\nKHAI PH\u00d3NG?<\/span><\/h1>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span>. <\/em>Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2016 cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cBi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng\u201d, b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh: \u201cIn Defense of a Liberal Education\u201d, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 Fareed Zakaria, s\u00e1ch do t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u1eeba m\u1edbi ra m\u1eaft t\u1ea1i Cty s\u00e1ch Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n ***<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n Ellen Key<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ea7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, hay khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, m\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v.v., t\u1ee9c mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. N\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n tri th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i tri th\u1ee9c v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3\u201d. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb paideia<\/em>[1]<\/sup><\/a> c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p sang humanitas<\/em> c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 r\u1ed3i artes liberales<\/em> (liberal arts) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, humanism<\/em> th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, Bildung<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tu\u1ef3 th\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/em> (the whole man), c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u1eabn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n (body and soul), gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed (sense and reason), t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (character and mind), xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng b\u00e1nh xe trong c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, hay c\u00e1c con ong th\u1ee3 trong t\u1ed5 ong\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p hay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3i \u0103n n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia (Marrou). M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u201cgi\u1ecf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d ri\u00eang, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a paideia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p. \u1ede La M\u00e3, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3, tuy v\u1eabn theo tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p ho\u00e1 (Hellenistic). Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal education) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/em> (liberating) tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do. Hai ch\u1eef liberal <\/em>v\u00e0 liberating<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0 J. Dewey nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t (Kimball).[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n S\u00e1ch Bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Khai<\/em> ph\u00f3ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Fareed Zakaria, do NXX ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/em><\/p>\n C\u1eacP NH\u1eacT 2020<\/strong>: T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay 2020<\/strong> t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 trao gi\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y 27.9.2020<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n H\u00e3y nghe Samuel Smiles, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/em>, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/em> (character), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, qua th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Martin Luther:<\/p>\n Khi Luther m\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong di ch\u00fac, \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kho ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00fac b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o.\u201d \u00d4ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 ti\u1ec7n, ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn, v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng tay kia m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hun \u0111\u00fac ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00f4ng; v\u00e0 \u00f4ng, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c.[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3y m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em>: v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng hay logic (g\u1ecdi chung: Trivium<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n (g\u1ecdi chung: Quadrium<\/em>), cho ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1eed nh\u00e2n (Bachelor of Arts) v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 4-5 n\u0103m. Cao h\u01a1n, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam 3-4 n\u0103m cho ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea1c s\u0129 (Master of Arts), c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, y khoa v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt khoa, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Th\u1ea7n Prometheus, theo phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Aeschylus, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eeda, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ebft, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 y khoa. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Prometheus truy\u1ec1n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc (l\u1eeda) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Anh qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn Cambridge v\u00e0 Oxford, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u201cgentlemen\u201d c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc John Henry Newman (1801 \u2013 1890), v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng The Idea of a University <\/em>(\u00dd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc), Dublin 1852, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt, \u0111\u1ec1 cao tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n<\/em>, l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/em> l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, l\u00e0 \u2018truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3\u201d. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00fd do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean; n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.\u201d Xa h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c; kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u2026 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0m sao, d\u00f9 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00e0m sao, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111am m\u00ea, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4-t\u00edp c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra gentleman<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gentleman, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun x\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea9u v\u1ecb tao nh\u00e3, m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n (mind) ngay th\u1eb3ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 trong h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; t\u00f4i bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho n\u00f3… Khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o, hay bu\u1ed9c t\u00e0u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i t\u01a1; r\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea3nh mai v\u00e0 s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00e3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Chi ti\u1ebft th\u00eam:<\/p>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Shakespeare, Milton, v\u00e0 Pope, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ra Kinh th\u00e1nh Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch C\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, Hooker v\u00e0 Addison, Swift, Hume, v\u00e0 Goldsmith, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh\u2026H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c\u2026 V\u00e0, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang; v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ti\u1ebfp trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 hay t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Newman, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u201ctr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t tri th\u1ee9c\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, m\u00e0 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean liberal arts<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf h\u00e0n l\u00e2m kh\u00e1c, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1. Newman l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 Cambridge v\u00e0 Oxford.<\/p>\n John Stuart Mill, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Newman, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n khai m\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc St. Andrews n\u0103m 1867 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n r\u1ea5t r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd d\u1ea1y tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia, b\u00e1c s\u0129 hay k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c (t\u01b0 duy) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. [\u2026]<\/p>\n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt gia, b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, hay nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/em> v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/em> (capable and sensible), h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt gia hay b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Newman, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 Pestalozzi c\u0169ng t\u1eebng quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may gi\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 gi\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n, hay binh s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 may gi\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 gi\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong ngh\u0129a cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Cho n\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n \u2605<\/p>\n Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Newman ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt (1810) h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, Wissenschaft<\/em>, vun x\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u b\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Bildung<\/em>, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n,[8]<\/sup><\/a> m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ecfi. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd sang Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u201cti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m\u201d. N\u0103m 1876, nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Oxford \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n: \u201cC\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f3i quen y\u00eau-ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u201d Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n: h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t hay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.\u201d T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Galilei, Newton, khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00f4i khi g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m h\u1ee5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, \u0111i\u1ec1u C. P. Snow t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u1edf gi\u1edbi tinh hoa v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Anh. Khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00ean n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n Sir Walter Raleigh, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n Anh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1911 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Aberystwyth: \u201cT\u00ednh h\u01b0 \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc (teaching)\u2026th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00ean \u0111i r\u1eb1ng anh ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngu d\u1ed1t\u2026Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt (learning) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o, nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111ang c\u00f9ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta.\u201d \u201cTinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt\u201d, ng\u00e0i Raleigh ti\u1ebfp, \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y\u201d. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u1eadp ra nhi\u1ec1u gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d. Tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201cT\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.[\u2026] Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 d\u0129, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e2ng cao ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec7n nghi v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u1ecd.\u201d[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i<\/em> c\u1ee7a Darwin th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh r\u1eddi b\u1ecf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c. Huxley quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do l\u00fd t\u00ednh, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u201d<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, David Hume, nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean Immanuel Kant, k\u00e9o \u00f4ng ra kh\u1ecfi “gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u”, v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p<\/em> c\u1ee7a Einstein, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/em> (New Science), r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p hay La tinh. Hume l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc \u201cl\u00e0m cho d\u1ecbu \u0111i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a t\u00ednh kh\u00ed, n\u00e2ng niu nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac tinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1.\u201d C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u00edt cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n\u201d.[10]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tri th\u1ee9c, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y tr\u1edf \u0111i, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd sau cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch c\u0169. Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u00ecn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tra v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u qui \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 college[11]<\/sup><\/a>, [12]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y (C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m (Khai s\u00e1ng), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai ph\u00f3ng-t\u1ef1 do<\/em> (liberal-free ideal) (Kimball). L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y tuy c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, liberal arts, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng qua c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u00eam tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Socrates, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n (criticism), hay xa h\u01a1n, ho\u00e0i nghi-ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n (critical scepticism). B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201cs\u1ef1 tin ch\u1eafc (certainty) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng khoan dung\u201d, n\u00ean khoan dung<\/em> (tolerance) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai ph\u00f3ng-t\u1ef1 do.[13]<\/sup><\/a> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, t\u1ef1-v\u1ea5n (self-examination), tranh lu\u1eadn, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, tu ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao \u2013 n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d (Humboldt).<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1\u201d, trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n\u201d, v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u201cv\u00f9ng c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p nhau\u201d l\u00e0 n\u01a1i r\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u1edbi \u201ctinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d, m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cQu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p\u201d c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Den Senor v\u00e0 Saul Singer.[14]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n \u2605<\/p>\n College M\u1ef9 bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u00e1i tim\u201d c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n M\u1ef9. V\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c college h\u00f4m nay. Woodrow Wilson, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 (c\u1ef1u) ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng college \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i anh ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d. Wilson \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u201cbi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng suy ngh\u0129, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1n cung c\u1ea5p cho con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao.[15]<\/sup><\/a> Lu\u1eadt giao \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c college nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u201cS\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n college th\u00ec nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau\u201d nh\u01b0 Edwin Slosson, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng M\u1ef9, vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1910.[16]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n Anh, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c (Humboldt), v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a l\u1edbn, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1eef d\u1ed9i,[17]<\/sup><\/a> ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, xao l\u00e3ng b\u1edbt m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng bi quan v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt Allan Bloom d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n The Closing of the American Mind<\/em> (S\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tinh th\u1ea7n M\u1ef9):<\/p>\n C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u00ean t\u0129nh. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo l\u1eafng cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111i\u2026 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5. C\u00fa h\u00edch c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o (sinh vi\u00ean) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n ho\u00e1, hay s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i.<\/p>\n [\u2026]<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 \u00edt gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00edt h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. [\u2026] Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng \u0111ang g\u1eb7p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00fd l\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft. [\u2026] Sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n. [\u2026] Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean, \u00edt ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd may m\u1eafn \u2212 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean ham th\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ch\u00fat \u00edt hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Woodrow Wilson, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, trong tham lu\u1eadn n\u0103m 1910 c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cT\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u00e1n-ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u1edf Madison, Wisconsin, cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a\u2019 (specialism) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a trong m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u2026 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o (training).\u201d \u00d4ng xem t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta\u201d \u2212 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n (mind); m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1edfi v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. C\u00e1i Wilson s\u1ee3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 con l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, anh ta, ch\u1ecb ta, b\u1ecb nh\u00fang ch\u00ecm trong quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a anh ta, ch\u1ecb ta \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i anh, ch\u1ecb ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng.\u201d Cho n\u00ean theo \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u201ct\u00e1i-ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng\u201d m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 khi n\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.[19]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Woodrow Wilson, v\u00e0 William James, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i. James n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n:<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng [\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1] c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i thu h\u1eb9p, trong khi c\u00e1c \u201ccolleges\u201d cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khai ph\u00f3ng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u2026 B\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng; nh\u01b0ng ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 ra, b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u2018d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 t\u1ecfa kh\u00f3i\u2019 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng\u2026[20]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Jacques Barzun, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean gia v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u201cn\u1eeda v\u1eddi\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i r\u1edfm\u201d (pedants). H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n t\u01b0 (reflection) n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin (informative), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh (formative) cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[21]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u01b0 James n\u00f3i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y n\u00f3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u0103n cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1m \u01a1n h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea (catalogue), l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o.[22]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n M\u1ed7i tri th\u1ee9c do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo hai c\u00e1ch: n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xa h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (hay tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh h\u00f3a). M\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 know-how<\/em>, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u0103n h\u00f3a (cultivation<\/em>).[23]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n \u2605<\/p>\n Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n hay kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y nghe Steve Jobs minh h\u1ecda nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n r\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng khi cho ra m\u1eaft s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m iPad 2 n\u0103m 2011:<\/p>\n \u201cCh\u00ednh trong c\u00e1i DNA c\u1ee7a Apple m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u2212 ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal arts), v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (humanities), m\u1edbi cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m cho tim ta reo l\u00ean, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1eadu-PC n\u00e0y.\u201d[24]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n V\u00ec th\u1ebf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n cao m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Thomas Friedman v\u00e0 Michael Mandelbaum t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau: l\u1ea5y \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Einstein t\u1eebng cho l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0m-cho-c\u00f3-kh\u1ea3-n\u0103ng-t\u01b0\u1edfng-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d (extras) kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia-l\u00e0m-cho-c\u00f3-kh\u1ea3-n\u0103ng-t\u01b0\u1edfng-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m b\u1eadt ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd.[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec hay h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5t s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed5 \u00edch. B\u1ecf kho t\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 kho b\u00e1u. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u00e0m sao! Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, \u201cbi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng suy ngh\u0129, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy\u201d. R\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt m\u00ecnh cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec, m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Tagore, \u201c\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch co linh h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i.\u201d Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n n\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m tra (test) v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra PISA t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n M\u1ef9 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 Singapore, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201ch\u01a1n thua\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y nghe c\u1ef1u b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Singapore Shanmugaratnam, t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Zakaria, r\u1eb1ng \u201cC\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 (tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3i) nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i. Qu\u00ed v\u1ecb c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng<\/em> (talent meritocracy), ph\u00eda ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i thi c\u1eed<\/em> (exam meritocracy). C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, tham v\u1ecdng. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c quy \u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 Singapore ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb M\u1ef9.\u201d[26]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1edfi m\u1edf, khoan dung, ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 laisser-faire (t\u1ef1 do) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a kinh doanh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (entrepreurial culture) c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia Singapore \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u00eam gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n cho b\u1eadc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n. D\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp thu n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng, cho d\u00f9 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n V\u0103n minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u00e0ng ti\u00ean c\u00e1. \u201cC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u201d, b\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Drew Faust c\u1ee7a Harvard h\u1ecfi, \u201c\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ee9c th\u00ec v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 r\u1ed3i hay sao? M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i hay sao?\u201d B\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi l\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd:<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a (cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng), s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u00e1m tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 d\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng.\u201d[27]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, h\u00e3y h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh<\/em> trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa, m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u1ea7m k\u00edn b\u00ean trong, m\u1edf kh\u00f3a kho t\u00e0ng c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1ea3y n\u1edf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m t\u1eeb mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u0103m b\u00f3n. (Xem th\u00eam:\u00a0Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0o cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 xao l\u00e3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n th\u00eam tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m d\u1ea1y cho sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, bi\u1ebft suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, bi\u1ebft \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n y\u00eau t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 do suy ngh\u0129, lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00f4m nay; v\u00e0 \u0111i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4-la, m\u00e0 v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1nh b\u1edbt nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng \u201cnh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d (Nussbaum). S\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, ngay c\u1ea3 Hoa K\u1ef3, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c campus t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/em> hay ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia<\/em>. C\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Harold Taylor c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sarah Lawrence (College), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a McCarthy nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 \u1edf M\u1ef9, vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng:<\/p>\n N\u00f3 (gia\u0301o du\u0323c khai pho\u0301ng) c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, trong nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi\u2026<\/p>\n Gia\u0301o du\u0323c khai pho\u0301ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u2026 \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng cu\u0309a no\u0301 la\u0300 truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng cu\u0309a s\u01b0\u0323 n\u00f4\u0309i d\u00e2\u0323y cu\u0309a t\u01b0\u0323 do ch\u00f4\u0301ng la\u0323i quy\u00ea\u0300n l\u01b0\u0323c nha\u0300 n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c, gia\u0301o \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u t\u00f4n gia\u0301o, va\u0300 t\u00e2\u0301t ca\u0309 nh\u01b0\u0303ng y\u00ea\u0301u t\u00f4\u0301 cu\u0309a ch\u00ea\u0301 \u0111\u00f4\u0323 cu\u0303. No\u0301 li\u00ean k\u00ea\u0301t v\u01a1\u0301i phong tra\u0300o Tin la\u0300nh trong s\u01b0\u0323 kh\u0103\u0309ng \u0111i\u0323nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ca\u0301 nh\u00e2n, va\u0300 ly\u0301 tri\u0301 ca\u0301 nh\u00e2n, ch\u00f4\u0301ng la\u0323i ca\u0301c ho\u0323c thuy\u00ea\u0301t va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 ki\u00ea\u0309m soa\u0301t cu\u0309a nha\u0300 th\u01a1\u0300. \u0110o\u0301 la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t ph\u00e2\u0300n cu\u0309a truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng khai sa\u0301ng va\u0300 th\u01a1\u0300i \u0111a\u0323i cu\u0309a ly\u0301 ti\u0301nh. No\u0301 li\u00ean quan chi\u0301nh y\u00ea\u0301u v\u01a1\u0301i s\u01b0\u0323 chi\u00ea\u0301n \u0111\u00e2\u0301u cu\u0309a ly\u0301 ti\u0301nh ch\u00f4\u0301ng la\u0323i v\u00f4 minh, cu\u0309a nh\u01b0\u0303ng gia\u0301 tri\u0323 \u0111a\u0323o ly\u0301 ch\u00f4\u0301ng la\u0323i s\u01b0\u0301c ma\u0323nh ta\u0300n ba\u0323o, cu\u0309a t\u01b0\u0323 do ch\u00f4\u0301ng la\u0323i chuy\u00ean chi\u0301nh.<\/p>\n Truy\u00ea\u0300n th\u00f4\u0301ng cu\u0309a chu\u0309 nghi\u0303a t\u01b0\u0323 do va\u0300 gia\u0301o du\u0323c khai pho\u0301ng kh\u00f4ng chi\u0309 n\u0103\u0300m trong pha\u0323m vi ngh\u00ea\u0323 thu\u00e2\u0323t va\u0300 ca\u0301c m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, ma\u0300 no\u0301 co\u0301 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00ea\u0301n ca\u0301c ho\u0323c thuy\u00ea\u0301t v\u00ea\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 ti\u00ea\u0301n b\u00f4\u0323 xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i va\u0300 ca\u0301c m\u00f4n khoa ho\u0323c. B\u01a1\u0309i vi\u0300 chi\u0301nh s\u01b0\u0323 k\u00ea\u0301t h\u01a1\u0323p gi\u01b0\u0303a ly\u0301 thuy\u00ea\u0301t xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i khai pho\u0301ng va\u0300 t\u01b0 duy khoa ho\u0323c \u0111a\u0303 truy\u00ea\u0300n va\u0300o xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00f4\u0323t tinh th\u00e2\u0300n kha\u0301m pha\u0301, va\u0300 y\u0301 t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng cu\u0309a s\u01b0\u0323 thay \u0111\u00f4\u0309i. Vu\u0303 tru\u0323 t\u01b0\u0323 no\u0301 (t\u01b0\u0300ng bi\u0323 xem) la\u0300 th\u01b0\u0323c th\u00ea\u0309 ti\u0303nh; kh\u00f4ng gian la\u0300 chuy\u00ea\u0323n cu\u0323c b\u00f4\u0323; xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i la\u0300 c\u00f4\u0301 \u0111i\u0323nh va\u0300 b\u00e2\u0301t bi\u00ea\u0301n. Tinh th\u00e2\u0300n khoa ho\u0323c, v\u01a1\u0301i s\u01b0\u0323 nh\u00e2\u0301n ma\u0323nh l\u00ean s\u01b0\u0323 ch\u01b0\u0301ng minh d\u01b0\u0323a tr\u00ean ly\u0301 tri\u0301 va\u0300 b\u0103\u0300ng ch\u01b0\u0301ng kha\u0301ch quan, la\u0300 l\u01b0\u0323c \u0111\u00e2\u0309y trong th\u00ea\u0301 ky\u0309 m\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i ba\u0309y, \u0111a\u0303 pho\u0301ng thi\u0301ch n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng va\u0300o nh\u01b0\u0303ng chi\u00ea\u0300u ki\u0301ch m\u01a1\u0301i cu\u0309a t\u01b0 duy va\u0300 ha\u0300nh \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n t\u00f4\u0301 sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o trong m\u00f4\u0323t xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i bao g\u00f4\u0300m nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i s\u00f4\u0301ng trong \u0111o\u0301 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2\u0301p nh\u00e2\u0323n mo\u0323i th\u01b0\u0301 \u0111a\u0303 co\u0301 s\u0103\u0303n ma\u0300 \u0111\u0103\u0323t la\u0323i v\u00e2\u0301n \u0111\u00ea\u0300 va\u0300 nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u \u0111\u00ea\u0309 ti\u0300m ra nh\u01b0\u0303ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ca\u0301ch m\u01a1\u0301i ca\u0309i thi\u00ea\u0323n nh\u01b0\u0303ng gi\u0300 \u0111ang co\u0301. Gia\u0301o du\u0323c khai pho\u0301ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00ea\u0301n vi\u00ea\u0323c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u01a1\u0303ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o. Nh\u00e2n t\u00f4\u0301 sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o trong gia\u0301o du\u0323c, va\u0300 do \u0111o\u0301 trong xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i, la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t s\u01b0\u0301c \u0111\u00e2\u0309y ch\u00f4\u0301ng la\u0323i quy \u01b0\u01a1\u0301c va\u0300 quan ni\u00ea\u0323m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ti\u00eau chu\u00e2\u0309n ho\u0301a.<\/p>\n T\u01b0 duy sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o va\u0300 o\u0301c t\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng t\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng\u2026 se\u0303 thay \u0111\u00f4\u0309i ca\u0301c xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i va\u0300 ca\u0309 ca\u0301c n\u00ea\u0300n v\u0103n minh. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i (khai sa\u0301ng) tri\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u00ea\u0309 (radicals) va\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ke\u0309 di\u0323 gia\u0301o (heretics) chi\u0301nh la\u0300 nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i ma\u0300 chu\u0301ng ta ca\u0301m \u01a1n mo\u0301n n\u01a1\u0323 xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i l\u01a1\u0301n nh\u00e2\u0301t. Kh\u00f4ng co\u0301 ho\u0323, tr\u00e2\u0323t t\u01b0\u0323 xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i tr\u01a1\u0309 tha\u0300nh ho\u0103\u0323c x\u01a1 c\u01b0\u0301ng, ho\u0103\u0323c y\u00ea\u0301u \u01a1\u0301t. M\u00f4\u0323t trong nh\u01b0\u0303ng \u0111\u0103\u0323c ti\u0301nh cu\u0309a th\u01a1\u0300i \u0111a\u0323i chu\u0301ng ta la\u0300 chu\u0301ng ta thi\u00ea\u0301u nh\u01b0\u0303ng ke\u0309 tri\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u00ea\u0309 va\u0300 di\u0323 gia\u0301o.<\/p>\n H\u00ea\u0323 th\u00f4\u0301ng hi\u00ea\u0323n ta\u0323i cu\u0309a gia\u0301o du\u0323c \u0111a\u0323i ho\u0323c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c x\u00e2y d\u01b0\u0323ng tr\u00ean gia\u0309 \u0111i\u0323nh r\u0103\u0300ng s\u01b0\u0323 ho\u0323c di\u00ea\u0303n ra trong th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i m\u00f4\u0323t chi\u00ea\u0300u \u2013 chi\u00ea\u0300u cu\u0309a tri\u0301 nh\u01a1\u0301. No\u0301 gia\u0309 \u0111i\u0323nh r\u0103\u0300ng ca\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0300n th\u01b0\u01a1\u0309ng cu\u0309a s\u01b0\u0323 ho\u0323c kh\u00f4ng pha\u0309i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y trong ni\u00ea\u0300m vui thu\u0301, hay s\u01b0\u0323 vui s\u01b0\u01a1\u0301ng co\u0301 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c tri th\u01b0\u0301c, kh\u00f4ng n\u0103\u0300m trong s\u01b0\u0323 \u0111a\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c m\u00f4\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u0301c tin, hay trong vi\u00ea\u0323c ti\u0300m th\u00e2\u0301y m\u00f4\u0323t y\u0301 nghi\u0303a cu\u0309a ba\u0309n s\u0103\u0301c ca\u0301 nh\u00e2n va\u0300 tri\u0301 th\u01b0\u0301c, ma\u0300 trong s\u01b0\u0323 nh\u00e2\u0323n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u00f4ng tra\u0323ng ha\u0300n l\u00e2m, vi\u0323 th\u00ea\u0301 xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i, m\u00f4\u0323t thu nh\u00e2\u0323p cao, va\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 mi\u00ea\u0303n tr\u01b0\u0300 kho\u0309i s\u01b0\u0323 c\u00e2\u0300n thi\u00ea\u0301t pha\u0309i ho\u0323c ti\u00ea\u0301p, hay s\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n tri\u0301 tu\u00ea\u0323 ti\u00ea\u0301p sau \u0111a\u0323i ho\u0323c.<\/p>\n S\u01b0\u0323 ho\u0323c di\u00ea\u0303n ra nh\u01b0 th\u00ea\u0301 na\u0300o?… Qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh s\u01b0\u0323 ho\u0323c chi\u0301nh xa\u0301c gi\u00f4\u0301ng nh\u01b0 qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o m\u00f4\u0323t ta\u0301c ph\u00e2\u0309m ngh\u00ea\u0323 thu\u00e2\u0323t. Mong mu\u00f4\u0301n \u0111a\u0323t t\u01a1\u0301i m\u00f4\u0323t ca\u0301i gi\u0300 quan tro\u0323ng pha\u0309i co\u0301 tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c tri th\u01b0\u0301c, nh\u01b0 ca\u0301i \u0111o\u0301i la\u0300 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ki\u00ea\u0323n ti\u00ean quy\u00ea\u0301t cu\u0309a s\u01b0\u0323 \u0103n.[28]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng cho th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 College M\u1ef9, l\u00e0 \u201c(m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn) m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb h\u1ecd x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u-chi\u1ec1u-s\u00e2u trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft-b\u00e0i-to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eadt.[29]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n \u2605<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 Jefferson, Adams, Madison\u2026 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng grammar school, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c colleges, trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La. Grammar \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Anh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La tinh. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy-La t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 Demosthenes, Cicero, Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Caesar, Tacitus, Sallust, Cato\u2026 Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb.\u00a0 College th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecdc th\u00eam ba n\u0103m ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La tinh. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton v\u00e0 John Locke. R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c con em m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La. (Richard) Douglas Bush \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (\u00edt ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m), c\u0169ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Copernicus, Kepler, Galilei, Machiavelli, Rabelais, Montaigne, Erasmus, Spencer, Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c. (Bell)<\/p>\n Legacy<\/em> mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta nghe r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e0nh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n; b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, d\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao: nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u201d (Marrou).[30]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 12, 2016<\/p>\n Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n [1]<\/sup><\/a> Xem Werner Jaeger, PAIDEIA hay l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hy L\u1ea1p<\/em>. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef. Trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 N\u0103m<\/em> (1810-2010), nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean: Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u & Pierre Darruriat & Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n & Ho\u00e0ng T\u1ee5y & Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh & Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam. NXB Tri th\u1ee9c, 2011. Tr. 177-185. Hay trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ra m\u1eaft n\u0103m 2019 t\u1ea1i nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n [2]<\/sup><\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em>, Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 Colllege Hoa K\u1ef3, tr. 87, trong s\u00e1ch Clark Kerr, C\u00e1c C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>.\u00a0 IRED, DTbooks, v\u00e0 NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2013. Hay trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n [3]<\/sup><\/a> Samuel Smiles, Character<\/em>. Jefferson Publication, 2015. Tr.5.<\/p>\n [4]<\/sup><\/a> John Henry Newman, The Idea of a University<\/em>. Yale University Press, 1996. Tr. 89-90.<\/p>\n [5]<\/sup><\/a> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 188-189.<\/p>\n [6]<\/sup><\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u0103m 2011 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n TP HCM do \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 NXB Tri Th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humbolt 200 N\u0103m<\/em> ra m\u1eaft. Xem trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n [7]<\/sup><\/a> Auguste Pinloche, Pestalozzi and the Foundation of the Modern Elementary School<\/em>. 2001. Bibliolife in l\u1ea1i. Tr.125.<\/p>\n [8]<\/sup><\/a> Xem th\u00eam Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc: L\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. Trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt 200 N\u0103m. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.\u00a0Xem trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ra m\u1eaft th\u00e1ng 1, 2019 t\u1ea1i nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n [9]<\/sup><\/a> V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n [10]<\/sup><\/a> Bruce A. Kimball, Orators and Philosophers<\/em>. A History of the Idea of Liberal Education.\u00a0 Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 1986.Tr.187<\/p>\n [11]<\/sup><\/a> Ch\u1eef college \u1edf M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n khoa\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn, hay m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Xem th\u00eam Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 college Hoa K\u1ef3<\/em> trong Clark Kerr, C\u00e1c C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. Hay trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n [12]<\/sup><\/a> Xem Hanna Holborn Gray, Searching for Utopia<\/em>. Universities and Their Histories. University of California Press, 2012.Tr. 43.<\/p>\n [13]<\/sup><\/a> George Fallis, Mutiversities, Ideas, and Democracy<\/em>. University of Toronto Press, 2007. Tr.35<\/p>\n [14]<\/sup><\/a> Den Senor & Saul Singer, Qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. Alphabooks, nxb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tr. 178.<\/p>\n [15]<\/sup><\/a> Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em>, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean tr. 84.<\/p>\n [16]<\/sup><\/a> Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n [17]<\/sup><\/a> Xam Clark Kerr, C\u00e1c C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. <\/em>Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n [18]<\/sup><\/a> Nuy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp cho <\/em>NGH\u0128A V\u1ee4 H\u1eccC THU\u1eacT (Academic Duty<\/em>, c\u1ee7a Donald Kennedy), 2006. Xem trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n [19]<\/sup><\/a> Jacques Barzun, The Culture We Deserve<\/em>. Wesleyan University Press, 1989. Tr. 112<\/p>\n [20]<\/sup><\/a> Barzun, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 113.<\/p>\n [21]<\/sup><\/a> Barzun, nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, tr. 118-119<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/01\/image.jpeg?resize=416%2C624&ssl=1\")
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