{"id":11320,"date":"2024-04-20T20:39:57","date_gmt":"2024-04-20T13:39:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=11320"},"modified":"2025-06-23T22:54:54","modified_gmt":"2025-06-23T15:54:54","slug":"dai-hoc-hoa-ky-tu-hon-don-hoan-hao-den-ngon-hai-dang-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/dai-hoc-hoa-ky-tu-hon-don-hoan-hao-den-ngon-hai-dang-the-gioi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3: T\u1eeb H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi <\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC HOA K\u1ef2<\/span><\/h1>\n

T\u1eeb H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

A Perfect Mess. The Unlikely Ascendancy of American Higher Education<\/span><\/p>\n

David F. Labaree<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/em>: L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n (Mai L\u00fd)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em>:\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i – s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t; s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u; v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c – kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb lung lay (c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i) v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i tin, s\u1ebd m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng theo c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u00edt vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n; h\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, xoay quanh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi-v\u1edbi-ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111ang m\u1edf ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Harold T. Shapiro, <\/strong>p<\/span>h\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan v\u00e0 Princeton, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 public affairs \u1edf Princeton. Trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf cu\u1ed1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecfi, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 xem lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1edbt l\u1edd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Louis Menand, <\/strong><\/span>Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Anne T. v\u00e0 Robert M. Bass ng\u00e0nh Ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard. L\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a The Metaphysical Club<\/em> gi\u1ea3i Pulitzer n\u0103m 2002.<\/span><\/p>\n

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L<\/span>\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong>. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch “(M\u1ed9t) H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o” v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao, hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u1ee7a GS David F. Labaree, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea3y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. <\/a><\/em>Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u00f4i. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t s\u00fac t\u00edch, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t hay m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 “th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3”. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft tinh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Adam Smith. <\/span>C\u00e1c college t\u01b0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng, <\/span>kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9. <\/span>H\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng gian cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cao.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1819 tr\u1edf \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ean Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, (C\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Dartmouth college ki\u1ec7n Woodward). <\/em>Woodward l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Dartmouth university, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Dartmouth college. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a college hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p charter (\u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7) t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb xem \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng! Nh\u1edd t\u00e0i h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a <\/span>Daniel Webster, c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Dartmouth, kh\u00f3a 1801, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Dartmouth \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u d\u00e0i, h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft, khi\u1ebfn t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao li\u00ean bang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n c<\/span>\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch\u00a0<\/span>t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n<\/em> c\u1ee7a college, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u00a0<\/span>Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Dartmouth \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t<\/span>\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, academic freedom, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0<\/span>Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ec9 43<\/strong> n\u0103m sau Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 (1776) v\u00e0 sau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Adam Smith. V\u00e0o l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a <\/span>cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n, Daniel Webster \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u thay m\u1eb7t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng college nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau th\u00edch n\u00f3!<\/em>\u201d (\u201cIt is, sir, as I have said, a small college, and yet there are those who love it!\u201d). Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, hay kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i t\u00ean Daniel Webster v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Dartmouth college v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh doanh M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1819.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Daniel Webster (1782 \u2013 1852), m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t orator, nh\u00e0 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, tranh lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao M\u1ef9 trong v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Photo courtesy of Rauner Special Collections Library<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David Laberee l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch sau quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> (2019) t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00fa v\u1ecb: M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 t\u00ean Henry Cabot Lodge (1893 \u2013 1924) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Daniel Webster r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u00d4ng Lodge c\u00f3 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 George Cabot Lodge, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. George Cabot Lodge sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai t\u00ean Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia, nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Kennedy b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a t\u1eeb 1963-64. Lodge \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n. Acknowledgment<\/em><\/strong> T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m \u01a1n GS Ian McNeely<\/strong> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oregon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David Labaree \u0111\u1ec3 xin cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean mua t\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n khi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh critical. V\u1edbi GS Ian McNeely t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb l\u00fac t\u00f4i t\u00ecnh c\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Humboldt<\/em> v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 internet, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u00ecm, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 quen bi\u1ebft nhau tr\u1edf n\u00ean quen bi\u1ebft trong m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ao \u01b0\u1edbc, GS McNeely s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp sang d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u00d4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng, Liberal Education<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch hay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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GS David F. Labaree<\/p>\n

David F. Labaree<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u00d4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Lee L. Jacks t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford (nay \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u), chuy\u00ean vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 The Trouble with Ed School<\/em> v\u00e0 Some has to fail<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i tr\u00ean blog c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i https:\/\/davidlabaree.com\/ v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (schooling), l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch. Theo d\u00f5i t\u00f4i tr\u00ean Twitter t\u1ea1i @Dlabaree.<\/p>\n

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L\u1edcI KHEN CHO QUY\u1ec2N S\u00c1CH<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cH<\/span>\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o<\/em>\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Labaree l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i theo l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, cho d\u00f9 cho l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa. Vi\u1ebft th\u1eadt hay, th\u1eadt uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2014 WILLIAN TIERNEY<\/strong>, nguy\u00ean ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c B\u1eadc cao<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cG<\/span>\u1ea7n n\u0103m tri\u1ec7u sinh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c\u00a0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, tuy nhi\u00ean cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Labaree l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 H\u1ed7n \u0110\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o<\/em>. S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Labaree \u0111em ra m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eeba d\u00e2n t\u00fay v\u1eeba tinh hoa, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng\u00a0 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u01b0 d\u00e0nh cho thanh ni\u00ean M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Labaree v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, s\u1ef1 ghen t\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t H\u1ed7n \u0110\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o<\/em> s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5\u00a0 c\u1ea3nh quan v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3, ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng tay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2014 LARRY CUBAN<\/strong>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n Teaching History Then and Now (<\/em>D\u1ea1y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y v\u00e0 B\u00e2y gi\u1edd<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cC<\/span>u\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u01b0u t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao\u00a0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. B\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 v\u0103n xu\u00f4i l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t, Labaree tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng – ho\u1eb7c phi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng – gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi\u00a0 tranh lu\u1eadn.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2014 PAUL REITTER<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp cu\u1ed1n The Rise of the Research University (<\/em>S\u1ef1 N\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u)<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cG<\/span>i\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c (v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i) t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t. Labaree mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y, cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra sao. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, thay v\u00ec s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y quan t\u00e2m\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u2014 JOHN W. MEYER<\/strong>, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch b\u00eca m\u1ec1m, 328 trang, gi\u00e1 b\u00eca 222.700 \u0111. Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i PhanBook, gi\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n D\u00e2n Tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trung k\u1ef3, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI, XII tr\u1edf \u0111i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t innovation<\/em> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 Peter Drucker nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 logic, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, tranh lu\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea1nh tranh, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ea5y to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 s\u00e0n l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, Islam.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Wilhelm von Humboldt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ccha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin theo m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. Ba nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y<\/em> (Lehrfreiheit) v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc<\/em> (Lernfreiheit), v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> v\u00e0 H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em> (Wissenschaft) l\u00e0m n\u1ed9i dung n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Harvard college, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1636, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 (colony) nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, n\u0103m 1839, Harvard v\u1eabn \u201c\u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng college \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i Gymnasium \u0110\u1ee9c.\u201d[2]<\/a> Henry James, ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, “\u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i… d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y (Harvard) \u0111ang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu.”[3]<\/a> Bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t Hoa K\u1ef3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t (land-grant) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c colleges khai ph\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 xem tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, cho gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u00e0m cho t\u01b0 duy tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00fac l\u00e0nh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u0103ng say ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. N\u0103m 1890, Harvard x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t Graduate School, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, v\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi\u201d, Eliot n\u00f3i, v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u201chuy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Harvard b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u00ecm t\u00f2i c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t n\u1eefa; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng, chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.\u201d \u0110\u1ee3t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX s\u1ebd tr\u00e0n qua.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef v\u1eefng hay c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hay c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Clark, hay Johns Hopkins ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng tinh hoa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. \u1ede M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n (kho\u1ea3ng 25%), ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 lo, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (grant) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p theo \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1eed nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn, nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho ph\u1ea7n tinh hoa sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh hoa c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lung lay. Cho n\u00ean nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 Clark Kerr m\u1edbi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 bao g\u1ed3m ba ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng ki\u1ec3u Anh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft c\u1eed nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c cho ph\u1ea7n tinh hoa sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 theo tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (profession) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n tinh hoa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1eed nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n tinh hoa c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 thu h\u00fat c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eadc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u201cl\u1ea5y ng\u1eafn nu\u00f4i d\u00e0i\u201d, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y \u201cd\u00e0i l\u1ea1i nu\u00f4i ng\u1eafn\u201d. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee3t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 hai c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, n\u00e2ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00ean b\u1eadc cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh s\u00e1ng d\u1ea1, th\u00f4ng minh v\u00f9ng l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea, t\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5y, r\u1ed3i sau t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, mang khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Bell Labs l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u201cl\u00e0ng qu\u00ea, t\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecf\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Brattain, Shockley, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t minh ra chi\u1ebfc b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn transistor.[4]<\/a> Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/em> l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean nhanh nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 M\u1ef9<\/em>.<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u1ed3n vinh cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, Vannevar Bush (kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Bush t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng), nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> (OSRD), \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean Science \u2013 The Endless Frontier<\/em> (Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn). \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y, theo Bush, n\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0, xem c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u & Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean bang t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean sau b\u1eadc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n (graduate). M\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f4 la do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u1ebb tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II sau khi gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi Lu\u1eadt GI Bill \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 l\u00ean th\u00e1p chu\u00f4ng tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 David F. Labaree m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tham kh\u1ea3o cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i m\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea1 khi g\u1ecdi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p pha t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a 4.700 tr\u01b0\u1eddng college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. “H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng” ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb gi\u1eef cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u00f3 theo th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u00f3 c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1eady m\u00e0\u00a0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 \u00edt gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. V\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>h\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. \u2026 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb9 (n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh) c\u00f3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u1eddi N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 250. “\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1910, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 1.000 college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi\u00a0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba tri\u1ec7u\u00a0 sinh vi\u00ean – v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 16 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, tuy\u1ec3n sinh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 40.000 sinh vi\u00ean”.<\/p>\n

\u0110<\/span>i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u2026, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi-l\u1ee3i-nhu\u1eadn t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh trong n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u bang t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch do ti\u1ec3u bang ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp dao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 20-30% t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp [c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y]. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang trong t\u1ed5ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 21% ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n 16% kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>lark Kerr l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ba m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh: tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eadc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Anh, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng-\u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1ecdc-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-c\u1ea5p-\u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. M\u1ed7i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

K<\/span>hi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880, m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong t\u1ea7m-nh\u00ecn-ba-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Kerr v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u01b0u t\u00fa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m th\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc-gi\u1ea3-\u0111\u1ecbnh-h\u01b0\u1edbng-nghi\u00ean-c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi, h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 mang v\u1ec1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf xoay quanh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m theo (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Clark, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng tranh \u0111ua \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. H\u00e3y xem k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng 500 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2014 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Giao th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i (The Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University), v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i Nobel. B\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, trong 500 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 146 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi b\u1ea1n c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao. C\u00f3 52 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 trong top 100, 32 trong top 50, v\u00e0 16 trong top 20. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ngo\u00e0i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o top 10, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford.<\/p>\n

H<\/span>\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3: T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1901 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 864 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel, v\u00e0 347 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 (chi\u1ebfm 40%) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2014, 49% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u00ecn chung, s\u1ef1-tr\u1ed7i-d\u1eady-100-n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3 – t\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb coi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf (institutional success) v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean trong b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Hoa K\u1ef3: nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c (transferable credit), c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea1nh tranh, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eadp san.<\/p>\n

\u0110<\/span>\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00f3c b\u00faa nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

H<\/span>o\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do (free intellectual play) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta trong ban gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng quan t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa k\u1ef3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao bi\u1ec7n minh cho l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ca ng\u1ee3i n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tri th\u1ee9c, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u00ea ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec1u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u00a0\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do<\/em>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u00edt h\u1eefu \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y nay, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t<\/em> n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 kho tri th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u2013 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

T<\/span>heo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u01b0u t\u00fa \u2026 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t; nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a 1% c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i-h\u1ecdc-b\u1ed1n-n\u0103m (t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 28 tr\u01b0\u1eddng), tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh (12) v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u1eadt (12), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng theo \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra (SAT, MCAT, LSAT). Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng-trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec3n sinh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng: 39% t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a 500 c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t (Fortune 500) t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eadc c\u1eed nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y; ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Harvard con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 13%. Th\u1eadt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 61% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 (pedigree) \u00edt cao qu\u00fd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u1eady, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean LinkedIn cho th\u1ea5y: con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Google ho\u1eb7c Facebook ch\u1ea1y qua hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf V\u00f9ng V\u1ecbnh, Stanford v\u00e0 Berkeley. L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf tinh hoa. Nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea1i Apple, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp San Jos\u00e9, m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc (nonselective) trong tuy\u1ec3n sinh (v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean), n\u01a1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn 60% \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean (so v\u1edbi 5% t\u1ea1i Stanford v\u00e0 17% t\u1ea1i Berkeley). M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1ebd ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n cho sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ea7ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng Jobvite \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3y tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n xin vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o 40.000 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 Twitter v\u00e0 LinkedIn. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tr\u00ean trang Business Insider \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 “Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon”. H\u00f3a ra, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp San Jos\u00e9. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp San Francisco (v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc 66%) \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 ba; UC Berkeley \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 Stanford th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.[5]<\/a> B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao trang web c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp San Jos\u00e9 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \u201cC\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n cho Thung l\u0169ng Silicon\u201d (Powering Silicon Valley).<\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong 100 n\u0103m qua, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u2018b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n\u2019 qua vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu, b\u1ea7u ra c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao theo s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 quay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u01b0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng -th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a- nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf<\/em>. Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf h\u1eefu, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, coi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tuy\u1ec3n sinh, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kinh doanh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh. [\u2026] Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Labaree tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng y\u00ean<\/em>, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 d\u1ea7y d\u1ea1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m, kinh qua mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu c\u01a1 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3. Henry Rosovsky, nguy\u00ean ch\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1eddng Arts and Sciences <\/em>(Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc) c\u1ee7a Harvard, c\u0169ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201ch\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn\u201d trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

T<\/span>rong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, khi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 kinh t\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111ang qua m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta h\u1ebft ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00e1t h\u1eb3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb hai ph\u1ea7n ba \u0111\u1ebfn ba ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y [\u2026]<\/p>\n

K<\/span>hu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? [\u2026] Trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u201cMade in America\u201d v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u b\u00e3nh nh\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch th\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t l\u0103ng k\u00ednh b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m cho trong su\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd b\u00e1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, trong l\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 an ninh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i<\/em><\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 College Hoa K\u1ef3\u00a0<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong><\/span>:<\/em><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdp, 2019.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Eugen Kuehneman, Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University<\/em>. Boston and New York, 1900. Tr. 5. Gymnasium l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX sau c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a W.v. Humboldt 1810.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> A Turning Point in Higher Education.<\/em> The Inaugural Address<\/em> of Charles William Eliot as President of Harvard<\/p>\n

College, October 19,1869. Tr. vi.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Xem Jon Gertner, The Idea Factory. Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation<\/em>. The Penguin Press. New York, 2012. S\u1eafp c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a 20 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.in\/tech\/the-20-universities-that-are-most-likely-to-land-you-a-job-in-silicon-valley\/slidelist\/48061306.cms<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/em>, trang 431-432<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC HOA K\u1ef2 T\u1eeb H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi A Perfect Mess. The Unlikely Ascendancy of American Higher Education David F. Labaree Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: L\u00ea T\u00f9ng Qu\u00e2n (Mai L\u00fd) Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u:\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11320"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11320"}],"version-history":[{"count":54,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13931,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11320\/revisions\/13931"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}