{"id":11942,"date":"2024-10-08T19:09:21","date_gmt":"2024-10-08T12:09:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=11942"},"modified":"2024-10-08T20:23:36","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T13:23:36","slug":"nang-luong-toi-pham-quang-hung-virginia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nang-luong-toi-pham-quang-hung-virginia\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i: Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng (Virginia)"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u0102NG L\u01af\u1ee2NG T\u1ed0I<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Dept. of Physics, University of Virginia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i nh\u01b0 con thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed7.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng (1950-2024), h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 74 tu\u1ed5i<\/p>\n

P.Q. Hung\u00a0Ph.D., 1978, UCLA<\/em><\/h3>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng v\u1eeba m\u1ea5t chi\u1ec1u 7-10 t\u1ea1i Virginia (M\u1ef9) t\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 8\/10\/2024 gi\u1edd Vi\u1ec7t Nam, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 74 tu\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t to l\u1edbn cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam. GS H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, cho h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Anh c\u00f3 trong di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n edu-sci c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 2000, tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Max Planck 2008. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i c\u0169a Anh, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb Anh.<\/p>\n

Sau Cao Huy Thu\u1ea7n, Chu Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc S\u01a1n, V\u00f5 T\u00f2ng Xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi “l\u00ednh gi\u00e0” ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng ra \u0111i. L\u00e0m sao n\u00f3i h\u1ebft n\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc c\u00e1c anh? C\u00e1c anh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn s\u0129, c\u00e1c anh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 phai nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n<\/em>. Xin Anh h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh y\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f5i V\u0129nh H\u1eb1ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Anh, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Abstract<\/em>. The invention of Quantum Theory and the Theory of Relativity at the beginning of the 20th century have led to the most important revolution in physics which is continuing to influence the way we understand the structure of matter at its deepest level and the universe from its infancy to its far-distant future. The startling discovery in 1998 of an expansion of our universe which is accelerating instead slowing down as earlier expected reveals the “presence” of an unknown form of energy, the so-called Dark Energy<\/em>, which could have a profound impact on our understanding of the physical universe. In this article, we will present the development of crucial ideas from Quantum Theory and the Theory of Relativity to the Standard Model of Elementary Particles which successfully describes the interactions of the building blocks of matter, and finally to the mystery of the Dark Energy and its implications.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

I\/ M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0, thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 l\u00e2n c\u1eadn t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0, v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ee5m Thi\u00ean H\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (Local Group). Qua m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1ed1t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00e0ng xa ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ra xa ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng nhanh. \u201cV\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean h\u00e0 m\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n \u0111ang t\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf!\u201d \u2013 \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Edwin Hubble v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 20 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn chung, b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam s\u1ebd v\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn \u201cng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998 \u0111\u00e3 xoay chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng – \u201cv\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c\u201d – thay v\u00ec ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai xa (v\u00e0i t\u1ef7 n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa), Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ebb loi, xung quanh l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 30 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0ng x\u00f3m\u201d c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c C\u1ee5m \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00eam, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn ra xa ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang gi\u00e3n n\u1edf? T\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean? \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 khi m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: Max Planck and Albert Einstein. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i theo t\u1eebng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 sau: \u0111i t\u1eeb Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Planck \u0111\u1ebfn C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed – l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n; \u0111i t\u1eeb Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i H\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i R\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 V\u0169 Tr\u1ee5 H\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

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II. T\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Max Planck v\u00e0 Albert Einstein c\u00f3 qu\u00e3ng tr\u00f9ng l\u00ean nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e3ng tr\u00f9ng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn hai s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, hai ph\u00e1t minh v\u1eabn vang d\u1ed9i ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 n\u00e0y. Hai ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed \u201cN\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i\u201d (Dark Energy) – Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho hai c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. (Do t\u00ednh s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Max Planck \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u201ctai bi\u1ebfn t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i\u201d trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111en tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u00f3\u201d n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111en tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i (v\u00f9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Rayleigh \u2013Jeans) v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn (v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Rayleigh \u2013Jeans kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ed5i). Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1905, khi Einstein vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n (hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng x\u1ea3y ra khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00e0m electron b\u1eafn ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f3) \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a to\u00e0n n\u1ec1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc xa h\u01a1n Max Planck khi \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e9p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Planck kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em> mang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n hf <\/em>(h l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck v\u00e0 f l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng). M\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 photon. Photon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 cao v\u00ec th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c hi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong quang h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ch\u00f9m c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t<\/em> photon, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t photon \u0111\u00e3 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t electron tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho photon \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m photon c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia X b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m sau khi t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau (hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Compton).<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Louis de Broglie, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: N\u1ebfu s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t (photon), th\u00ec li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u2013ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 electron- c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00ec m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e1ng s\u00f3ng v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng de Broglie. N\u1ebfu electron \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng electron, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 electron, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng hai th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a C.J. Davisson, L. H. Germer v\u00e0 G. P. Thomson.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t trong hai ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i: C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Compton \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, quang ph\u1ed5 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cgi\u1ea3i th\u00edch\u201d b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m (Balmer, Lyman v\u00e0 Paschen). M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1912, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi Niels Bohr. Trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edbi, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh proton mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 gia t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a electron xung quanh proton s\u1ebd l\u00e0m electron m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o proton. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed7i Balmer v\u00e0 Paschen, Bohr cho r\u1eb1ng electron chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00f2n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 men xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron tr\u00ean c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, electron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u1ea3y\u201d t\u1eeb qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y sang qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t photon c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hf<\/em> b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa hai m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a hai qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro, m\u1eabu nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Bohr v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u1edbn: t\u00ednh khi\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a m\u00f4 men xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng electron tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o k\u00edn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a m\u00f4 men xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a de Broglie. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i : C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (ho\u1eb7c C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc s\u00f3ng). N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng quen thu\u1ed9c th\u00ec li\u1ec7u electron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh\u201d s\u00f3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1925 khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger -m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd. (C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi Werner Heisenberg). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p trong thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o th\u1ebf cao). M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 80 n\u0103m qua k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi m\u00f4.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 spin. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0: l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed? S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t: L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Paul. A. M. Dirac- m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20- \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Dirac vi\u1ebft ra ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh cho electron, hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 spin b\u1eb1ng\u00a0\u00bd. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u spin b\u1eb1ng \u00bd cho electron \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi Pauli v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1924 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac. V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t: electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 positron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a electron. Positron \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 (1932) b\u1edfi Carl Anderson.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a positron c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y positron b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ri\u00eang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Schr\u00f6dinger. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Dirac c\u00f2n nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng\u201d h\u1ea1t v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 sinh c\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee7y c\u1eb7p electron \u2013 positron l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00f3ng Dirac ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng h\u00e0m s\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 quen thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1c tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u201cmode\u201d chu\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ebf xem c\u00e1c \u201cmode\u201d chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a. S\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quen thu\u1ed9c trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Li\u1ec7u ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hai k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau?<\/p>\n

Trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed phi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n Heisenberg, c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng: a nh\u00e2n b kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0<\/em> b nh\u00e2n a. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201cto\u00e1n t\u1eed\u201d theo c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea5p) tr\u1eeb \u0111i ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 giao ho\u00e1n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9) c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck! (Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh Heisenberg n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng). \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng trung t\u00e2m trong L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Tr\u01b0\u1eddng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 giao ho\u00e1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng (c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed) v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng). \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a b\u1ecb l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a<\/em>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ebf th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y \u0111i: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>! S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n: \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (QED). Trong phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Dirac, QED \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00f4 l\u00fd (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n). Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 40 trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger v\u00e0 Shin-itiro Tomonaga c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 T\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/em>. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a electron. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ea9n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n qua nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. Ngay sau s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong QED \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 QED, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t chung l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n T\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 30, Enrico Fermi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 beta (\u03b2), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Wolfgang Pauli v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n: neutrino. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t neutron th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t proton, m\u1ed9t electron v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n neutrino v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian 4 chi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ef1c ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Fermi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ngay \u1edf ph\u00e9p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ean ph\u00e9p g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n v\u00f4 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean: l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Fermi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Fermi l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 QED. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t to\u00e1n t\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 to\u00e1n t\u1eed ch\u1eb5n l\u1ebb (parity), d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n t\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea5u. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn ch\u1eb5n l\u1ebb (parity invariant) n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n t\u1eed n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng gian, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957, C. N. Yang v\u00e0 T. D. Lee \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed xem t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e9p ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng gian hay kh\u00f4ng. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Lee v\u00e0 Yang, Mme C. S. Wu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh ch\u1eb5n l\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu. Ti\u1ebfp theo, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi gian trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Richard Feynman, Murray Gell-Mann, Robert Marshak, E. Sudarshan v\u00e0 J. J. Sakurai. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y b\u1edfi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh \u201cv\u00f4 h\u1ea1n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c electron v\u1edbi nhau: m\u1ed9t electron b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t photon v\u00e0 photon n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi electron kia. Do l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa hai electron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n (l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c xa) n\u00ean photon -h\u1ea1t mang c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb – c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Lee v\u00e0 Yang cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c g\u1ea7n n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 trung gian l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 photon, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bozon vect\u01a1 trung gian W. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cv\u00f4 h\u1ea1n\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Fermi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1918 b\u1edfi Herman Weyl. Herman Weyl \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n pha cho h\u00e0m s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gauge m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge l\u00e0 photon. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a b\u1edfi C. N. Yang v\u00e0 R. Mills v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1954 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh gi\u1eefa proton v\u00e0 neutron. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c “tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Yang-Mills, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, J. J. Sakurai \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 “ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n” s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c meson.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962, Sheldon Glashow \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3: m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 h\u1ea1t beta. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c “d\u00f2ng trung h\u00f2a” n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung gian b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 W<\/em> nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 boson Z<\/em>. Cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1973, d\u00f2ng trung h\u00f2a n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gauge c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng W v\u00e0 Z (v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean photon kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn gauge c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng (SSB), ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 cho Yoichiro Nambu gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd 2008. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb “che l\u1ea5p” b\u1edfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n – tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gauge, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c boson tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Robert Brout, Francois Englert, Peter Higgs, Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen v\u00e0 Tom Kibble. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Higgs<\/em>. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng W<\/em> and Z<\/em> trong khi v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Glashow, Weinberg v\u00e0 Salam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t quark v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lepton, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c boson y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 photon. D\u00f2ng trung h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n. C\u00e1c boson W<\/em> v\u00e0 Z<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng gh\u00e9p c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu khuy\u1ebft trong b\u1ee9c tranh M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t boson Higgs, nguy\u00ean do c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng va ch\u1ea1m hadron l\u1edbn \u1edf Geneva (Th\u1ee5y s\u1ef9) s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c boson Higgs khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u1ea5t r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. SSB c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quark (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c lepton) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c neutron v\u00e0 proton (v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hadron”). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a quark c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng gauge g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (QCD), hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a quark. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft QCD nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi David Gross, Frank Wilczek, v\u00e0 David Politzer, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 2004. Do s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u00fa v\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft QCD, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng gauge, QCD c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng “chiral”, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quark. S\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c “ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 Higgs” ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng gauge c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n. M\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng chiral trong QCD. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng (trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft). Theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 QCD c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t (cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay) trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 trong V\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n. Nh\u00ecn chung, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n do c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n? Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 trong QCD. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u1eb3ng<\/em>, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc: t\u1ea1i sao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 b\u00e9 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00fang ra n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn theo nh\u01b0 quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n? \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb -Y\u1ebfu (Electro-Weak) v\u00e0 S\u1eafc \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (QCD). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u1eb3ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy v\u1eady, khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc: t\u1ea1i sao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t b\u00e9 thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

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III. T\u1eeb L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u0169 Tr\u1ee5 T\u0103ng T\u1ed1c <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Einstein \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 20 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00f3i chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i H\u1eb9p v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi hai ti\u00ean \u0111<\/em>\u1ec1: 1) C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh (h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i)\u00a0; 2) V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Newton v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0, th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton \u0111\u00e3 quan ni\u1ec7m! L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9, ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Lorentz, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u00f2a l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y. Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quan tr\u1ecdng khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn Lorentz. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn Lorentz m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh.<\/p>\n

Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n, l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u0169ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1eady th\u00ec l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn? V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Newton, t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Tuy v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Newton kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n phi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cmetric tensor\u201d. Trong kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u1eb3ng (hay kh\u00f4ng gian Minkowski), d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a metric tensor n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y cho kh\u00f4ng gian cong, d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a metric tensor c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. D\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a metric tensor, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng h\u00f3a lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian cong m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Einstein l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Minh h\u1ecda h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9o c\u0103ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m cao su v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i banh v\u00e0o \u1edf gi\u1eef\u1ea1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m cao su, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i banh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00f5m xu\u1ed1ng trong khi \u1edf n\u01a1i xa tr\u00e1i banh, t\u1ea5m cao su v\u1eabn ph\u1eb3ng. M\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u00e1i banh s\u1ebd b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 l\u00f5m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y minh h\u1ecda l\u1ef1c h\u00fat h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctensor\u201d (mang t\u00ean Einstein) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi \u201cmetric tensor\u201d v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. Ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tensor (\u201ctensor n\u0103ng-xung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan trong l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n Newton m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Newton khi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh ng\u1ea1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 u\u1ed1n cong c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1eadn nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a sao Th\u1ee7y, v. v.. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a L\u00fd T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t, cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t milimet.<\/p>\n

Do s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn chi ph\u1ed1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh, vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Tuy v\u1eady, khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 y\u2019 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Khi Ly\u2019 thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh, \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ea3i Ng\u00e2n H\u00e0 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n. Quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u0169ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i t\u1ec9nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c Einstein ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u1ebf b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1, h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1929, khi Hubble v\u00e0 Humason kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 r\u1eddi xa nhau c\u00e0ng nhanh khi ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng xa nhau, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Hubble (k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5), Einstein \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u201csai l\u1ea7m\u201d n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau g\u1ea7n 70 n\u0103m trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3c b\u00faa nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

(Courtesy of NSAS-A. Riess)<\/p>\n

Trong g\u1ea7n 70 n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNguy\u00ean l\u00fd V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc\u201d. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Chu\u1ea9n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc: Le Maitre, Friedman, Robertson, Walker, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW). M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c truy l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 FRW l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thang \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng theo th\u1eddi gian. (H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i bong b\u00f3ng. Hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00e1ch xa nhau h\u01a1n khi c\u00e1i bong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i l\u1edbn l\u00ean). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t ng\u00e0y nay: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eafm trong m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ed3i ch\u00e1o \u201c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, l\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y b\u1eadc hay h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u1edf n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn qu\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111i qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00e0\u1ef5<\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u2018ngu\u1ed9i \u0111i\u2019 khi gi\u00e3n n\u1edf. Trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n pha, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t g\u00eda tr\u1ecb t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra. \u1ede v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bu\u1ed5i s\u01a1 khai, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n pha x\u1ea3y ra khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ea7n \u0111i: m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n pha \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1011<\/sup> eV (hay 100 GeV) \u2013 m\u1ee9c thang ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb-y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n pha kh\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 108<\/sup> eV (hay 100 MeV) \u2013 m\u1ee9c thang ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng QCD chiral. (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n pha kh\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 1044<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup>, 1032<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup>, \u2026 (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n). C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10112<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup> n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Planck (1028<\/sup> eV) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong kh\u00f4ng gian ph\u1eb3ng, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf \u0111i c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Tuy v\u1eady, khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian cong, do h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. S\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1998, n\u0103m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong Thi\u00ean V\u0103n h\u1ecdc: v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c! Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi hai nh\u00f3m, \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 Sao v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 Sao v\u1edbi Z l\u1edbn. Hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 Sao Lo\u1ea1i I \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y \u2018n\u1ebfn chu\u1ea9n\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 sao n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u1edd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111ang t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. N\u1ebfu v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 bi gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 sao n\u00e0y s\u1ebd s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 73% m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1i\u2019. Ch\u1eebng kho\u1ea3ng 23% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t T\u1ed1i\u2019. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, lo\u1ea1i \u2018v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 (loai v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee1 4%. S\u01b0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Einstein.<\/p>\n

Trong khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn) v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 sao. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau. Trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng so s\u00e1nh m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Hubble. T\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4%. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sao trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u2013 V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t T\u1ed1i \u2013 ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c qua l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 23%. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tinh t\u1ebf g\u1eafn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n WMAP \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 100% v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 FRW \u1edf c\u00e1c quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng ph\u1eb3ng. (N\u1ebfu t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 hyperbole). Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1edfi d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ed1i, chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 73% n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0111ang l\u00e0m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng l\u1eabn t\u1ed1i) s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i khi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf. N\u1ebfu m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00e0\u1ef5 C\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf \u0111i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u1ebd b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

VI. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 21. Khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 73% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10-12<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup> . Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n? Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 10112<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup> (th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed), 1044<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup> (ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb-y\u1ebfu), v\u00e0 1032<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup> (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n). C\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb V\u1ee5 N\u1ed5 L\u1edbn v\u00e0, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u2018h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc\u2019. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi \u2018quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\u2019! V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u0169 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00eau tr\u00ean t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng , m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec, b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 do s\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf nh\u1eefng quy m\u00f4 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn. D\u00f9 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111i L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u00f4\u2019 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f3? V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng 10-12<\/sup> (eV)4<\/sup> l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, th\u1ef1c trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thang ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb-y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 thang QCD? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng sai<\/em> m\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng sai<\/em> n\u00e0\u1ef5 Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t (ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n) c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf thang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 10-3<\/sup> eV v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1i \u2018khu v\u1ef1c b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i\u2019 n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c LHC. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh do ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng sai trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i xem m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian. D\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u01a1n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Quang H\u01b0ng 2008<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Max Planck<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Max Planck 2008<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n