{"id":12062,"date":"2024-10-26T20:44:16","date_gmt":"2024-10-26T13:44:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=12062"},"modified":"2024-10-26T22:12:14","modified_gmt":"2024-10-26T15:12:14","slug":"ai-binh-minh-cua-mot-cuoc-cach-mang-khcn-moi-nguyen-trung-dan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ai-binh-minh-cua-mot-cuoc-cach-mang-khcn-moi-nguyen-trung-dan\/","title":{"rendered":"AI: B\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng KH&CN m\u1edbi (Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n)"},"content":{"rendered":"

AI: B\u00ccNH MINH C\u1ee6A M\u1ed8T CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG KH&CN M\u1edaI<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n, New York<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 (machine learning\/AI) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Thay v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Geoffrey Hinton<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh (n\u01a1-r\u00f4n) trong n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. B\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c khi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c <\/span>n\u01a1-r\u00f4n<\/span>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Tim Berners-Lee<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

John Hopfield (1933-), 91 tu\u1ed5i. \u1ea2nh do Mary Waltham, v\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Hopfield ch\u1ee5p trong ph\u00f2ng \u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u0103n nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Selborne, Hampshire, Anh.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nghe v\u1ec1 Geoffrey Hinton, b\u1ed1 gi\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1o<\/a><\/em>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nghe v\u1ec1 John Hopfield, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u00e0i ba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra “m\u1ea1ng Hopfield”, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 n\u01a1-r\u00f4n v\u00e0 AI m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebb nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. Hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd 2024 \u201ccho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u00e1y h\u1ecdc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.\u201d Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn sinh h\u1ecdc, m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-r\u00f4n, r\u1ed3i m\u00e1y Boltzmann v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng b\u1ee9c ph\u00e1. Nghe gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m “k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb” (singularity) m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u1ecdc Ray Kurzweil ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, khi m\u00e1y tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n “v\u00e0i ph\u00fat n\u1eefa” th\u00f4i . \u00d4ng u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y tr\u00ean 80 vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i critical v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n “tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh si\u00eau ph\u00e0m” v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3:<\/p>\n

Trong v\u00f2ng ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh si\u00eau ph\u00e0m. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u2014 Vernor Vinge, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/p>\n

Stephen Hawking c\u0169ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan ng\u1ea1i: “nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”.<\/p>\n

Isaac Newton c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Opticks<\/em> r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd \u0111\u01b0a ra Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 suy ra Nguy\u00ean c\u1edb t\u1eeb K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nguy\u00ean c\u1edb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Opticks<\/em>, Book Three. Part I, Query 28<\/p>\n

C\u00f9m t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Nguy\u00ean c\u1edb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e1y h\u1ecdc, m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-r\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o cho th\u1ea5y?<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, “r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng” nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef thi s\u0129 M\u1ef9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

The Brain \u2014 is wider than the Sky \u2014<\/em>
\nFor \u2014 put them side by side \u2014<\/em>
\nThe one the other will contain<\/em>
\nWith ease \u2014 and You \u2014 beside \u2014<\/em><\/p>\n

The Brain is deeper than the sea \u2014<\/em>
\nFor \u2014 hold them \u2014 Blue to Blue \u2014<\/em>
\nThe one the other will absorb \u2014<\/em>
\nAs Sponges \u2014 Buckets \u2014 do \u2014<\/em><\/p>\n

The Brain is just the weight of God \u2014<\/em>
\nFor \u2014 Heft them \u2014 Pound for Pound \u2014<\/em>
\nAnd they will differ \u2014 if they do \u2014<\/em>
\nAs Syllable from Sound \u2014<\/em><\/p>\n

\n
\u2014Emily Dickinson<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ed9 \u00f3c th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t ‘b\u1ea3n sao” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a l\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. A second creation? Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u gh\u00ea g\u1edbm. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 k\u00e9o to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o v\u0103n minh, nh\u01b0 Karl Marx n\u00f3i. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh s\u1eafp t\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh g\u00ec, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb Cu\u1ed1i Tu\u1ea7n<\/em> ng\u00e0y 22\/10\/2024, v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 “T\u1eeb b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o”. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng rosetta.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng thu S\u00e0i g\u00f2n n\u1eafng \u1ea5m \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m vui t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2b50\u00a0\u2b50\u00a0\u2b50<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc John J. Hopfield v\u00e0 Geoffrey E. Hinton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 2024 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 gi\u00fap cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018machine learning\u2019)\u00a0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (artificial intelligence \u2013 AI).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ee6y ban Nobel cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u2018machine learning\u2019 (hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t theo s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u2018hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc\u2019)\u00a0 c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Hopfield v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Hinton \u201c\u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"\n

M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron (neural networks) nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o – h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron trong n\u00e3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 internet ng\u00e0y nay, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0 Google, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Siri c\u1ee7a Apple v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chatbot nh\u01b0 ChatGPT c\u1ee7a OpenAI. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Hopfield v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Hinton v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Internet hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed h\u00f4m ng\u00e0y 08\/20\/2024 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nobel nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh hai nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m nay \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 machine learning \u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

John J. Hopfield hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 danh d\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i Princeton n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u00d4ng n\u0103m nay 91 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i th\u1ee9 ba \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u1eea V\u1eacT L\u00dd \u0110\u1ebeN MANG N\u01a0-R\u00d4N<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i Bell Labs v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1958 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn (transistor) n\u0103m 1947 v\u00e0 pin m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn silicon1954 ngay t\u1ea1i Bell Labs. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, Hopfield v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00f2 b\u00f3 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Berkeley v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn khoa v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964. N\u0103m 1980 \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Princeton n\u0103m 1997v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf khoa Sinh h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e3o l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u00f4ng tin. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

-H\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Hopfield \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong sinh h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1982, Hopfield \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u00fat c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1-ron c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u00fd \u1ee9c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng Hopfield). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1\u00a0 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0\u1ee1i. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018nh\u1edb li\u00ean k\u1ebft (associate memory)\u2019. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Hopfield cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt l\u00fd g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nam ch\u00e2m nh\u1ecf x\u00edu c\u1ee1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1c spin)\u00a0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, m\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c spin n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00fat t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u khi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng (machine learning) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch: nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, x\u1eed l\u00fd theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cho ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi ai \u0111\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi machine learning m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n hi\u1ebfm khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eb7n v\u00e0o c\u00e1i m\u00e1y b\u1ecb l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo. B\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111inh, \u2026 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111inh, \u2026 nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecdn, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eb7n? hay l\u00e0 \u0111inh v\u1eb7n ? Nghe kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n. OK, c\u00e1i \u0111inh v\u00edt, th\u1ebf th\u00f4i!<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ra t\u1eeb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra s\u1ef1 nh\u1edb li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e0 John Hopfield \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982. M\u1ea1ng Hopfield kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u00f4ng tin (nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngay c\u1ea3 khi th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec5u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. Holfield kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron s\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u2018machine learning\u2019 sau n\u00e0y.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean: N\u01a1-ron con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi: N\u01a1-r\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

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T\u1eea M\u1ea0NG N\u01a0-R\u00d4N \u0110\u1ebeN M\u00c1Y BOLTZMANN<\/span><\/p>\n

Geoffrey E. Hinton, sinh ra ngay ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 London, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Canada k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Toronto. Khi Hopfield c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u2018nh\u1edb li\u00ean k\u1ebft\u2019, Geoffrey Hinton \u0111ang l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon \u1edf Pittsburgh, Hoa K\u1ef3. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Toronto, Canada v\u00ec \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u AI. \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. \u201cT\u00f4i nh\u1edb m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u1edf Rochester (ti\u1ec3u bang New York), c\u00f3 John Hopfield b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Scotland v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u00f4ng tin theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Terence Sejnowski v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef9 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Hopfiled, Hinton b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng Hopfield c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea. M\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Hinton \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh do nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Ludwig Boltzmann t\u00ecm ra t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u00e1y Boltzmann v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1985.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y Boltzmann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quen thu\u1ed9c trong th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p anh ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngay r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi nhau. Theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u00e1y Boltzmann c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, sau h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng\u00a0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u2018AI Winter (M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng AI)\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI. Nh\u01b0ng Hinton l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI. N\u0103m 2006, \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t m\u00e1y Boltzmann theo t\u1eebng l\u1edbp, l\u1edbp n\u00e0y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean l\u1edbp kia. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng trong \u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y Boltzmann. M\u1ed7i c\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u1ea9n v\u00e0 4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e1y Boltzmann b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

B\u1ee8T PH\u00c1<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2012, Hinton v\u00e0 hai sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Toronto, Ilya Sutskever v\u00e0 Alex Krishevsky, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 d\u1ea1y n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 hoa, ch\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4. Google \u0111\u00e3 chi 44 tri\u1ec7u USD \u0111\u1ec3 mua l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c chatbot m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ChatGPT v\u00e0 Google Board. \u00d4ng Sutskever tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Khoa h\u1ecdc gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i OpenAI. N\u0103m 2018, Hinton v\u00e0 hai c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean l\u00e2u n\u0103m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Turing, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cGi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc M\u00e1y t\u00ednh\u201d cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201ccha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a AI.\u201d Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn tin v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 2024, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a r\u1eb1ng \u201cN\u1ebfu c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Google sau h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Google v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u00a0AI. m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i trong bu\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u1edf Stockholm, Hinton b\u00e0y t\u1ecf lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 \u2018machine learning\u2019 v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i \u201cN\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Thay v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\u201d Trong khi Hinton b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o h\u00f4m th\u1ee9 Ba ng\u00e0y 08\/10\/2024, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Hopfield \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong AI v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m nay \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1ng n\u01a1-ron nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin.<\/span><\/p>\n

New York, 10\/10\/2024<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i li\u00ean quan<\/em><\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n

(I) Geoffrey Hinton, Cha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i Nobel<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

(II) Geoffrey Hinton v\u00e0 L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AI: B\u00ccNH MINH C\u1ee6A M\u1ed8T CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG KH&CN M\u1edaI Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n, New York Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y   N\u00f3 (machine learning\/AI) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Thay v\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12062"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12062"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12062\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12106,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12062\/revisions\/12106"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12062"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12062"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12062"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}