lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; n\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch can tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a Ngai v\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb thu\u1edf t\u1ea1o thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ta, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1.<\/em><\/p>\n

Minh tri\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cH\u1ee1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d (Chin omou ni<\/em>), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng g\u1eedi cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, thay v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, thay v\u00ec cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>, Charter Oath<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb ban b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1868, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cTri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\u201d gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, k\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, trung qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho \u201cqu\u1ed1c ph\u00fa, qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng\u201d (fukoku ky\u014dhei<\/em>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a \u201cV\u0103n minh-Khai s\u00e1ng\u201d (bunmei kaika<\/em>) c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u phai nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 tr\u1ec5 l\u1eafm l\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Thanh 1894\/95, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cqu\u1ed1c ph\u00fa, qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng\u201d gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc (nationalism) v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin. Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00f9 Tang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cNh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Victoria\u201d nh\u01b0 \u1edf Anh. V\u00e0, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eaft. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed, c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1eaft th\u00e9p. S\u1eaft th\u00e9p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y gang th\u00e9p Kamaishi t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng t\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cn\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh ra ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gang th\u00e9p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Kamaishi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Krupp \u1edf Essen, \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, Park Chung Hee c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia. POSCO c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Kamaishi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p-Ph\u1ed5 1870-1871, Friedrich Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n, r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Trong gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam, quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n uy, hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft tinh trong hai v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf<\/em> v\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf<\/em> kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa Yukichi v\u00e0 Mori Arinori. Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Anh-M\u1ef9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh, t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 trong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Fukuzawa Yukichi, v\u00e0 Phong tr\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i T\u1ef1 do. B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Mori Arinori, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Hu\u1ea5n l\u1ec7nh ra \u0111\u1eddi \u2013 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng v\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c – l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 Anh-M\u1ef9 theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf M\u1ef9, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecdc sinh bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00e1c. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Motoda v\u00e0 Inoue. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ph\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Vua. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 It\u014d Hirobumi sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Inoue Kowashi.<\/p>\n

Fukuzawa di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cNh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u00f4m nay \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u201ckhai minh t\u1eeb tr\u00ean\u201d, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u201ckhai minh t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d, nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn<\/em> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111i t\u00ecm linh h\u1ed3n cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, quan ch\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t am t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 hay \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. H\u1ecd qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

S<\/span>au Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> n\u0103m 1947 v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong L\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, mong mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd coi tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00f4n vinh tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u: \u201cch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d (individual dignity) v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u I, v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d, r\u1eb1ng \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch (personality) … ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi… coi tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (individual value)\u201d. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e2m th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1985, c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Munakata Seiya hy v\u1ecdng Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quan ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

Khi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Khi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, theo Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i bao nhi\u00eau c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1ee9c tranh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1868-1945. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa, Naruse, Tsuda v\u00e0 Nitobe; \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u1edbi ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o (Naruse, Uchimura, Tsuda, Nitobe v\u00e0 Manbara), ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 Mori, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tin L\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng b\u1ecb truy b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong su\u1ed1t ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0ng khi m\u1edf c\u1eeda, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadn m\u1eaft, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt t\u1ecf ra c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Karl Marx. Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Mori Arinori c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u00ean r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Fukuzawa Yukichi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n khai s\u00e1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00f2n Mori Arinori th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. N\u0103m 2012 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch?<\/em> V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc tham lu\u1eadn T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn khai minh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt<\/em> t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u201cS\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda 1600-1868. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00f5 s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng sau khi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t cao. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng hoa, l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ecfa qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh di s\u1ea3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi Minh Tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Sau s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt<\/em>, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn<\/em> m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c mua t\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n 2018. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Vi\u1ec7n IRED \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e2u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

28\/5\/2023<\/span><\/p>\n

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Xem th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong c\u00f9ng trang web rosetta c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N \u2013 B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh (rosetta.vn)<\/a><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u1ec0N GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C NH\u1eacT B\u1ea2N \u0110\u00c3 \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C \u0110\u1ecaNH H\u00ccNH NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u\u00a0 Benjamin C. Duke, Ten Great Educators of Modern Japan\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n (Mai L\u00fd) Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp: Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\u00a0   Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10839"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10839"}],"version-history":[{"count":104,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10839\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13927,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10839\/revisions\/13927"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10839"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10839"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10839"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}