{"id":12108,"date":"2024-11-02T17:34:54","date_gmt":"2024-11-02T10:34:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=12108"},"modified":"2024-11-02T20:11:45","modified_gmt":"2024-11-02T13:11:45","slug":"giai-nobel-hoa-2024-mot-lan-nua-protein-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/giai-nobel-hoa-2024-mot-lan-nua-protein-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a 2024: M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, protein l\u00e0 g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed8T L\u1ea6N N\u1eeeA, PROTEIN L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/span><\/h1>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i <\/strong>Nobel H\u00f3a 2024<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i What are proteins again? Nobel-winning chemistry explained<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Benedicte Rey<\/strong> v\u00e0 Daniel Lawler<\/strong>; Ngu\u1ed3n: Phys.Org<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/em>: Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e0 B\u1ea3o Ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Quang Huy<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh<\/em>: Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em>: Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi) cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ng sinh, v\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nh\u1ef1a plastic.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014\u1ee6y ban Gi\u1ea3i Nobel 2024<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, theo t\u00f4i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh… v\u1eabn mang trong m\u00ecnh d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 phai m\u1edd c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u00e8n m\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Charles Darwin<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Davide Calebiro, <\/strong>GS \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Birmingham, V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u1ea2nh ba nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc tr\u00fang gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a 2024, t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i: David Backer (1\/2 gi\u1ea3i) “cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf protein t\u00ednh to\u00e1n”, Demis Hassabis (1\/4 gi\u1ea3i), v\u00e0 John Jumper (1\/4 gi\u1ea3i) “cho d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac protein”. Demis Hassabis v\u00e0 John Jumper \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c protein \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. David Baker \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. \u1ea2nh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin\u00a0c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nobel.<\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a 2024 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e2u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u01a1i cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u0111\u1ea1i<\/span>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng AI, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: “S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3<\/em>.” (Sydney Brenner, Gi\u1ea3i Nobel sinh y 2002)<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a protein. \u1ea2nh minh h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nobel 2024<\/p>\n

(\u00a9 Johan Jarnestad\/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)<\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Demis Hassabis t\u00f4i c\u00f3 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00f2ng sau \u0111\u00e2y trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1edd v\u00e2y<\/em> (Ph\u1ea7n II), n\u0103m 2017:<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Demis Hassabis, 41t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Cty AI DeepMind n\u0103m 2010. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1edd vua l\u00fac 4 tu\u1ed5i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng (master) l\u00fac 13 tu\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbng Judit Polg\u00e1r; h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00fac 8 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh games l\u00fac 11 tu\u1ed5i. N\u0103m 2014, Google mua l\u1ea1i DeepMind v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 \u00a3400 tri\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n GS Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/span> Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e0 B\u1ea3o Ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Quang Huy \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong m\u00f9a Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a 2024 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc hay, b\u1ed5 \u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa protein v\u00e0 DNA:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n trong DNA: <\/em><\/strong>DAN (deoxyribonucleic acid) l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn mang th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng. DNA t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p g\u1ed3m hai chu\u1ed7i nucleotide li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed7i nucleotide bao g\u1ed3m ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh: m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng deoxyribose, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m phosphate, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i nucleo-base, g\u1ed3m adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) v\u00e0 guanine (G). Trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DNA, c\u00e1c base n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft theo t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: adenine v\u1edbi thymine v\u00e0 cytosine v\u1edbi guanine gi\u00fap gi\u1eef cho chu\u1ed7i xo\u1eafn k\u00e9p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Phi\u00ean m\u00e3 (code transcription) t\u1eeb DNA sang mRNA: <\/em><\/strong>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean m\u00e3, m\u1ed9t enzyme c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 RNA polymerase li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi DNA v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i mRNA b\u1ed5 sung t\u1eeb m\u1eabu DNA. RNA c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 DNA, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9a base uracil (U) thay v\u00ec base thymine (T) nh\u01b0 trong DNA. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft c\u1eb7p RNA-DNA, adenine (A) tr\u00ean DNA s\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi uracil (U) tr\u00ean RNA, c\u00f2n cytosine (C) li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi guanine (G). Chu\u1ed7i mRNA b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y mang th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb DNA ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, n\u01a1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein di\u1ec5n ra. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch m\u00e3 (code translation)<\/em><\/strong>: mRNA di chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e2n t\u1ebf b\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ribosome, n\u01a1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. Ribosome “\u0111\u1ecdc” c\u00e1c codon (b\u1ed9 ba nucleotide) trong mRNA, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i codon s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t axit amin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c amino acid \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn ribosome b\u1edfi ARN v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n (tRNA), n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i polypeptide theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi mRNA.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein:<\/em><\/strong> Chu\u1ed7i polypeptide h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 xo\u1eafn, g\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t protein ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Protein n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, DNA l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n, c\u00f2n protein l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gen, \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 sinh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean m\u00e3 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch m\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa DNA v\u00e0 protein, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\u2b50\" \"\u2b50\"\"\u2b50\"<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 9\/10\/2024 v\u1eeba qua, Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 protein v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi Demis Hassabis v\u00e0 John Jumper t\u1eeb ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m DeepMind c\u1ee7a Google \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i protein, nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh David Baker \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng protein ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\nM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 protein k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o do nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel David Baker thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra enzyme c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb1ng sau gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

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PROTEIN L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Protein l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u201cnh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 quan, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta\u201d, theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u protein Davide Calebiro t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Birmingham \u1edf Anh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t DNA x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho t\u1eebng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, v\u00e0 protein s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb 20 lo\u1ea1i amino acid kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c amino acid n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac 3D khi ch\u00fang xo\u1eafn v\u00e0 g\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, b\u00e0 Mary Carroll, \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 xo\u1eafn 3D c\u1ee7a protein nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n ki\u1ec3u c\u0169. B\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi AFP: \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o c\u0103ng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i ra, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 co l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng 3D ban \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c protein, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i 2D chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac 3D. Nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Sophie Sacquin-Mora \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cThi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ngh\u00ecn lo\u1ea1i protein kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

AI (TR\u00cd TU\u1ec6 NH\u00c2N T\u1ea0O) \u0110\u00c3 L\u00c0M G\u00cc?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chu\u1ed7i amino acid v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi n\u00f3 su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c thi “Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i Protein”, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac protein.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 Demis Hassabis v\u00e0 John Jumper \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tham gia cu\u1ed9c thi.\u00a0 H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o AlphaFold c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i amino acid \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, AlphaFold s\u1ebd so s\u00e1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi trong kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u. Sau khi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 AlphaFold2 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc gi\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1ea1i “Th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i Protein” n\u0103m 2020, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac protein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh AlphaFold2, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo AlphaFold3 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong th\u00e1ng 5\/2024) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a 200 tri\u1ec7u protein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a protein.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00d2N C\u00c1C PROTEIN M\u1edaI TH\u00cc SAO?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 David Baker ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac protein ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh do \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mang t\u00ean Rosetta, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ed7i amino acid kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac protein \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Rosetta \u0111\u00e3 duy\u1ec7t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac protein \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n protein ng\u1eafn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Ti\u1ebfp theo, Rosetta \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u1ee4C \u0110\u00cdCH CHO T\u1ea4T C\u1ea2 NH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U N\u00c0Y L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 protein c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb \u1ee6y ban Nobel, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ng sinh, v\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nh\u1ef1a plastic.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nano, thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u1eafc xin \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 protein y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Baker \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i virus corona.\u201d Trong m\u1ed9t video t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i Nobel, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb: \u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i x\u1ecbt m\u0169i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c protein thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c virus t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Calebiro nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u201cbi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc. \u201cT\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ebft<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 Gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00fd 2024:<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

(I) Geoffrey Hinton, Cha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i Nobel<\/a>\u00a010 Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, 202<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(II) Geoffrey Hinton v\u00e0 L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/a>\u00a021 Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, 2024<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

AI: B\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng KH&CN m\u1edbi (Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n)<\/a>\u00a026 Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, 2024<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2024<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

Han Kang, Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2024. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/a>\u00a011 Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, 2024<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed8T L\u1ea6N N\u1eeeA, PROTEIN L\u00c0 G\u00cc? M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a 2024 D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i What are proteins again? Nobel-winning chemistry explained. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Benedicte Rey v\u00e0 Daniel Lawler; Ngu\u1ed3n: Phys.Org Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Nguy\u1ec5n H\u00e0 B\u1ea3o Ng\u00e2n v\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n Quang Huy Hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh: Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Th\u1ecd Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y: Nguy\u1ec5n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12108"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12108"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12138,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12108\/revisions\/12138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}