{"id":11489,"date":"2024-06-28T19:42:16","date_gmt":"2024-06-28T12:42:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=11489"},"modified":"2024-07-01T17:13:41","modified_gmt":"2024-07-01T10:13:41","slug":"einstein-va-heisenberg-nhung-nguoi-dat-nen-tang-cho-nen-vat-ly-hien-dai-k-kleinknecht","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/einstein-va-heisenberg-nhung-nguoi-dat-nen-tang-cho-nen-vat-ly-hien-dai-k-kleinknecht\/","title":{"rendered":"Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u1ec1n V\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (K. Kleinknecht)"},"content":{"rendered":"

EINSTEIN v\u00e0<\/em> HEISENBERG<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u1ec1n V\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/span><\/h2>\n

Begr\u00fcnder der modernen Physik<\/span><\/h2>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em>: Konrad Kleinknecht<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:<\/span><\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00ea Ti\u1ebfn<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp: <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Friedrich H\u00f6lderlin<\/strong>, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Thay cho nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/em> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em> t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u\u00a0d\u1eabn d\u1eaft<\/em> nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Friedrich Nietzsche<\/strong> (1882)<\/span><\/p>\n

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L<\/span>\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg<\/em> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eeba ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh. Anh Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00ea Ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u1ed9t “thi\u00ean anh h\u00f9ng ca” trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn tay b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m anh h\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi Argonauts, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Jason, \u0111i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n Argo v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbch t\u00ecm L\u00f4ng c\u1eebu v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c treo trong khu r\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Colchian Ares, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00eam ng\u00e0y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t con r\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1ee7. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua mu\u00f4n v\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3m nguy. Tuy c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y L\u00f4ng c\u1eebu v\u00e0ng, hay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, m\u1ed9t “ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf”. Qua khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa x\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tuy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00ec ch\u01b0a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i ti\u1ebfp. Tuy th\u1ebf, l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1p cho cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

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\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c Argonaut v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/strong> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111i t\u00ecm B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa<\/em> m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Einstein. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Solvay l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Brussells n\u0103m 1927 ngay sau khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tranh lu\u1eadn. M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y (17) trong s\u1ed1 29 kh\u00e1ch tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i Nobel ho\u1eb7c sau \u0111\u00f3 (nh\u01b0 Pauli 1945, Max Born 1954). T\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

\u2013 Auguste Piccard,\u00a0\u00c9mile Henriot,\u00a0Paul Ehrenfest, \u00c9douard Herzen,\u00a0Th\u00e9ophile de Donder,\u00a0Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger,\u00a0Jules-\u00c9mile Verschaffelt,\u00a0Wolfgang Pauli,\u00a0Werner Heisenberg,\u00a0Ralph Howard Fowler,\u00a0L\u00e9on Brillouin,<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Peter Debye,\u00a0Martin Knudsen,\u00a0William Lawrence Bragg,\u00a0Hendrik Anthony Kramers,\u00a0Paul Dirac,\u00a0Arthur Compton,\u00a0Louis de Broglie,\u00a0Max Born,\u00a0Niels Bohr,<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2013 Irving Langmuir,\u00a0Max Planck,\u00a0Marie Sk\u0142odowska Curie,\u00a0Hendrik Lorentz,\u00a0Albert Einstein,\u00a0Paul Langevin,\u00a0Charles Eug\u00e8ne Guye, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson,\u00a0Owen Willans Richardson.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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T\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p h\u01a1i “d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng” m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u00fat m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t MEGASTORY, s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 k\u1ef3 b\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn “ph\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh” nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0 Stephen Hawking n\u00f3i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quan s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>, hay n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Immanuel Kant, b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, reine Vernunft.<\/em> Theo Kant, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “L\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m<\/em>.” Ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m, a priori<\/em>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m (Erfahrung), m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, anschauung, intuition. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy logic, m\u00e0 t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 \u201cph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d khi c\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 Einstein n\u00f3i. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc”, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i “t\u00f9y c\u01a1 \u1ee9ng bi\u1ebfn”. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0 Einstein quan ni\u1ec7m, “\u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy th\u1ef1c (Realist) khi mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quan s\u00e1t; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy t\u00e2m (Idealist) khi xem c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00f4 g\u00edc t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m); l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng lu\u1eadn (Positivist) khi ch\u1ec9 xem c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh ta l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00f4 g\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh. Anh ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Plato hay Pythagoras khi xem quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00f4 gic nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a anh ta.” Anh ta (nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc), d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u2018, (Xem s\u00e1ch Einstein<\/em>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9)<\/p>\n

Einstein \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay \u201el\u00e0m cho ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. T\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm, b\u1eb1ng \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, suy \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e1, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc critical, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i Einstein g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201efreie Sch\u00f6pfung\u201c, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 do \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy, \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m. Kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 phi-Euclid, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. (Xem th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u00eam trong s\u00e1ch Einstein<\/em>, nh\u1eefng trang cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9)<\/p>\n

Xin xem ti\u1ebfp b\u00e0i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi: Einstein, Hume, Kant, Russell v\u00e0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, so v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t vi m\u00f4 qu\u00e1 th\u00f4, so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm, so v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng 300.000 km\/sec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 “\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng” c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb n\u1eb7ng. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec khi trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 \u1edf nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0ng Einstein tin r\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (intuition) ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m common sense, “l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng”, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb Aristote qua \u0111\u1ebfn Galilei, Newton, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169. \u1ede nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa quan ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i intuition v\u00e0 common sense m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang. Intuition m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb “h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ef1c quan” (visual imagery) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (thought experiment) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. (Xem c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong s\u00e1ch Miller, Insights of Genius<\/em>)<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eadp s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi, <\/em>b\u1ecf th\u00f3i quen c\u0169. Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 duy<\/em> (Revolution des Denkens) c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac quanh ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd t\u1edbi. Kant s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t la b\u00e0n. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Adolf Harnack, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta than phi\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia ng\u00e0y nay ng\u1ed3i \u1edf khoa kh\u00e1c, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Planck v\u00e0 Einstein.” H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Aufkl\u00e4rer<\/em>. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 giao cho h\u1ecd s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh khai s\u00e1ng b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean cao tr\u00ean “l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng” (common sense), v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (intuition) \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh qua \u0111\u00f3, Weltbild<\/em>, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c tranh trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a. “Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3”, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0110\u1ee9c Friedrich H\u00f6lderlin \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e2m s\u00e2u. V\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Kant n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng may \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c t\u1eeb “Kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 cong” (Krummes Holz), b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng c\u0169 n\u0103m x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 “kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh”, n\u00f3i theo Nietzsche. “Der Mensch ist Etwas, das \u00fcberwunden werden soll.” (Also sprach Zarathustra<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Einstein, Heisenberg, nh\u1eefng argonauts anh h\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 v\u00e0ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4m nay. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Weltbild <\/em>ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111em ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n g\u1ee7i h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t. Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. M\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e2y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam Khai s\u00e1ng Xcotlen<\/em> (T\u00f4 c\u00e1ch lan) trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg, <\/em>m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em>. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Faraday v\u00e0 Maxwell \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi tia laser, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, internet, si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, con chip, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. C\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n khoa h\u1ecdc Vannevar Bush c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt v\u00e0 Truman c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng l\u1edbn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1o ra t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh, an ninh cho qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang. V\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n

Con chip kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh trong kho\u1ea3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, t\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 chip nhanh th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0103n li\u1ec1n\u201d. Hi\u1ec7n nay, vi\u1ec7c thu nh\u1ecf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c con chip theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Moore \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n Planck trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n quang t\u1eed (photonics computing). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Xem m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a TS Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n: Khi con chip l\u00ean ng\u00f4i<\/span>, <\/em>vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb xung quanh con chip \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. C\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn trao t\u1eb7ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y. Xin c\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n h\u00e3y t\u1eb7ng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 vun x\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u00f4m nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i cho qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y mai, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, s\u1eafc b\u00e9n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Hay n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Einstein, “ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang.”<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Albert Einstein<\/a><\/em><\/span> m\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 V\u01b0\u1eddn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i<\/em><\/span> c\u00e1c Argonauts anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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B\u00eca 1 v\u00e0 4 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg. Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/p>\n

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<\/h1>\n

CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec M\u1ed8T THO\u00c1NG<\/span><\/h1>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em> cho s\u00e1ch<\/span> Einstein v\u00e0<\/em> Heisenberg<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, r\u1eb1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1edfi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a chung kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi cho to\u00e0n ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng.[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein, 1948<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, th\u00ec th\u1ea5y v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n h\u01a1n, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u00e2y m\u00f9 h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Archimedes, r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau l\u00ean: “H\u00e3y cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi!” Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ea3: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 v\u00e0 rung r\u1ea9y trong m\u1ed9t v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec7u cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft. Di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; v\u00ec nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Max Born, 1936<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Ng\u00e0i cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y (khen ng\u1ee3i) n\u00e0y cho Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Los Alamos, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim\u00a0c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb, v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi v\u00e0o kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, ho\u1eb7c kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Los Alamos v\u00e0 Hiroshima.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Robert Oppenheimer, 1945<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

V<\/span>\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 (c\u1ee1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng) v\u00e0 v\u0129 m\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u201cx\u1edbi tung\u201d l\u00ean. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb lung lay. Sau 250 n\u0103m th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Newton b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 common sense t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u00e3 \u201cl\u1eeba d\u1ed1i\u201d, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Newton v\u00e0 Maxwell, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb hai th\u1ee9: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en (black body), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra gi\u00f3 ether trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Michelson, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng hai l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cv\u00e1 l\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi ch\u00e0ng sinh vi\u00ean Max Planck b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 n\u00ean h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf hai l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m c\u0169 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian, s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng hai l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi: l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u0103m 1900 Max Planck, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 r\u1eb1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c g\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quantum, hay quanta, s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng Planck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bao nhi\u00eau nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u201ct\u00ecnh th\u1ebf\u201d th\u00f4i, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i sao \u201cth\u1ea3m h\u1ecda tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm\u201d (ultraviolet catastrophe) trong m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea1m vi tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm.<\/p>\n

V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p kim lo\u1ea1i r\u1ed7ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bao b\u1ecdc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111un n\u00f3ng l\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ph\u00e1t ra c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, sau khi \u0111i qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch). S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7, m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf s\u1eb5m, sang \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i, r\u1ed3i m\u00e0u cam, m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u1edf m\u1ed9t thanh s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung l\u00ean trong l\u00f2 r\u00e8n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. \u1ede nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n Rayleigh-Jeans cho bi\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u00e1o b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn nhanh v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. \u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Planck \u0111\u00e3 tu ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 cho h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng E<\/em> \u1edf c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ea5p thu hay ph\u00e1t ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/em> nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 theo c\u00e1c g\u00f3i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: E = hv<\/em>, 2hv, 3hv<\/em>, \u2026 trong \u0111\u00f3 h<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck v\u00e0 v<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 (c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1). Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u00f3i nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hv<\/em>. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Planck l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a<\/em> (quantization) n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 14.12.1900 Planck tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i V\u1eadt l\u00fd Berlin, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t trong quang ph\u1ed5 chu\u1ea9n<\/em>\u201d (Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum), d\u00e0i 9 trang in. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y sinh n\u1edf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a ai h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y (concept) m\u1edbi t\u1ecf ra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tin. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Planck ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck h<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf, b\u1eb1ng 6,6×10-34 <\/sup>Joule-sec, hay<\/p>\n

= 0.000000000000000000000000000000000066,<\/p>\n

v\u1edbi 34 s\u1ed1 0 sau d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 to l\u1edbn. H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho h<\/em> ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed s\u1ebd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Newton. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c<\/em> l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn, 300.000 km\/sec, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu cho c<\/em> ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c, th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh thuy\u1ebft Newton. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

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N<\/span>\u0103m 1905 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, Albert Einstein, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea5p 3 c\u1ee7a S\u1edf s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf Th\u1ee5y S\u0129. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/em> ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a<\/em>, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng E<\/em> = hv<\/em> trong \u0111\u00f3 v <\/em>l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a, Einstein gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n quang \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. N\u1ebfu ta chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o m\u00f4t t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p thu t\u1eeb b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c electron c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 khi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1eafn ra ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u1ecf, s\u1ed1 electron b\u1eafn ra \u00edt, trong khi v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, s\u1ed1 electron b\u1eafn ra nhi\u1ec1u? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Einstein. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t photon c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v <\/em>c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f3 gi\u00fap cho electron \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, trong khi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c photon c\u1ee7a tia t\u00edm hay c\u1ef1c t\u00edm l\u00e0 l\u1edbn v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, do \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u00fap electron b\u1eafn ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1ch gi\u00e0i quy\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1921. Khi b\u1ea5m m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh trong chi\u1ebfc \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng minh, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec7n (th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quang \u0111i\u1ec7n). Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i v\u00e0o, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i ra\u201d. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

Einstein \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Young v\u00e0 Fresnel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f3ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song song c\u1ee7a hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t (wave-particle-dualism), v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd. N\u0103m 1914, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd M\u1ef9 Robert Millikan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Einstein.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1907 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, Einstein vi\u1ebft: \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, bao qu\u00e1t, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n b\u1ecb ch\u00f9i \u0111i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1911 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Solvay \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i Brussels v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u kia. Henri Poincar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Marie Curie \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang nhu\u1ed1m m\u00e0u \u201ckh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Solvay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> n\u0103m 1911 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Metropole, Brussels, do nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p B\u1ec9 Ernest Solvay (1838-1922) t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp theo. T\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

H\u00e0ng ng\u1ed3i<\/em>: W. Nernst,\u00a0M. Brillouin,\u00a0E. Solvay,\u00a0H. Lorentz,\u00a0E. Warburg,\u00a0J. Perrin,\u00a0W. Wien,\u00a0M. Curie, and\u00a0H. Poincar\u00e9. H\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ee9ng<\/em>:\u00a0R. Goldschmidt,\u00a0M. Planck,\u00a0H. Rubens,\u00a0A. Sommerfeld,\u00a0F. Lindemann,\u00a0M. de Broglie,\u00a0M. Knudsen,\u00a0F. Hasen\u00f6hrl,\u00a0G. Hostelet,\u00a0E. Herzen,\u00a0J. H. Jeans,\u00a0E. Rutherford,\u00a0H. Kamerlingh Onnes,\u00a0Albert Einstein\u00a0and\u00a0P. Langevin. N\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, Einstein 32 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1913, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck, Niels Bohr \u0111i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, khi \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp. Theo Bohr, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a electron xung quanh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, m\u00e0 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2018\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p\u2019 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t electron ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t ra m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t photon c\u1ee7a Einstein, c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng hv<\/em>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t electron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea5p thu m\u1ed9t photon, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng d\u1ea1ng hv<\/em>. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 hai m\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Planck \u0394\u0395<\/em> = hv<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c electron gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1t ra hay h\u1ea5p thu m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck, hay m\u1ed9t photon c\u1ee7a Einstein, hv<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> (quantum jump).<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Bohr gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro c\u1ee7a Johann Jakob Balmer (1825\u20131898) d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng: Trong m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, c\u00e1c electron ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho ph\u00e9p trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. V\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c electron c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang. M\u1eabu v\u00e2n v\u1ea1ch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch (barcode) trong quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed![6]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t electron tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quay quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Planck, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o. Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Bohr ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t electron v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa electron v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Electron do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t ra: \u201cC\u1ea3 n\u0103m ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m suy ng\u1eabm c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u2018C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u2019\u201d[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

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N<\/span>\u0103m 1922, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cV\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u201d, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00ean t\u1ea7m cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00ednh (Gesetzlichkeit), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cv\u1eadt l\u00fd si\u00eau nghi\u1ec7m\u201d (Transzendentalphysik) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ba n\u0103m sau, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb m\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3, theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1: Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger v\u00e0 Paul Dirac.<\/p>\n

Trong chuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00e1ng 6, 1925, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Helgoland, sau khi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ph\u00e1t sinh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Bohr, Heisenberg \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ma tr\u1eadn\u201d (matrix). B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Heisenberg m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (quantities) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc.\u201d Quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ph\u00e1t ra nh\u01b0 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Bohr, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, hay v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t trong kh\u00f4ng gian, hay qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ernst Mach m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p n\u0103m 1905.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Bohr tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec5n, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed th\u00ec nay m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Heisenberg ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay th\u00f4i. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Heisenberg \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> (Quantum mechanics). Born nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Heisenberg l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean matrix, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a matrix cho n\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Heisenberg \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u01a1 h\u1ecdc matrix\u201d. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d nh\u01b0 Wolfgang Pauli n\u00f3i n\u0103m 1925. Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Heisenberg \u201cl\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta n\u00edn th\u1edf\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp: n\u00f3 \u201ct\u1eeb b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c quan\u201d (Anschaulichkeit<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Heisenberg trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c, v\u1edbi sensation, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u201cduy t\u00e2m\u201d, trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ch\u00fang ta. Bohr \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua \u2026 th\u00ec \u1edf v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i hi\u1ec3u trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f2n th\u00f4 s\u01a1, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

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Phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m Werner Heisenberg tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Helgoland, n\u01a1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra n\u0103m 1925. N\u1ed9i dung (nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c):<\/span><\/p>\n

“TH\u00c1NG 6 N\u0102M 1925, T\u1ea0I \u0110\u00c2Y TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ea2O HELGOLAND, WERNER HEISENBERG, 23 TU\u1ed4I, \u0110\u00c3 L\u00c0M CU\u1ed8C B\u1ee8T PH\u00c1 TRONG VI\u1ec6C X\u00c2Y D\u1ef0NG C\u01a0 H\u1eccC L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1eec, L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N V\u1ec0 C\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN TRONG PH\u1ea0M VI NGUY\u00caN T\u1eec, \u1ea2NH H\u01af\u1edeNG S\u00c2U S\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ebeN T\u01af DUY CON NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u01af\u1ee2T XA L\u00c3NH V\u1ef0C V\u1eacT L\u00dd.”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2014 VI\u1ec6N V\u1eacT L\u00dd MAX PLANCK \/ (VI\u1ec6N WERNER HEISENBERG) V\u00c0 H\u1ed8I V\u1eacT L\u00dd \u0110\u1ee8C TH\u1ef0C HI\u1ec6N V\u00c0O TH\u00c1NG 6 N\u0102M 2000″<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u01a1 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Heisenberg, Born v\u00e0 Pascual Jordan nh\u1eadn ra, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Paul Dirac kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp sau \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t electron, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng matrix X, r\u1ed3i \u0111o ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng matrix P, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ta l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p \u0111o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed sau, th\u00ec hai ph\u00e9p \u0111o gh\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3 cho ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng<\/em> gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

XP \u2013 PX = i\u0127<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (1)<\/p>\n

Dirac di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1ea7n K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u2013 K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed = i\u0127<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0127 \u210f\u00a0 = h\/2<\/em> \u00a0<\/em>v\u1edbi h<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck, v\u00e0 i <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u1ea3o, \u221a\u22121, hay i2<\/sup> = -1. \u1ede c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t giao ho\u00e1n<\/em> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng <\/em>c\u00f2ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1eefa. Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck. N\u00f3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1925, Heisenberg m\u1edbi 24 tu\u1ed5i. Hai n\u0103m sau, 1927, c\u0169ng t\u1eeb c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc matrix, Heisenberg kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u00eam c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> (Uncertainty) c\u1ee7a Heisenberg, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c (nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m th\u00e0nh xung l\u1ef1c, impulse) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u1edf c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay electron l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng observable l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch\u201d v\u1edbi nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Khi bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u00ec bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 kia s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng:<\/p>\n

\u0394X.\u0394P\u00a0 \u2265\u00a0 \u00a0\u0127\/2<\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (2)<\/p>\n

trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0394X<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9, \u0394P<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c (nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh xung l\u1ef1c, impulse), v\u00e0 \u0127 <\/em>nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. <\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0127<\/em> \u2013 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac vi tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00e1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t n\u1eefa. V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn l\u1edbn sau n\u00e0y. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3<\/em> \u0111o v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 x\u00e1c d\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 hai trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

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[5]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd<\/span> t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Ph\u00e1p Louis de Broglie cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang cho c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3i chung. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c electron c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hai khe \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a electron: B\u1eafn m\u1ed9t tia electron \u0111\u1ebfn hai khe song song tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh ph\u00eda sau hi\u1ec7n ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ch\u00f9m h\u1ea1t, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00e2n giao thoa c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 electron \u0111i qua hai khe c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u00f3ng, v\u00ec th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao thoa.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1925\/1926, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Einstein-de Broglie, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Heisenberg, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u00c1o Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger ph\u00e1t minh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng<\/em> cho h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u03a8 (psi, ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 ri\u00eang (eigenvalues), m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o electron, cho ra c\u00e1c m\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron. C\u00e1c m\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Mendeleev v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger, do ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng \u03a8, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00ean bia m\u1ed9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

i\u0127 \u2202\u03a8\/\u2202t= H\u03a8\u2002\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 i<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0127 <\/em>nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u2202\u03a8\/\u2202t <\/em>l\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u03a8\u00a0\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 H<\/em> l\u00e0 to\u00e1n t\u1eed Hamilton. Electron kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan, m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (state space) v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c chi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian Hilbert<\/em>. \u00a0\u210f<\/em>C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Schr\u00f6dinger hay Dirac ch\u1ee9ng minh sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc matrix c\u1ee7a Heisenberg. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng Schr\u00f6dinger c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c quan h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u00fa v\u1ecb n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng David Hilbert v\u00e0 Richard Courant, hai nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Mecca to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e1n<\/em>\u00a0(Methoden der Mathematischen Phycik), ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Heisenberg v\u00e0 Schr\u00f6dinger. N\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: 1924, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Heisenberg! C\u00f3 b\u00e0n tay ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp!<\/p>\n\"\"\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch C\u00e1c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a V\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/em> to\u00e1n <\/em>c\u1ee7a Hilbert v\u00e0 Courant (I), t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 564 trang, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Nxb Springer \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u00e0y 1, th\u00e1ng 1, n\u0103m 1924. Ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh, Methods of Mathematical Physics<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

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[6]<\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u01b0ng s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh h\u1ea1t electron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n ra trong kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u00f3ng? Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c electron, th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u0103m 1926 Max Born n\u1ea3y ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i Nobel: s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/em>. \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3. Nghe r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00fd. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m, |\u03a8|2<\/sup>, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m tuy kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t t\u1ea1i m\u00f4t v\u00f9ng dv<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 |\u03a8|2<\/sup>dv<\/em> c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec, th\u00f4ng qua s\u00f3ng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t<\/em> v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Electron, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00fang ta \u201cnh\u00ecn\u201d n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 hay ma tr\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft h\u1ea1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho bi\u1ebft x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i Copenhagen<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bohr ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 khi \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d.<\/p>\n

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[7]<\/span><\/p>\n

P<\/span>aul Dirac, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Anh, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Schr\u00f6dinger v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u00ean t\u00e0i. Th\u00e1ng 12, n\u0103m 1927, Dirac \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e3i m\u00e3i mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m sau:<\/p>\n\"\"\n

\u201cM\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u201d (Dirac)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t electron ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n-v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch. Ch\u01b0a ai th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n-v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Dirac. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u. N\u0103m 1932 Carl D. Anderson kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i t\u1eeb tia v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron nh\u01b0ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n-electron c\u1ee7a Dirac. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 positron, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho Anderson gi\u1ea3i Nobel sau \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thanh nam ch\u00e2m. C\u00e1c electron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t spin (1\/2), t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron ch\u1ee9a trong t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb sinh ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a thanh nam ch\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh mang t\u00ean \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Dirac m\u1edbi 25 tu\u1ed5i. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch The Principles of Quantum Mechanics<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1930, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kinh th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa v\u00e0 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Dirac sinh n\u0103m 1902, trong khi Heisenberg n\u0103m 1901, v\u00e0 Pauli n\u0103m 1900. C\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f2m sao thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, (Pauli v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, exclusion principle) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00f2m sao thi\u00ean t\u00e0i Albert Einstein (1879), Max von Laue (1879) v\u00e0 Lise Meitner (1878). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u1ee6y ban Nobel \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi b\u00e0 Lise Meitner, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y v\u1edbi b\u00e0 Chien-Shiung Wu (Ng\u00f4 Ki\u1ec7n H\u00f9ng) ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u201cCh\u00faa thu\u1eadn tay tr\u00e1i\u201d.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

DIRAC, Paul A. M., <\/strong>The Principles of Quantum Mechanics – <\/em>C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>.\u00a0<\/em>Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Dirac m\u1edbi 28t. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh khen ng\u1ee3i trong gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Pauli n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t ca ng\u1ee3i n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ‘m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu’. Einstein vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ‘s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u00a0<\/span>nh\u1ea5t<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.’ N\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Einstein, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc khi r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i, v\u00e0 khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00f3, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd l\u1ea9m b\u1ea9m, ‘Dirac c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ed3i?’ <\/span>C\u00e1c Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i, <\/span>Nh\u1eefng Nguy<\/em>\u00ea<\/em>n l\u00fd<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 <\/span>Atombau und Spektrallinien c<\/em>\u1ee7<\/em>a Sommerfeld<\/em> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nguy<\/em>\u00ea<\/em>n l<\/em>\u00fd<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho sinh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u00e0u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. N\u0103m 1958 Heisenberg vi\u1ebft cho Dirac l\u1eddi khen tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y: ‘Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i nghi ng\u1edd n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>gh\u1ecbch l\u00fd EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen). Nh\u01b0 Pais vi\u1ebft, \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Einstein b\u1ecf xa th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i d\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh\u201d, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa Einstein v\u00e0 Bohr trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho Einstein trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i Einstein. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1935, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf Princeton, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chung c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ebb Podolsky v\u00e0 Rosen mang t\u00ean ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd<\/em> EPR ra \u0111\u1eddi. Theo EPR, hai h\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu nhau d\u00f9 ch\u00fang xa c\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t \u201cb\u00e1o\u201d cho h\u1ea1t kia bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ee9c th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t kia trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ea1t. Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Einstein g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ma qu\u00e1i t\u1eeb xa\u201d (spooky action at a distance<\/em> hay spukhafte Fernwirkung<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng EPR t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 John Bell \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u0103m 1964, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u1edf chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 Einstein nghi v\u1ea5n. N\u0103m 1935, Schr\u00f6dinger nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi (correlated) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi-c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/em>, v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi (correlation) l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu<\/em> hay r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> (Verschr\u00e4nkung<\/em>, hay quantum entanglement). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u201cphi-c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9\u201d (non-local) trong tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xa nhau, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ta n\u00f3i \u201cth\u1ea7n giao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m\u201d, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Einstein ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 th\u00eam m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cho n\u00ean Bohr m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i: \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 sai, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.\u201d Theo Bohr, c\u1ea7n xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Newton. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Hegel n\u00f3i, \u201cC\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u201d, n\u00f3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, EPR \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac vi\u1ebft xong b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, Bell kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m g\u1eedi cho Physical Review<\/em>, vi s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0y l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i n\u00e0o b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Cho n\u00ean Bell \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed m\u1edbi ra v\u00f4 danh c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u1ea1 Physics Physiqua Fizika<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 lao, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 mua c\u00e1c reprints<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Bell gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng s\u00e9t t\u1eed b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang say s\u01b0a v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (EPR) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (locality) c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c1i nh\u0129 lan (t\u1ee9c John Bell) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d, \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u00c1i nh\u0129 lan th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Kinh ng\u1ea1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21: t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, th\u00f4ng tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, m\u1eadt m\u00e3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 EPR n\u00e0y.[10]<\/a> Gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 2022 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh phi-c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 (non-locality) c\u1ee7a EPR (John F. Clauser v\u00e0 Alain Aspect) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n tin l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb hacked (Anton Zeilinger), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng EPR.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra l\u00e0m ba h\u1ed3i. H\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7u, 1900-1913 v\u1edbi Planck, Einstein v\u00e0 Bohr, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai sinh v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ni\u1ec1m tin cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft<\/em> m\u1edbi. H\u1ed3i hai bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1925-1927 v\u1edbi Heisenberg, Born, Schr\u00f6dinger v\u00e0 Dirac, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi nghi ng\u1edd. V\u00e0 h\u1ed3i ba v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng EPR n\u0103m 1935, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 hai, t\u1ea1o cho thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

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N<\/span>\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebb l\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u0169ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. L\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u201cx\u00fac ph\u1ea1m\u201d. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng \u1edf chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t logic kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (intuition) kh\u00e1c tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. Henri Poincar\u00e9 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cCh\u00ednh qua logic, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng minh, ch\u00ednh qua tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u201d (1904), v\u00e0: \u201cLogic do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i tr\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c b\u00f3n cho m\u00e0u m\u1ee1.\u201d (1908) Einstein lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i tin v\u00e0o tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn t\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do. Khi nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c n\u0103m 1919 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i. \u00d3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n tri th\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3? N\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh rational nh\u01b0 logic. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00f5i v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c (unconsciousness) c\u1ee7a C. G. Jung, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (thinking in pictures). Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng EPR, hay t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ma qu\u00e1i t\u1eeb xa, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y phi-c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Anh William Blake t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi l\u00fd t\u00ednh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Anh ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u00e1c quan (tuy r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. L\u00fd t\u00ednh hay l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i. Einstein di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, v\u1eeba th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1eeba nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u201cThuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tr\u00f4ng ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n\u201d (Je mehr Erfolge die Quantentheorie hat, desto d\u00fcmmer sieht sie aus[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>). C\u00f2n Richard Feynman th\u00ec n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a Newton, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (deterministic), m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u00f4i. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi y\u00ean b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Newton t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nay b\u1ecb lung lay t\u1eadn n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng. \u1ede s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4, Laplace ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i n\u1eefa \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n Ch\u00faa\u201d. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn Einstein tr\u0103n tr\u1edf kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1eadc th\u1ea7y\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Richard Feynman \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, n\u0103m 1926, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cphi l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cm\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi\u201d c\u1ee7a electron trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 xem ra l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Danh t\u1eeb \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u2026<\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1ed1xy v\u1edbi hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydrogen l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed do \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00eda sau ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0nh ho\u00e1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Niels Bohr tin r\u1eb1ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb qui t\u1ee5 xung quanh \u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng, b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i. \u00d4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1:<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c) l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng s\u1eadp, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Einstein \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i kia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai quan s\u00e1t m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c cho c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Planck \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chia nh\u1ecf m\u00e3i. Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quanta c\u1ee7a Planck l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u201cTh\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d, GS Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam, Paris, vi\u1ebft, \u201cnh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u01b0\u1ee3t r\u1ea5t xa ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 l\u1edbn r\u1ed9ng (thi\u00ean h\u00e0 tinh t\u00fa, m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, sinh, th\u1ef1c, kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt \u1edf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t vi m\u00f4 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d.[12]<\/a> \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edf k\u1ecbch g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc George Gamov \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cBa m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d (Thirty years that shook physics) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ri\u00eang kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1920 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng n\u0103m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp\u201d (The Terrible Twenties). \u201cC\u1ea3 n\u0103m ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m suy ng\u1eabm c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u2018c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u2019\u201d, Einstein n\u00f3i khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n Manhattan do Robert Oppenheimer ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u1edf Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki. Einstein, Bertrand Russell ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Einstein m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, phi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

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Q<\/span>uan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 (causality), c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n (causa) c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 (effectus), \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 cho \u0111\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy nghi\u1ec7m Scotland David Hume \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: ch\u00fang ta nghe ti\u1ebfng s\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m sau, v\u1eady c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u00e9t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ea5m hay kh\u00f4ng? Hume n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 quen v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f3i quen h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00ean tr\u00ed n\u0103ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Hume \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o Immanuel Kant ra kh\u1ecfi \u201cgi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d.[13]<\/a> Kant cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (Anschauung<\/em>, intuition), v\u1ed1n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 a priori<\/em>, m\u00e0 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.[14]<\/a> \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: “M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, theo m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3.” (“Alles was geschieht, setzt etwas voraus, woraus es nach einer Regel folgt.”) Nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, m\u1ecdi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n theo t\u01b0 duy c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian (space) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m, a priori<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Kant quan ni\u1ec7m. Kh\u00f4ng gian c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Euclid nh\u01b0 h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua Newton r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Kant. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi-Euclid v\u00e0 h\u1eadu nghi\u1ec7m, a posteriori<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi-Euclid, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cong nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1eeb tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/em>\u00a0nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Weltbild) trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m quan (Sinnenwelt). \u0110i\u1ec3m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, theo Planck, v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 qua r\u1ed3i th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau g\u00ec, theo Planck. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a, nh\u01b0 Planck di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, \u201csi\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ngo\u00e0i kia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.[16]<\/a> Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 Planck, Einstein, Heisenberg, Schr\u00f6dinger, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

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S<\/span>\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a r\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i Nobel. Planck nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1918, Einstein n\u0103m 2021, Bohr n\u0103m 1922, de Broglie n\u0103m 1929, Heisenberg n\u0103m 1932, Schr\u00f6dinger v\u00e0 Dirac n\u0103m 1933, Pauli n\u0103m 1945, v\u00e0 Born n\u0103m 1954, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f2n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai di\u1ec5n ra song song. T\u1eeb 1905-1915, Einstein l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xa x\u00f4i, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian, kh\u00f4ng gian, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn Newton b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 khai ph\u00e1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb cong, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3n n\u1ee1, l\u1ed7 \u0111en, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Einstein \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m photon \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho de Broglie \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3<\/em> c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean Schr\u00f6dinger \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng \u03a8. Heisenberg h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Einstein c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, gi\u00fap Born di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u00f3ng \u03a8 theo x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Einstein r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

Ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ee9c tranh hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Niels Bohr vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao qua nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Rudolf Clausdius (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m entropy) l\u00ean Einstein m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00fac \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c photons. (\u1ea2nh t\u1eeb Abraham Pais, 1980)<\/p>\n

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[12]<\/span><\/p>\n

Q<\/span>uy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Einstein-Heisenberg<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Konrad Kleinknecht l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi. Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi hai v\u0129 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 duy, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ee9c tin, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 1933, v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u00e9p, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 hi h\u1eefu trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i xa v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u00a0Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a phi-l\u00fd t\u00ednh, unreason. Sai l\u1ea7m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Einstein-Heisenberg s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hai v\u0129 nh\u00e2n, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u0103n h\u00f3a, bao g\u1ed3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1i l\u00e0m th\u00eam s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1i c\u1ea7n vun x\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 duy kh\u00e1c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1933 kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t xa v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a sau 1933, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch tinh th\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfc cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p Raymond Aron ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[13]<\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u00fat \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Carlo Rovelli, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t hay c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean Helgoland, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb theo c\u00e2y s\u00e1o th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra b\u1edfi chuy\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea3o Th\u00e1nh \u1edf Bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc, hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. [\u2026]<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Goethe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Helgoland, n\u01a1i kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7y gi\u00f3 d\u1eadp, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u201cbi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. V\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ea3o Th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u201cTinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, Weltgeist<\/em>. Ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00ec th\u1ea7m v\u1edbi Heisenberg gi\u00fap \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u m\u00e0ng s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 che l\u1ea5p m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u201clinh h\u1ed3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, b\u1edfi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u201ct\u00e2m linh\u201d m\u00e0 Rovelli mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 100 n\u0103m c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em><\/strong> ra \u0111\u1eddi, 1925-2025, l\u00e0m cho thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em> c\u0169ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3. Xin n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00ea Ti\u1ebfn<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n; c\u1ea3m \u01a1n BTV Cao B\u00e1 \u0110\u1ecbnh<\/strong> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Max Born, The Restless Universe<\/em>. Dover Publications 1951.<\/li>\n
  2. George Gamov, Thirty Years That Shook Phycics. The Story of Quantum Theory<\/em>. The Science Study Series edition, 1966.<\/li>\n
  3. Banesh Hoffmann, The Strange Story of the Quantum<\/em>. Dover, 1959.<\/li>\n
  4. Barry Parker, Quantum Legacy. The Discovery That Changed Our Universe<\/em>. Prometheus Book Books, 2002.<\/li>\n
  5. Abraham Pais 1980, Einstein on Particles, Fields, and Quantum Theory<\/em>. Tr. 197-251 trong Harry Woolf, Some Strangeness in the Proportion. A Centennial Symposium to Celebrate the Achievements of Albert Einstein<\/em>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1980. Symposium k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 100 c\u1ee7a Einstein 1979.<\/li>\n
  6. Abraham Pais 1982, \u201cRaffiniert ist der Herrgott<\/em> \u2026\u201d. Albert Einstein. Eine wissenschaftliche Biographie. Vieweg, 1982. B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh: \u201cSubbtle is the Lord<\/em> \u2026\u201d<\/li>\n
  7. Abraham Pais, Robert Oppenheimer. A Life. <\/em>With supplemental material by Robert P. Crease. Oxford University Press, 2006.<\/li>\n
  8. Maurice Goldsmith, Alan Mackay & James Woudhuysen (ed.), The First Hundred Years<\/em>. Pergamon Press, 1980.<\/li>\n
  9. Leon M. Lederman & Christopher T. Hill, Quantum Physics for Poets<\/em>. Prometheus Books, 2011.<\/li>\n
  10. David Kaiser, How the Hippies Saved Physics. Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival<\/em>. Norton, 2012.<\/li>\n
  11. Arthur I. Miller, Insights of Genius. Imagery and Creativity in Science and Art<\/em>. Springer, 1996.<\/li>\n
  12. Lars Jaeger, Die Zweite Quantenrevolution. Vom Spuk im Mikrokosmos zu neuen Supertechnologien<\/em>. (Ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u1ee9 hai<\/em>). Springer, 2018.<\/li>\n
  13. Lars Jaeger, Die Naturwissenschaften. Eine Biographie<\/em>. Springer Verlag, 2015.<\/li>\n
  14. Carlo Rovelli, Helgoland. Making Sense of the Quantum Revolution<\/em>. Riverhead Book, 2021.<\/li>\n
  15. Michio Kaku, The God Equation. The Quest for a Theory of Everything<\/em>. Doubleday, 2021.<\/li>\n
  16. Paul Halpern, The Quantum Labyrinth. How Richard Feynman and John Wheeler Revolutionized Time and Reality<\/em>. Basic Books, 2018.<\/li>\n
  17. Ernst Peter Fischer, Der Physiker. Max Planck und das Zerfallen der Welt<\/em>. (Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Max Planck v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>) Siedler, 2007.<\/li>\n
  18. Ernst Peter Fischer, Die Stunde der Physiker. Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg und das Innerste der Welt<\/em>. (Gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em>). C. H. Beck, 2022.<\/li>\n
  19. Howard Caygill, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant<\/em>. Do nh\u00f3m B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2013.<\/li>\n
  20. Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam, Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, Tr\u1ecbnh Xu\u00e2n Thu\u1eadn, Chu H\u1ea3o, \u0110\u00e0o V\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ee9c (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean): Max Planck, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 150<\/em>. Nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2009.<\/li>\n
  21. Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam, C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed & Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t cua v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/em> Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2022.<\/li>\n
  22. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, Einstein<\/em>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7 v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Notes<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Max Planck<\/em>, 22.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Max Born, The Restless Universe<\/em>, 227<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> A. Pais, J. Robert Oppenheimer<\/em>, 48, trong l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 16.10.1945 c\u1ee7a Oppenheimer khi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng khen th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1eeb tay c\u1ee7a T\u01b0\u1edbng Leslie Richard Groves Jr., ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Manhattan, h\u01a1n hai th\u00e1ng sau khi qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hiroshima.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> Lederman & Hill, Quantum Physics for Poets<\/em>, 96-101<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam s\u00e1ch EINSTEIN, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> Lars Jaeger, Die Naturwissenschaften. Eine Biographie, <\/em>232<\/p>\n

    [7]<\/a> Pais, \u201cRaffiniert ist der Herrgott<\/em> \u2026\u201d, 389<\/p>\n

    [8]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam Rovelli, Helgoland<\/em>, t\u1eeb trang 104 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00eat Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV.<\/p>\n

    [9]<\/a> Xem Kaiser, How the Hippies<\/em>, trang 121, 39, v\u00e0 xxv<\/p>\n

    [10]<\/a> Xem chi ti\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch Einstein<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.<\/p>\n

    [11]<\/a> Pais 1982, 406<\/p>\n

    [12]<\/a> Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam, 20<\/p>\n

    [13]<\/a> Fischer, Der Physiker<\/em>, 316<\/p>\n

    [14]<\/a> Caygill, T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant<\/em>, 310-313<\/p>\n

    [15]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam Fischer, Max Planck<\/em>, 314-317, 321-324<\/p>\n

    [16]<\/a> Fischer, Max Planck<\/em>, 151<\/p>\n

    [17]<\/a> Rovelli, Helgoland<\/em>, 33<\/p>\n

    [18]<\/a> Rovelli, Helgoland<\/em>, 202<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    EINSTEIN v\u00e0 HEISENBERG Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u1ec1n V\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Begr\u00fcnder der modernen Physik T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Konrad Kleinknecht Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Nguy\u1ec5n L\u00ea Ti\u1ebfn Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp: Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\u00a0   Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u2014<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11489"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11489"}],"version-history":[{"count":111,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11489\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11700,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11489\/revisions\/11700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}