{"id":11286,"date":"2024-04-20T20:35:38","date_gmt":"2024-04-20T13:35:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=11286"},"modified":"2024-04-20T20:35:38","modified_gmt":"2024-04-20T13:35:38","slug":"ve-college-hoa-ky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ve-college-hoa-ky\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec1 College Hoa K\u1ef3"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">V\u1ec0 COLLEGE HOA K\u1ef2<\/span><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/02\/Tu-bao-NYT.png?resize=70%2C54&amp;ssl=1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;font-size: 14pt\">Ph\u00e9p th\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c sai tr\u00e1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u1ebft, hay l\u00e0m \u00edt nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd trong ti\u1ec7n nghi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang cho c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 cho college Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang\u2026Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u1eefa \u1edf chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u1edf workshop, tr\u00ean b\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n\u2026Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb3n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p phong ph\u00fa v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Lawrence Lowell<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard (1909 \u2013 1933), trong m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, 1916<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span>. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong quy\u1ec3n <span style=\"color: #000080\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/gioi-thieu-sach-dai-hoc\/\">\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/span> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP HCM, 2019), m\u1ee5c 17, trang 467. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>H\u1ed7n \u0110\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o<\/em> v\u1eeba m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. <span style=\"color: #000080\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb <em>c<\/em><em>ollege<\/em> c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9. Danh t\u1eeb college \u1edf M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n b\u1eadc cao, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (sau trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng), n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (university college), m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n khoa nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt hay kinh t\u1ebf (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, school) \u2026 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t college \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay g\u1eb7p danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4i \u201ccollleges and universities\u201d. Trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang college \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3 college l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c <em>community colleges<\/em> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ecdi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c colleges v\u00e0 universities c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (Master Plan) c\u1ee7a bang California nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, sau \u0111\u00f3 lan t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u bang kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y (2 n\u0103m) so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 4 n\u0103m (State colleges, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c (vi\u1ec7n) \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (University) \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. Quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean sau th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n. Lu\u1eadt GI Bill n\u0103m 1944 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay college \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n<p>Do t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb college l\u00e0 h\u01a1i \u2018kh\u00f3 d\u1ecbch\u2019 sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 Williams college, Amherst college, Swarthmore college, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng college v\u1ec1 liberal arts (gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng hay nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, xoay quanh di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y), m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0o Harvard, Yale, Columbia (V\u0169 Quang Vi\u1ec7t).<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt\">***<\/span><\/p>\n<p>College l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi lyc\u00e9e hay gymnasium th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00ean th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cl\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m\u201d college. Ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i. \u1ede Anh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tinh hoa (Devane). \u1ede M\u1ef9 college c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n cho c\u1ea5p c\u1eed nh\u00e2n (undergraduate).<\/p>\n<p>Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d (<em>age of reason<\/em>). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh<\/em> c\u1ee7a Galilei \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1632, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp college Harvard (1636); t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp <em>Discorsi<\/em> c\u1ee7a Galilei v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1637, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau Harvard. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m <em>Principia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Newton ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1687, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a John Locke (<em>An Essay Concerning Human Understanding<\/em>) xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1690, ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a college th\u1ee9 hai, William &amp; Mary. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c college Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ngay m\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 <em>college<\/em>, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo c\u00e1c college Anh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0103n \u1edf cho sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o; c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef, kinh th\u00e1nh, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hay khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng-th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Cambridge v\u00e0 Oxford \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 13, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, 18 v\u00e0 19 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng college ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c collge M\u1ef9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 cao h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nghe h\u01a1i ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ngay \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f2n \u00edt d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (Devane). Harvard khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1636 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t college r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. L\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u00edn sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc chung kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u do v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n<p>College th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u00e1i tim\u201d c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n M\u1ef9. V\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c college h\u00f4m nay, Woodrow Wilson, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 (c\u1ef1u) ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng college \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngh\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i anh ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d (Gonz\u00e1lez) Wilson \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng \u201cbi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thanh ni\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng suy ngh\u0129, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <em>bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy<\/em>\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1n cung c\u1ea5p cho con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 Jefferson, Adams, Madison\u2026\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng grammar school, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c college, trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La. Grammar \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Anh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La tinh. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hy-La t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0 Demosthenes, Cicero, Herodotus, Thucydides, Plato, Caesar, Tacitus, Sallust, Cato\u2026Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ti\u1ebfng Anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb. College th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u00eam ba n\u0103m n\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La tinh. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0 Locke). R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c con em m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy-La (Richard). Douglas Bush \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (\u00edt ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m) c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 <em>t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o<\/em> nh\u01b0 Copernicus, Kepler, Galilei, Machiavelli, Rabelais, Montaigne, Erasmus, Spencer, Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c. (Bell)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c college c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi qui t\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. College ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ngu d\u1ed1t v\u00e0 hoang d\u00e3. College l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh, theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. College \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (profession) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. College \u201cl\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n; t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1m l\u1eeda d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb college California di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u0103m 1868. (Rudolph)<\/p>\n<p>Trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 18, c\u00e1c college Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc. Tuy xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Hy La nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 (tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristote), nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp d\u1ea7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ptolemy trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ecb \u201ckhai t\u1eed\u201d nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Harvard n\u0103m 1659, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Copernice. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng khi college William &amp; Mary th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1711. Yale c\u0169ng \u0111i theo Locke, Newton v\u00e0 Copernice.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c college \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1c s\u0129, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khi c\u00e1c college t\u1ecf ra c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u1ea3n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau cu\u1ed9c <em>n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1edbi cho cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Lu\u1eadt giao \u0111\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1862 nh\u1eb1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e9n r\u1ec5. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi (Humboldt), \u201cth\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o ra khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n thanh ni\u00ean M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111i sang \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c college theo h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o sinh vi\u00ean graduate sau c\u1eed nh\u00e2n. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc (elective system), theo tinh th\u1ea7n <em>Lernfreiheit<\/em> c\u1ee7a Humboldt, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 <em>ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd <\/em>gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7\u201d c\u1ea1nh tranh \u201cnguy hi\u1ec3m\u201d cho nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. \u201cS\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n college th\u00ec nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau\u201d nh\u01b0 Edwin Slosson vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1910 (Thelin). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c college \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1636-1870, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201ckhai ph\u00f3ng\u201d, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, b\u00e1c s\u0129, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb 1870-1960 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c (human capital) \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u00edt h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ctri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng\u201d (knowledge for use) nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. (Missions of the College Curriculum)<\/p>\n<p>S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 \u0111i vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c college. Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean gia hay c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 thu ng\u1eafn, d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a college \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p ba. Nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i. S\u1ef1 ch\u0103m lo v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n cho sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. S\u1ef1 thu ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhanh l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. Tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf Anh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Newton \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee9 kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m \u1edf M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y theo v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean trong l\u1edbp c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean graduate l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c sinh vi\u00ean undergraduate. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ea3o n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111ang \u201cb\u00e1n s\u1edbm l\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng\u201d. \u201c\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0103n v\u00e0o l\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d, Emerson n\u00f3i, h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tr\u1ebb\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang qua h\u1ebft th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu. (Van Doren). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n quay l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 college c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c? (Devane) M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, trong khi ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (general education) \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u1ecb thu l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1eb9p, th\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n t\u1ea1i Anh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. (Bell)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c college, tuy y\u00eau l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n tri th\u1ee9c, d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u01a1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi ngu d\u1ed1t. (Rudolph)<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng cam k\u1ebft theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 Bell vi\u1ebft: ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 <em>humanitas<\/em>, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n m\u00e0 tuy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb qu\u00e9t \u0111i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y xi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c college nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (liberal arts<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i neo \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i h\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u00ec c\u00e1i \u201cminh tri\u1ebft v\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u trong b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng\u201d c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cch\u00edn m\u00f9i v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d trong sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ed1n c\u00f2n \u0111ang mang trong m\u00ecnh \u201cth\u00fa t\u00ednh\u201d t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i thanh ni\u00ean (\u2018adolescent beast\u2019). (Devane, Bell) Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u0169ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m \u201cgi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn (adult) trong \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb\u201d. S\u1ef1 thu ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u0103m college, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng graduate, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi college m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n sinh vi\u00ean. (Bell)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">California, Xu\u00e2n Qu\u00fd T\u1ef5, 2013<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Xin \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 <em>gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-can-giao-duc-khai-phong\/\">https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-can-giao-duc-khai-phong\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>V\u00e0 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i <em><span style=\"color: #000080\">T\u1ea1i sao gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/span>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><em><strong>Ghi ch\u00fa<\/strong>:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong b\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, trong b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch <em>H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/em> (A Perfect Mess) c\u1ee7a David Labaree, v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i PhanBook \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2024, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb college, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> T\u1ea1i Anh, t\u1eeb sau gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, Cambridge v\u00e0 Oxford c\u0169ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, tuy ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, \u00edt nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh h\u01a1n Hoa K\u1ef3, theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh m\u1edbi cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh c\u1eefu, m\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a <em>Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i<\/em> c\u1ee7a Darwin th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh r\u1eddi b\u1ecf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c. Huxley quan ni\u1ec7m \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d hay khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal education) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tri th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do l\u00fd t\u00ednh, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u201d (Kimball) N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb <em>paideia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p sang <em>humanitas<\/em> c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 r\u1ed3i <em>artes liberales<\/em> (liberal arts) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, <em>humanism<\/em> th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, <em>Bildung<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y th\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t <em>con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/em> (the whole man), th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n (body and soul), gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed (sense and reason), t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (character and mind), xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng b\u00e1nh xe trong c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, hay c\u00e1c con ong th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ong\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p hay k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3i \u0103n n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia (Marrou). M\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u201cgi\u1ecf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d (khai ph\u00f3ng) ri\u00eang, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a <em>paideia<\/em>. \u1ede La M\u00e3, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc La M\u00e3, tuy v\u1eabn theo tinh th\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p h\u00f3a (Hellenistic). Sau khi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal education) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch <em>gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng<\/em> (liberating) tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do. Hai ch\u1eef <em>liberal <\/em>v\u00e0 <em>liberating<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 J. Dewey nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t (Kimball). Tuy nhi\u00ean,<em> legacy<\/em> mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta nghe r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng ng\u00e0nh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 n\u00f3; b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, d\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao: nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u201d (Marrou)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <em>Liberal arts<\/em> c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi <em>humanities<\/em> \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1i sau c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n (rhetoric) v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (moral philosphy). (Sanz &amp; Bergan)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u1ec0 COLLEGE HOA K\u1ef2 S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh &nbsp; Ph\u00e9p th\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11286"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11286"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11286\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11447,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11286\/revisions\/11447"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11286"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11286"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11286"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}