{"id":11772,"date":"2024-07-21T20:04:55","date_gmt":"2024-07-21T13:04:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=11772"},"modified":"2024-07-28T16:20:16","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T09:20:16","slug":"hoi-thao-ky-niem-immanuel-kant-300-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/hoi-thao-ky-niem-immanuel-kant-300-nam\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Immanuel Kant 300 n\u0103m"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u1ef6 NI\u1ec6M IMMANUEL KANT 300 N\u0102M SINH<\/span><\/h1>\n

Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o V\u0103n Lang ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2024<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n (Kritik) m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, khi c\u00e0ng suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang: B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao tr\u00ean t\u00f4i v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong t\u00f4i.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Immanuel Kant<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Ch\u00e2n dung n\u0103m 1768<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Anh ch\u1ecb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u, 19\/7\/2024 v\u1eeba qua \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i Th\u1ea3o \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 300 N\u0103m Sinh Nh\u1eadt Immanuel Kant<\/em>, 1804-2024. H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o quy t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, g\u1ed3m GS Th\u00e1i Kim Lan, nh\u00e0 NC T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Th\u00f4ng, TS. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ebfu, TS. \u0110\u1ed7 Ki\u00ean Trung, PGS TS. Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Quang, TS. Gi\u00e1p V\u0103n D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong audience, bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ea7y c\u00f4, sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u00e2n s\u0129 v.v. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n. Anh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Kant b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 2.000 trang in. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c anh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n L\u00fd t\u00ednh Thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kant, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, n\u0103m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m Kant m\u1ea5t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, anh c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i ba t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hegel v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n 3.600 trang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c Hercules! C\u00f4ng lao \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3i h\u1ebft! Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 anh, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft, anh c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t sung s\u01b0\u1edbng. Ngo\u00e0i ra anh c\u0169ng \u0111ang ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Immanuel Kant 300 N\u0103m<\/em> c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a anh.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, Ban T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb M\u1ef9 Di\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 anh Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00ed Hi\u1ebfu trong Ban Gi\u00e1m hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i quen bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 GS. Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n edu-sci, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng anh Th\u1ecd gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u00f4ng b\u1ea7u\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khai s\u00e1ng. H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb v\u1ec1 sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Trong h\u01a1n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m qua, sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, nay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ed3i sinh.<\/p>\n

Hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u0103n Lang v\u1ec1 Adam Smith n\u0103m 2023 v\u00e0 Immanuel Kant 2024 cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. V\u00e2ng, trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 m\u01b0u t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ph\u1ed3n vinh, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u00e2m th\u1ee5t khai s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ea7n n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. \u201cH\u00e3y d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u khai s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 Kant \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u201eSapere aude!\u201c<\/strong> \u00a0trong cu\u1ed9c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh, an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

\u1ede cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u00f4t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Immanuel Kant c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, 2004, l\u00fac th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m Kant m\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 “Immanuel Kant m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng<\/strong>“. M\u1eddi anh ch\u1ecb xem.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\"\"\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh tr\u00ean: C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ecb Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng M\u1ef9 Di\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quan kh\u00e1ch. \u1ea2nh d\u01b0\u1edbi: quang c\u1ea3nh audience c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Tham lu\u1eadn cho H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 4, n\u0103m 2024 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng: k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang 300 n\u0103m nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khai s\u00e1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Immanuel Kant. T\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: Francis Bacon v\u00e0 Nicolaus Copernicus, Galilei, Kepler v\u00e0 Newton, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/em> cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. H\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, soi s\u00e1ng b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p hi\u1ec3m nguy ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ra \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau \u0111\u00f3, trong ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ernst Cassirer, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Kant, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. [\u2026] Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0o trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d (Ernst Cassirer)<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u tay c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u00e2t l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: \u201cL\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d<\/strong> (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels\u201d n\u0103m 1755. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Adam Smith tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3i chung, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Newton, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Kant,\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cchi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khai s\u00e1ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Copernic n\u00e0y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u tay \u00f4ng, Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o v\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00fac<\/em>, Sturm und Drang:<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng<\/em>. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qua s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p qua s\u1ef1 uy nghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. (Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>)<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn (Meinung), hay quan ni\u1ec7m (Konzept). Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i sai, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng: C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Kant n\u00f3i, \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn: b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u1ebfm tr\u1ea3i ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y anh ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a anh ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho anh ta.\u201d \u00d4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp: \u201cM\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 kim, hay nh\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi chi\u00eam tinh h\u1ecdc b\u00f3i to\u00e1n<\/em>.<\/strong>\u201d (Prolegomena<\/em>)<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn? Theo Pythagoras, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd v\u1eabn m\u00f9 m\u1edd v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng <\/em>s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i<\/em> v\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kant l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1781 c\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb “ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n” (Kritik, critique), th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kant d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Kritik<\/em>, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Vernunft<\/em>, L\u00fd t\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201ctr\u00e0o l\u01b0u\u201d sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng Kritik<\/em>. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Kant s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em> (1788) v\u00e0 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n <\/em>(1790). Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i,<\/em> Kritik aller Offenbarung<\/em>, c\u1ee7a Fichte n\u0103m 1792. Quy\u1ec3n T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn<\/em> c\u1ee7a Marx c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>. Danh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 20.000 \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u201cph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u201d trong ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/p>\n

Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Kant c\u00f3 t\u00ean Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?<\/em><\/strong> – Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? – nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00f9ng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m khai s\u00e1ng Berlin \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Berlinische Zeitschrift<\/em>. Tuy n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1784, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00fac g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1eafc n\u00e9t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra (gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. L\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, sau khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. (H\u1ebft tr\u00edch d\u1eabn)<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201eSapere aude!\u201c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201eH\u00e3y d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft!\u201c, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201eH\u00e3y can \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n\u201c, \u201eHabe den Mut, dich deines eigenen Verstandes zu bedienen!\u201c<\/p>\n

Kant tin r\u1eb1ng Khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi: \u201eCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3.\u201c \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201eM\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3; v\u00e2ng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do<\/em>, th\u00ec khai s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKhai s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do\u201d, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i theo \u00f4ng \u2018v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i\u2019. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, Kant l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u00f6nigsberg, nh\u01b0ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 cho khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/em> th\u1ef1c ra th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng:<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e1m l\u1ee3i hay tham quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m. (H\u1ebft tr\u00edch d\u1eabn)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, Kant \u201eb\u00ecnh t\u0129nh\u201c suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kant, Khai s\u00e1ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u201ebi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0\u201c (selbst nachzudenken), n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u201eph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 t\u01b0 duy m\u1ecdi l\u00fac\u201c (jederzeit selbst zu denken). Khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, m\u00e0 d\u1ea1y t\u01b0 duy th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kant, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/em>. Kant cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Philosophie, m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, philosophieren<\/em><\/strong>. L\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i l\u1ed1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, sinh vi\u00ean thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 b\u00e0i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tranh lu\u1eadn<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. (Xin xem th\u00eam quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kant m\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Immanuel Kant<\/em> s\u1eafp t\u1edbi)<\/p>\n

[3]<\/span><\/p>\n

Khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed3n vinh<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: Khai s\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf. \u201c\u0110i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d, pursuit of happiness<\/em>, l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra, t\u1eeb Francis Bacon, Leibniz, Thomas Jefferson, John Locke \u0111\u1ebfn Turgot v\u00e0 Adam Smith. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp sau, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. Turgot, nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i Sorbonne n\u0103m 1750 nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cT\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ban cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac: nhu c\u1ea7u, \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u00ednh, l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 trao cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Adam Smith c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ph\u1ed3n vinh cho \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u1ef1 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 “ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i; s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. <\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf Joel Mokyr vi\u1ebft trong quy\u1ec3n From Poverty to Prosperity<\/em><\/strong> (T\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ed3n vinh)<\/em> v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, correlation, gi\u1eefa khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i\u00a0khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1ed3n vinh n\u0103m 1914. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb h\u00f3a, tinh vi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i\u00a0khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 Montenegro, Serbia hay Bulgaria.\u00a0L\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o Scandinavia ho\u1eb7c H\u00f2a Lan hay Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i Khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1914, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng: T\u01b0 duy thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p tri th\u1ee9c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong> v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan<\/em>? C\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u1eefa tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c-gi\u00e1c quan<\/em> l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Trong bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng suy t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i<\/em> n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n<\/em> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ng\u00e2y th\u01a1<\/em>, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u201cl\u00e0\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khao kh\u00e1t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t tri th\u1ee9c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng David Hume \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 tan ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng: Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan, ngu\u1ed3n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, th\u00f4ng qua th\u00f3i quen, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt.<\/em> Ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Hume \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o Kant ra kh\u1ecfi \u201cgi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/em>\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng Kant \u0111i ti\u1ebfp:<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn th\u00ec tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh<\/em> l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/em> (Vernunft, reason). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1c quan<\/em> (t\u1ee9c ch\u00fang l\u00e0 tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c \u201cti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m\u201d, a priori<\/em>). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00fang trong nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Kant, l\u00e0 trong khi t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201cch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m logic<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Einstein kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea3y sinh trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/em> – khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic – \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng<\/em> s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 do<\/em><\/strong> (freie Sch\u00f6pfung) c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy n\u1ea1p t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c quan.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Hume, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf<\/em> ra kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0 duy t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ra t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 xem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u201csi\u00eau h\u00ecnh\u201d. Einstein nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201cHume kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n – d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta – \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nguy c\u01a1 cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u1ed7, sau s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t \u2018n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>; c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i tri\u1ebft l\u00fd tr\u00ean m\u00e2y<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ed1n tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u00e1c quan cung c\u1ea5p.\u201d (Xin xem \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i s\u1eafp t\u1edbi tr\u00ean rosetta.vn)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc sau khi b\u1ecb Napoleon \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1806. C\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Kant. Ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c khai s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Ph\u1ed5 l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho W. Humboldt th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1810, nh\u1eb1m \u201cl\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c khai s\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Einstein c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc Kant \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 14, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ra. (Xem s\u00e1ch N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>, Einstein<\/em>, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc<\/em>)<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ai h\u1ecfi, Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng hay ch\u01b0a, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eebng h\u1ecfi Kant r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng hay ch\u01b0a, th\u00ec t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau: Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u khai s\u00e1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1eabn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng khai s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t critical mass, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa khai s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 khai s\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch khai s\u00e1ng hay m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay b\u00e1n ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n, so v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi Tokugawa, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn, hay c\u00f3 khi t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 1\/3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 VN h\u00f4m nay, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng minh<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ee9t b\u00e1ch. Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, Francis Bacon n\u00f3i b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khai s\u00e1ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ed3n vinh. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u00e0ng quang v\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh. <\/em>Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c. Tri th\u1ee9c, \u201cSapere aude\u201d ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt t\u1eebng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda Aufkl<\/em>\u00e4<\/em>rung<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kant v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00e1y, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a fake news v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u00edch k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c J\u00fcrgen Habermas, m\u1ed9t Kantianer ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Kant, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef v\u1eefng D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kant sau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u00ec h\u00f4m nay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Kant cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng suy ng\u1eabm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y nay. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xin xem th\u00eam:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

v\u00e0 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/span> <\/strong>c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Einstein v\u00e0 Heisenberg<\/em><\/span><\/strong>:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/einstein-va-heisenberg-nhung-nguoi-dat-nen-tang-cho-nen-vat-ly-hien-dai-k-kleinknecht\/<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u1ef6 NI\u1ec6M IMMANUEL KANT 300 N\u0102M SINH Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o V\u0103n Lang ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2024 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n (Kritik) m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng. Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11772"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11772"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11787,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11772\/revisions\/11787"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}