THI\u00caN T\u00c0I V\u00c0 S\u1ed0 PH\u1eacN<\/span><\/h1>\nT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh<\/span><\/h2>\n <\/p>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, California, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn<\/i> l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Sputnik c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00c9variste Galois l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang ta m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cCh\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef tai m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n\u201d. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y, tuy xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tri th\u1ee9c, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, r\u1ed3i sau 1.000 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 sau CN, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u201cman di\u201d x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trung k\u1ef3, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, 13. Tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. (Xin xem T\u00ecnh y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/a>) V\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u00e0m sao gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i> m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i mang c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c hay \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\nC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m vun b\u1ed3i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu<\/i> \u0111\u00f3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd ngay trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun x\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, hay b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c cho n\u00f3 hoang d\u00e3. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh m\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u0103ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1m \u01a1n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng, v\u00e0 T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Sputnik.<\/p>\n
Xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3. NXX (Th\u00e1ng 1, 2018)<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng n\u0103m nay v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 3, 2018, s\u1ebd tr\u00f2n 92 tu\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n
K\u00ednh t\u1eb7ng Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0<\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n\u0110\u1eb6NG \u0110\u00ccNH \u00c1NG<\/span><\/h2>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa to\u00e1n<\/span><\/p>\nkh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\nS\u00e0i g\u00f2n t\u1eeb 1960-1975.<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1eeb tham v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/span><\/p>\nAlbert Einstein<\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh vi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay sao. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00ec n\u1ed7i lo \u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 xao l\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang:<\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n(et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas)<\/span><\/p>\nNgo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu \u0111i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\nCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3 hay gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft; n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa.<\/span><\/p>\nTo\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ba t\u1ea7ng. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. H\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng; h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. [\u2026] Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao nh\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t hay sao?<\/span><\/p>\nCho n\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\nHenri Poincar\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n(Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\nV\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y<\/i>, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea7m trong tay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Cauchy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n; Galois, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; Abel, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh, Cantor, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u00f4ng; Grothendieck, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1; v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Fields, gi\u1ea3i \u201cNobel\u201d c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Iran Maryam Mirzakhni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Fields n\u0103m 37 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 40 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1edbi n\u0103m 2017! C\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i ba x\u1ee9 Ba T\u01b0 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b (kho\u1ea3ng 780 \u2013850 sau CN) th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Muslim h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, sau m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng h\u1ed3i sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111am m\u00ea, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y, nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o; c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi nhau, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong cu\u1ed9c khai sinh ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i phong c\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn mang theo t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u201csi\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u201csi\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m\u201d, v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee9 tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u0129nh m\u1ecbch\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i sau. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u00f3i: T\u1ea1i v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 Aristote, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed. C\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DNA th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
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B\u00eca quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean T\u00e0i v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Xin ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pythagoras v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u201cS\u1ed1 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d. \u0110\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, anh ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 to\u00e1n. Galilei th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, t\u1ee9c 2000 n\u0103m sau Pythago, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant t\u01b0\u0300ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i cho r\u0103\u0300ng trong m\u00f4\u0303i m\u00f4n khoa ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0323 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, chi\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y khoa ho\u0323c \u0111i\u0301ch th\u01b0\u0323c trong ch\u01b0\u0300ng m\u01b0\u0323c n\u00f4\u0323i ha\u0300m toa\u0301n ho\u0323c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ch\u01b0\u0301a \u0111\u01b0\u0323ng trong \u0111o\u0301.\u201d Hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Pythago, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Max Tegmark \u1edf MIT cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 n\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/i> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n \u2013 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t minh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay to\u00e1n \u2212 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n<\/i>. B\u1ecf to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ra, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 honda, mercedes, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, \u00f4t\u00f4, cao \u1ed1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pythago \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e1i \u201ct\u00e2m linh s\u1ed1\u201d. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ed1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n lia (lyre), ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta r\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng rung l\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn: H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ai hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (Thomas Aquinas) th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a l\u00f4gic, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ai hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edbi \u201cth\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Poincar\u00e9 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong l\u1eddi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Albert Einstein n\u00f3i, \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft), trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Alfred North Whitehead nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
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Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (Ngu\u1ed3n: Clifford A. Pickover)<\/p>\n
C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/i> (proof) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 suy ra, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 (axiom), n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn l\u00f4gic. Ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong quy\u1ec3n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN t\u1ea1i Alexandria c\u1ee7a Ai c\u1eadp Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00ean bao nhi\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Albert Einstein v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell l\u00e0 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u1edf tu\u1ed5i teen \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, hay th\u1ea7n linh, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. T\u1ea1i kh\u00fac quanh n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 6 ti\u1ebft (hexameter verses) c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Homer, m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n
N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i> l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m hay l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ecf qu\u00ean\u201d vai tr\u00f2. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t huy ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n do t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Trong m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.\u201d<\/i> (Xin xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i><\/a>)<\/p>\nL\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i. \u201cTrong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Hellas\u201d (Hy L\u1ea1p). To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n minh th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Archimed d\u01b0\u1edbi tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00ednh La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 211 tr. CN trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n
V\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean hay l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u0103ng hoa trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ngay trong gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng minh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n gan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Poincar\u00e9. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb y\u00eau th\u00edch to\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y. Trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, cao h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o 60 n\u0103m qua \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a GS \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, th\u00ec TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam 100 n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y? Ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00e1m \u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/i> m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc y\u00eau to\u00e1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Mong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y mai c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n
Xin xem th\u00eam: \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Fermat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/i>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n: TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2018.<\/p>\n
NXX<\/p>\n
(Th\u00e1ng 12, 2017)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch THI\u00caN T\u00c0I V\u00c0 S\u1ed0 PH\u1eacN T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, California, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2,1],"tags":[64,65],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1095"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6325,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions\/6325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/p>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, California, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft th\u00ec gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ra. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn<\/i> l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Sputnik c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00c9variste Galois l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang ta m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cCh\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef tai m\u1ed9t v\u1ea7n\u201d. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y, tuy xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Tri th\u1ee9c, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p, r\u1ed3i sau 1.000 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n, t\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 sau CN, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u201cman di\u201d x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm, l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trung k\u1ef3, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, 13. Tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. (Xin xem T\u00ecnh y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i><\/a>) V\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. L\u00e0m sao gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i> m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i mang c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c hay \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\nC\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m vun b\u1ed3i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu<\/i> \u0111\u00f3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd ngay trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun x\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, hay b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c cho n\u00f3 hoang d\u00e3. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh m\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u0103ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1m \u01a1n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng, v\u00e0 T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Sputnik.<\/p>\n
Xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3. NXX (Th\u00e1ng 1, 2018)<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng n\u0103m nay v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 3, 2018, s\u1ebd tr\u00f2n 92 tu\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n
K\u00ednh t\u1eb7ng Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0<\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n\u0110\u1eb6NG \u0110\u00ccNH \u00c1NG<\/span><\/h2>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa to\u00e1n<\/span><\/p>\nkh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\nS\u00e0i g\u00f2n t\u1eeb 1960-1975.<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1eeb tham v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/span><\/p>\nAlbert Einstein<\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh vi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay sao. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00ec n\u1ed7i lo \u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 xao l\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang:<\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n(et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas)<\/span><\/p>\nNgo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu \u0111i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\nCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3 hay gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft; n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa.<\/span><\/p>\nTo\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ba t\u1ea7ng. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. H\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng; h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. [\u2026] Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao nh\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t hay sao?<\/span><\/p>\nCho n\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\nHenri Poincar\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n(Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\nV\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y<\/i>, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea7m trong tay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Cauchy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n; Galois, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; Abel, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh, Cantor, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u00f4ng; Grothendieck, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1; v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Fields, gi\u1ea3i \u201cNobel\u201d c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Iran Maryam Mirzakhni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Fields n\u0103m 37 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 40 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1edbi n\u0103m 2017! C\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i ba x\u1ee9 Ba T\u01b0 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b (kho\u1ea3ng 780 \u2013850 sau CN) th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Muslim h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, sau m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng h\u1ed3i sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111am m\u00ea, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y, nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o; c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi nhau, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong cu\u1ed9c khai sinh ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i phong c\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn mang theo t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u201csi\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u201csi\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m\u201d, v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee9 tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u0129nh m\u1ecbch\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i sau. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u00f3i: T\u1ea1i v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 Aristote, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed. C\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DNA th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
B\u00eca quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean T\u00e0i v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Xin ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pythagoras v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u201cS\u1ed1 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d. \u0110\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, anh ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 to\u00e1n. Galilei th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, t\u1ee9c 2000 n\u0103m sau Pythago, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant t\u01b0\u0300ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i cho r\u0103\u0300ng trong m\u00f4\u0303i m\u00f4n khoa ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0323 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, chi\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y khoa ho\u0323c \u0111i\u0301ch th\u01b0\u0323c trong ch\u01b0\u0300ng m\u01b0\u0323c n\u00f4\u0323i ha\u0300m toa\u0301n ho\u0323c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ch\u01b0\u0301a \u0111\u01b0\u0323ng trong \u0111o\u0301.\u201d Hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Pythago, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Max Tegmark \u1edf MIT cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 n\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/i> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n \u2013 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t minh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay to\u00e1n \u2212 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n<\/i>. B\u1ecf to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ra, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 honda, mercedes, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, \u00f4t\u00f4, cao \u1ed1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pythago \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e1i \u201ct\u00e2m linh s\u1ed1\u201d. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ed1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n lia (lyre), ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta r\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng rung l\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn: H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ai hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (Thomas Aquinas) th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a l\u00f4gic, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ai hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edbi \u201cth\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Poincar\u00e9 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong l\u1eddi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Albert Einstein n\u00f3i, \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft), trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Alfred North Whitehead nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (Ngu\u1ed3n: Clifford A. Pickover)<\/p>\n
C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/i> (proof) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 suy ra, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 (axiom), n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn l\u00f4gic. Ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong quy\u1ec3n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN t\u1ea1i Alexandria c\u1ee7a Ai c\u1eadp Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00ean bao nhi\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Albert Einstein v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell l\u00e0 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u1edf tu\u1ed5i teen \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, hay th\u1ea7n linh, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. T\u1ea1i kh\u00fac quanh n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 6 ti\u1ebft (hexameter verses) c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Homer, m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n
N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i> l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m hay l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ecf qu\u00ean\u201d vai tr\u00f2. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t huy ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n do t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Trong m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.\u201d<\/i> (Xin xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i><\/a>)<\/p>\nL\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i. \u201cTrong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Hellas\u201d (Hy L\u1ea1p). To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n minh th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Archimed d\u01b0\u1edbi tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00ednh La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 211 tr. CN trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n
V\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean hay l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u0103ng hoa trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ngay trong gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng minh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n gan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Poincar\u00e9. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb y\u00eau th\u00edch to\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y. Trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, cao h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o 60 n\u0103m qua \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a GS \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, th\u00ec TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam 100 n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y? Ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00e1m \u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/i> m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc y\u00eau to\u00e1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Mong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y mai c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n
Xin xem th\u00eam: \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Fermat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/i>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n: TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2018.<\/p>\n
NXX<\/p>\n
(Th\u00e1ng 12, 2017)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch THI\u00caN T\u00c0I V\u00c0 S\u1ed0 PH\u1eacN T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, California, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2,1],"tags":[64,65],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1095"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6325,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions\/6325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m vun b\u1ed3i m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu<\/i> \u0111\u00f3 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n qu\u00fd ngay trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c b\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun x\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt, hay b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c cho n\u00f3 hoang d\u00e3. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u0111ang c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh m\u1eddi vi\u1ebft. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u0103ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1m \u01a1n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn D\u0169ng, v\u00e0 T\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch Sputnik.<\/p>\n
Xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3. NXX (Th\u00e1ng 1, 2018)<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng n\u0103m nay v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 3, 2018, s\u1ebd tr\u00f2n 92 tu\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n
K\u00ednh t\u1eb7ng Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0<\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n\u0110\u1eb6NG \u0110\u00ccNH \u00c1NG<\/span><\/h2>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa to\u00e1n<\/span><\/p>\nkh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\nS\u00e0i g\u00f2n t\u1eeb 1960-1975.<\/span><\/p>\n***<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1eeb tham v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/span><\/p>\nAlbert Einstein<\/span><\/p>\nCh\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh vi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay sao. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00ec n\u1ed7i lo \u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 xao l\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang:<\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n(et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas)<\/span><\/p>\nNgo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu \u0111i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\nCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3 hay gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft; n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa.<\/span><\/p>\nTo\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ba t\u1ea7ng. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. H\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng; h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. [\u2026] Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao nh\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t hay sao?<\/span><\/p>\nCho n\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\nHenri Poincar\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n(Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\nV\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y<\/i>, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea7m trong tay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Cauchy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n; Galois, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; Abel, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh, Cantor, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u00f4ng; Grothendieck, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1; v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Fields, gi\u1ea3i \u201cNobel\u201d c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Iran Maryam Mirzakhni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Fields n\u0103m 37 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 40 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1edbi n\u0103m 2017! C\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i ba x\u1ee9 Ba T\u01b0 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b (kho\u1ea3ng 780 \u2013850 sau CN) th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Muslim h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, sau m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng h\u1ed3i sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n
Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111am m\u00ea, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y, nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o; c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi nhau, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong cu\u1ed9c khai sinh ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i phong c\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn mang theo t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u201csi\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u201csi\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m\u201d, v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee9 tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u0129nh m\u1ecbch\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i sau. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u00f3i: T\u1ea1i v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 Aristote, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed. C\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DNA th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
B\u00eca quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean T\u00e0i v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Xin ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pythagoras v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u201cS\u1ed1 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d. \u0110\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, anh ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 to\u00e1n. Galilei th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, t\u1ee9c 2000 n\u0103m sau Pythago, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant t\u01b0\u0300ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i cho r\u0103\u0300ng trong m\u00f4\u0303i m\u00f4n khoa ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0323 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, chi\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y khoa ho\u0323c \u0111i\u0301ch th\u01b0\u0323c trong ch\u01b0\u0300ng m\u01b0\u0323c n\u00f4\u0323i ha\u0300m toa\u0301n ho\u0323c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ch\u01b0\u0301a \u0111\u01b0\u0323ng trong \u0111o\u0301.\u201d Hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Pythago, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Max Tegmark \u1edf MIT cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 n\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/i> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n \u2013 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t minh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay to\u00e1n \u2212 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n<\/i>. B\u1ecf to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ra, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 honda, mercedes, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, \u00f4t\u00f4, cao \u1ed1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pythago \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e1i \u201ct\u00e2m linh s\u1ed1\u201d. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ed1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n lia (lyre), ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta r\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng rung l\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn: H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ai hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (Thomas Aquinas) th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n
To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a l\u00f4gic, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ai hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edbi \u201cth\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Poincar\u00e9 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong l\u1eddi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Albert Einstein n\u00f3i, \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft), trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Alfred North Whitehead nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n
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Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (Ngu\u1ed3n: Clifford A. Pickover)<\/p>\n
C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/i> (proof) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 suy ra, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 (axiom), n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn l\u00f4gic. Ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong quy\u1ec3n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN t\u1ea1i Alexandria c\u1ee7a Ai c\u1eadp Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00ean bao nhi\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Albert Einstein v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell l\u00e0 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u1edf tu\u1ed5i teen \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, hay th\u1ea7n linh, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. T\u1ea1i kh\u00fac quanh n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 6 ti\u1ebft (hexameter verses) c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Homer, m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n
N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i> l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m hay l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ecf qu\u00ean\u201d vai tr\u00f2. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t huy ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n do t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Trong m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.\u201d<\/i> (Xin xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i><\/a>)<\/p>\nL\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i. \u201cTrong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Hellas\u201d (Hy L\u1ea1p). To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n minh th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Archimed d\u01b0\u1edbi tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00ednh La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 211 tr. CN trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n
V\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean hay l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u0103ng hoa trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ngay trong gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n
***<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng minh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n gan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Poincar\u00e9. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n
Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb y\u00eau th\u00edch to\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y. Trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, cao h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o 60 n\u0103m qua \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a GS \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, th\u00ec TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam 100 n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y? Ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00e1m \u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/i> m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n
Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc y\u00eau to\u00e1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Mong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y mai c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n
Xin xem th\u00eam: \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Fermat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/i>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n: TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2018.<\/p>\n
NXX<\/p>\n
(Th\u00e1ng 12, 2017)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch THI\u00caN T\u00c0I V\u00c0 S\u1ed0 PH\u1eacN T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, California, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2,1],"tags":[64,65],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1095"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6325,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions\/6325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa to\u00e1n<\/span><\/p>\n kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh l\u00e2u n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\n S\u00e0i g\u00f2n t\u1eeb 1960-1975.<\/span><\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng sinh ra t\u1eeb tham v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/span><\/p>\n Albert Einstein<\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh vi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay sao. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00ec n\u1ed7i lo \u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 xao l\u00e3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang:<\/span><\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n (et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas)<\/span><\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 khi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, th\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu \u0111i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u00f3 hay gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft; n\u1ebfu th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa.<\/span><\/p>\n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ba t\u1ea7ng. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. H\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng; h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. [\u2026] Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao nh\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t hay sao?<\/span><\/p>\n Cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n Henri Poincar\u00e9<\/span><\/p>\n (Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n V\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y<\/i>, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea7m trong tay t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Cauchy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n; Galois, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh; Abel, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea3n m\u1ec7nh, Cantor, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ngh\u1ecb v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u00f4ng; Grothendieck, thi\u00ean t\u00e0i l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1; v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Fields, gi\u1ea3i \u201cNobel\u201d c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Iran Maryam Mirzakhni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Fields n\u0103m 37 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 40 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1edbi n\u0103m 2017! C\u00f4 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p cho nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i ba x\u1ee9 Ba T\u01b0 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b (kho\u1ea3ng 780 \u2013850 sau CN) th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Muslim h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, sau m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng h\u1ed3i sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111am m\u00ea, l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u00e2m th\u1ea7m ch\u1ea3y, nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda phun tr\u00e0o; c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi nhau, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong cu\u1ed9c khai sinh ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi, m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i phong c\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn mang theo t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea3y qua c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, \u201csi\u00eau vi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u201csi\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m\u201d, v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac.<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee9 tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00eam, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u0129nh m\u1ecbch\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i sau. M\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 n\u00f3i: T\u1ea1i v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 Aristote, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed. C\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 tuy ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DNA th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n B\u00eca quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean T\u00e0i v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 Ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Xin ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Pythagoras v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u201cS\u1ed1 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d. \u0110\u1ea5ng to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ra b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng con s\u1ed1, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, anh ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1eadt m\u00e3 m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. M\u1eadt m\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 to\u00e1n. Galilei th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, t\u1ee9c 2000 n\u0103m sau Pythago, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant t\u01b0\u0300ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i cho r\u0103\u0300ng trong m\u00f4\u0303i m\u00f4n khoa ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0323 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, chi\u0309 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y khoa ho\u0323c \u0111i\u0301ch th\u01b0\u0323c trong ch\u01b0\u0300ng m\u01b0\u0323c n\u00f4\u0323i ha\u0300m toa\u0301n ho\u0323c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ch\u01b0\u0301a \u0111\u01b0\u0323ng trong \u0111o\u0301.\u201d Hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Pythago, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Max Tegmark \u1edf MIT cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 n\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/i> to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n \u2013 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t minh c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay to\u00e1n \u2212 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n<\/i>. B\u1ecf to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ra, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 honda, mercedes, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, \u00f4t\u00f4, cao \u1ed1c, \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh; c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u00e2m linh. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Pythago \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra ph\u00e1i \u201ct\u00e2m linh s\u1ed1\u201d. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ed1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n lia (lyre), ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta r\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d. \u00c2m nh\u1ea1c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hay khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng rung l\u00ean. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn: H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ai hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (Thomas Aquinas) th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t: ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a l\u00f4gic, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ai hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edbi \u201cth\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c\u201d n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Poincar\u00e9 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong l\u1eddi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb9p, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb9p. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 Albert Einstein n\u00f3i, \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd: \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft), trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Alfred North Whitehead nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (Ngu\u1ed3n: Clifford A. Pickover)<\/p>\n C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/i> (proof) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 suy ra, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 (axiom), n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn l\u00f4gic. Ch\u01b0a ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong quy\u1ec3n C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a Euclid, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Euclid v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN t\u1ea1i Alexandria c\u1ee7a Ai c\u1eadp Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c l\u00ean bao nhi\u00eau tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Albert Einstein v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell l\u00e0 hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn \u1edf tu\u1ed5i teen \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, hay th\u1ea7n linh, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN. T\u1ea1i kh\u00fac quanh n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf lo\u1ea1i th\u01a1 6 ti\u1ebft (hexameter verses) c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Homer, m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1.<\/p>\n N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/i> l\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m hay l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ecf qu\u00ean\u201d vai tr\u00f2. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t huy ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n do t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u1edf v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Trong m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.\u201d<\/i> (Xin xem Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a L\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i><\/a>)<\/p>\n L\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i. \u201cTrong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 Hellas\u201d (Hy L\u1ea1p). To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n minh th\u1eddi La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Archimed d\u01b0\u1edbi tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00ednh La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 211 tr. CN trong l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n V\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u1eadp<\/i> v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean hay l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u0103ng hoa trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ngay trong gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Do \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng minh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n gan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Poincar\u00e9. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb y\u00eau th\u00edch to\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y. Trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, cao h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o 60 n\u0103m qua \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a GS \u0110\u1eb7ng \u0110\u00ecnh \u00c1ng kh\u1ea3 k\u00ednh, th\u00ec TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu, r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam 100 n\u0103m qua, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y ai l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y? Ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00e1m \u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/i> m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc y\u00eau to\u00e1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Mong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y mai c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n Xin xem th\u00eam: \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Fermat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/i>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n: TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh. L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2018.<\/p>\n NXX<\/p>\n (Th\u00e1ng 12, 2017)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" L\u1eddi t\u1ef1a cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch THI\u00caN T\u00c0I V\u00c0 S\u1ed0 PH\u1eacN T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn S\u0129 L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh, California, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2,1],"tags":[64,65],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1095"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6325,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1095\/revisions\/6325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/p>\n<\/p>\n