{"id":12500,"date":"2025-01-28T20:04:39","date_gmt":"2025-01-28T13:04:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=12500"},"modified":"2025-11-30T16:31:58","modified_gmt":"2025-11-30T09:31:58","slug":"cam-nghi-dau-xuan-at-ty-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/cam-nghi-dau-xuan-at-ty-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u Xu\u00e2n (\u1ea4t T\u1ef5 2025)"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u0102M M\u01af\u01a0I N\u0102M NH\u00ccN V\u1ec0 PH\u00cdA TR\u01af\u1edaC<\/span><\/h1>\n

C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u Xu\u00e2n<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o t\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014<\/strong><\/span>Stephen Hawking, <\/strong>N<\/em>h\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc Anh<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean c\u1edb tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Bertrand Russell<\/strong>, Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp, ti\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/em>[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014<\/strong>T\u00f4 L\u00e2m, <\/strong>T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay<\/em><\/span>, s\u1ed1 Xu\u00e2n \u1ea4t T\u1ef5 2025<\/p>\n

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[I]<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed8T BI\u1ec6N MINH CHO C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P H\u00d3A<\/span><\/p>\n

Thay cho l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a kinh doanh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014Charles Dickens,<\/strong> Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gia Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7<\/em> XIX<\/p>\n

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Anh ch\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn<\/em><\/strong>,<\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>\u0103m nay t\u00f4i t\u00ecnh c\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1eddi tham gia <\/span>m\u1ee5c\u00a0C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u Xu\u00e2n <\/em><\/strong>\u1ea4t T\u1ef5 2025<\/strong> nh\u00e2n n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t,1975-2025. Nh\u01b0ng b<\/span>i\u1ebft vi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y khi n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua l\u00e0 <\/span>qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7y gi\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i thay, ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng? \u0110\u1eafn \u0111o, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i l\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 <\/span>thi\u1ec3n ngh\u0129 s\u1ebd g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi<\/em>: to be or not to be<\/em>. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i <\/span>N\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o d\u00e0nh cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i? M\u1ed9t “ng\u00f5 h\u1eb9p” m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “l\u1ed7 s\u00e2u” trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 sang m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh, an ninh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. <\/span>T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng “nguy\u00ean l\u00fd” chung, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb “\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi “cao nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh”. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i ti\u1ebfp, t<\/span>\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u1eddi c\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u0103ng tr\u1ecdn b\u00e0i g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u hai b\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn “v\u00e0i d\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129” th\u00f4i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1eefa l\u00fac b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111ang c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Khi con chip l\u00ean ng\u00f4i <\/a><\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n ra m\u1eaft m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, <\/span>\u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i <\/span>b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1<\/em>. N\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt, mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a AI, “deep learning”, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, “deep investment” v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c, “deep education” v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao, “deep commitment” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n, “deep attraction” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf M\u1ef9, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc <\/span>meritocracy, <\/em>\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

M<\/span>eritocracy, <\/em>xin ph\u00e9p n\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng “t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean” c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng\u00a0<\/span>h\u1ebft<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>s\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh \u0111\u1ebb. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p 1789 \u0111\u00e3 vang l\u00ean l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 <\/span>battle cry<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc <\/span>meritocracy<\/em> ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o:<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh \u0111\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu cho n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n th\u00ec c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn trong l\u00f2ng qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea9n ch\u1eadt. Trong khi m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf suy t\u00e0n trong b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t Cae<\/em>sar c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i c\u00e0y trong c\u00e1i l\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Epaminondas (t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Hy l\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hai b\u00e0n tay m\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00ec v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra cho thi\u00ean t\u00e0i m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u2026 Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng (Ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng,\u2026 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lan nhanh, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3\u00a0 ph\u00e1 v\u1edf c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eafng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\u00a0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng) \u0111\u00f3. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i Gneisenau c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, 1806, t\u1eeb N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Napoleon, l\u00fac \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u0103m 1806, l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u1eebng h\u1ef1c s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Ph\u1ed5 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p phong ki\u1ebfn. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 sau \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng th\u1ecb d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n Adam Smith \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh \u0111\u1ebb, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u00e0n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 kinh doanh, qua \u0111\u00f3 “b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh” s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t cho qu\u1ed1c gia. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em> s\u1eafp t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5. Xem th\u00eam N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX)<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. H\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00f3a b\u1ecf v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n giai c\u1ea5p samurai l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i t\u1eeb bao \u0111\u1eddi. Giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3ng 6% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t samurai \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111i. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Minh Tr\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, cho n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p theo n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb” b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ranh gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p. “C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang”, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u2217\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n

Friedrich List<\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/span>h\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX l\u00e0 “th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t” c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p di\u1ec5n ra s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Hoa K\u1ef3, r\u1ed3i lan t\u1ecfa ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Xin cho t\u00f4i n\u00f3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a Friedrich List, <\/strong>m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u00f2n \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Marx \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: “Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ‘chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p’ (industrial tyranny) c\u1ee7a Anh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Anh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta.” L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a List. List kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Theo \u00f4ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, doanh nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, b\u00e1c s\u0129, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ed5 tr\u1eafng hay c\u1ed5 xanh, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (nation-state) \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 List c\u1ed5 x\u00fay m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. List kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i sau c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp. \u201cS\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb ch\u00ednh<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf.\u201d List xem s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/em> (intellectual causation), t\u1ee9c \u00f4ng xem\u00a0kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o thu\u1ebf quan \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. List k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (nationalism) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c bang c\u00f4 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o thu\u1ebf quan ng\u0103n s\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m ch\u1ee3 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Adam Smith c\u00f3 t\u00ednh rational<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi List l\u00e0 plan rational<\/em>, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau n\u00f3. Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, List v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 “t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/em>“, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y. Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, theo List, th\u00ec c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, t\u00ednh c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-c\u00f4 l\u1eadp s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nguy h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, cho c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX tr\u1edf \u0111i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a List. \u0110\u1ee9c, qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4ng, c\u0169ng \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda, qu\u1ed1c gia tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c-L\u00ea, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb “List-h\u00f3a<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

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Friedrich List (1789-1846)<\/p>\n

Marx, trong “List Critique<\/em>” (1845), ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n List l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp tay cho gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 “ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c”, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf a priori m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a List, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhu c\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng”, v\u00e0 “nationalism” (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a List) ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m c\u1ea3n b\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng” \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng “human beings”. Rhetoric c\u1ee7a Marx l\u00e0: S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human beings). Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00f3a b\u1ecf giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/em> (Hegel Critique <\/em>v\u1ec1 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hegel, cu\u1ed1i 1843-\u0111\u1ea7u 1844) Cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Marx \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi List l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c. Rosa Luxemburg<\/strong> (1871-1919), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc phong tr\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u1ea7u XX, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch mang r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i tim, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf List m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho \u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen ng\u1ee3i h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng. B\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng List, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m Fichte, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Napoleon, hi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a r\u1eb1ng “C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf; \u00f4ng c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.” Luxemburg nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a “c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, “tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c… th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ‘t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c’ t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.”<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu List r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (The National System of Political Economy, <\/i>1841) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u0103m sau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Adam Smith (b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Trung c\u1ee7a List n\u0103m 1920).\u00a0 Trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 List trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1ebf quan cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft, l\u00e0 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, l\u00e0 v\u1eaft \u00f3c, m\u00f2 m\u1eabm, th\u1eed-sai, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i theo chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn hai qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c<\/em> v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh<\/em> r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ganh t\u1ef5 v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2217\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>\u0103m 2017, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m (8) n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung quy\u1ec3n N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX<\/em> v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 Anh qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn<\/em> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/span>\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, Francis Bacon,\u00a0Friedrich List,\u00a0v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20:<\/span><\/p>\n

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    1. M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, theo tinh th\u1ea7n\u00a0H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m<\/i>\u00a0\u2013 Laissez-faire \u2013 c\u1ee7a Adam Smith: C\u1edfi tr\u00f3i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u00a0khoan dung<\/i>, c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec k\u00ecm h\u00e3m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/i>, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/li>\n
    2. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c\u00a0c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/i>\u00a0nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c theo tinh th\u1ea7n Friedrich List v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9; c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa doanh nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t\u00a0qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/i>\u00a0(manufacturing nation); khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/span><\/li>\n
    3. T\u1ea1o ra\u00a0v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/i>\u00a0trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i,\u00a0ni\u1ec1m tin<\/i>\u00a0m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/i>\u00a0(Francis Bacon). M\u1edf mang gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, lu\u00f4n \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. N\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a doanh nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1ec7nh mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0m quan, ch\u1ec9 tay h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay b\u1ecb ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u0103n h\u00f3a nho gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/li>\n
    5. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh\u00a0ti\u00ean phong<\/i>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c; ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 thua k\u00e9m hay l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu.<\/span><\/li>\n
    6. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3\u00a0kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng<\/i>\u00a0v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n \u2212 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u2013 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia\u00a0v\u0103n minh<\/i>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/i>; \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng\u00a0li\u00eam khi\u1ebft<\/i>. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i>\u00a0(state ethics) t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh nhanh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00ecm h\u00e3m ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a giai t\u1ea7ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y. \u201cTheo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed duy v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em><\/strong>\u201d, Engels vi\u1ebft sau khi Marx m\u1ea5t, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0\u00a0s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\u00a0(production) v\u00e0\u00a0t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\u00a0(reproduction) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. Marx v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec h\u01a1n.<\/em><\/strong>\u201d (Engels th\u01b0 cho Joseph Bloch, 1890. MEW, Bd 37, 463) Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

      N\u1ebfu v\u00ed th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh ch\u1ec9 huy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn x\u00e0i cung t\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh vai v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c, th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c r\u1ee7 s\u1ea1ch m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ee7i h\u1ed5 n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng t\u1ee7i h\u1ed5 khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh h\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u201cx\u00e2u x\u00e9\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 4000 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o cho nh\u1eefng ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

      Ch\u00fang ta\u00a0<\/em>quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa<\/i>!<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

      (N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX)<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u2014 H\u1ebft tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u2014<\/span><\/p>\n

      Engels kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. List c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

      L\u1ecbch s\u1eed… d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, cho d\u00f9 mang t\u00ean c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hay c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, hay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cao v\u00e0 an ninh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho h\u1ecd m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n cao \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. (Friedrich List<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

      Nghe kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c Adam Smith l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

      X<\/span>in xem \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/span><\/em>\u00a0trong s\u00e1ch N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX <\/em>(ZENBOOKS, Nxb D\u00c2N TR\u00cd, trang 297-348), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft th\u00eam n<\/span>h\u00e2n d\u1ecbp quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch\u00a0nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay n\u0103m 2017.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

      C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xin qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n (14) n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc: C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay Ti\u00eau vong, <\/em><\/strong>c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Trung Qu\u1ed1c:<\/span><\/p>\n

      https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/cach-mang-cong-nghiep-hay-tieu-vong\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

      \u2217\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n

      C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng<\/span><\/h3>\n

      \u0110<\/span>\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u00ednh th\u00eam v\u00e0i t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> Anh di\u1ec5n ra kho\u1ea3ng 200-250 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 DNA c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

      \u1ea2nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p (factory) xe s\u1ee3i Shadwell Rope 1878, c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u kh\u1ee7ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean SS Great Britain<\/em> c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Isambard Kingdom Brunel \u0111\u00f3ng n\u0103m 1843. T\u00e0u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 prototype cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng cha ta \u0111\u00e3 thua Ph\u00e1p \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y<\/em><\/strong>. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xe s\u1ee3i trong x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a James Watt, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng hai ba tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed kinh kh\u1ee7ng. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, tuy ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy nguy\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u00e2m \u1ec9 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh vi h\u01a1n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc Newton v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Bacon, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00f3c engineering t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n sang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e1y. “Engineering is human.”<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Hai \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a James Watt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Newcomen l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Watt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong workshop \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow n\u01a1i Adam Smith gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0o, n\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1edf workshop t\u1ef1 do. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Watt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Smith \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh phi l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cho “T\u1ef1 do cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i”.<\/p>\n

      \"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

      \u00a0James Watt (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 Isambard Kingdom Brunel<\/p>\n

      Thi ca v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa, d\u00f9 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1eaft th\u00e9p, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 “D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng”, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang l\u00ean. Sau khi thua Napoleon, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: Borsig, Krupp, Siemens, Thyssen, Zeiss, Bayer, Engelhorn, Linde, Bosch, Nicolaus Otto, Benz, Daimler … v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty (Konzerne) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c zaibatsu v\u00e0 chaebol sau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e0i Loan h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, v\u00ec l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. TSMC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00e1n th\u00e9p \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c trong cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecda s\u0129 Adolph von Menzel kho\u1ea3ng 1872-75<\/p>\n

      D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a Berlin v\u00e0 Osaka \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, n\u01a1i Einsttein v\u00e0 Yukawa t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. V\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m, Berlin tr\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, “gi\u00e0 d\u1eb7n” h\u01a1n Osaka. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Berlin 1920 (tr\u00ean) v\u00e0 Osaka 1929<\/p>\n

      B\u1ee9c tranh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Manchester-Liverpool \u1edf Anh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1830 n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Manchester, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh, v\u00e0 Liverpool, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a James Watt thay v\u00ec ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. N\u00f3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u01b0, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch\u00a0 m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i n\u00f3i chung. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1eeda th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh.<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      C\u00f2n b\u1ee9c tranh d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, t\u1eeb Shimbashi, Tokyo, \u0111\u1ebfn Yokohama, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1872, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 4 n\u0103m sau khi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. (Minato City Local History Museum) T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa N\u00fcrnberg v\u00e0 F\u00fcrth n\u0103m 1835, d\u00e0i 9km, xe ch\u1ea1y m\u1ea5t 9 ph\u00fat.<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>Kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi b\u1eafn v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh Tokyo, Ph\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1c Matthew Perry tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Yokohama, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf. Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3, \u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray tr\u00f2n d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 100 m\u00e9t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1ea5t than v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda v\u00e0 cho xe ch\u1ea1y. N\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 32 km\/gi\u1edd. Quan ch\u1ee9c M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 Kawada Hashinosuke \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng khi \u00f4ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc xe thu nh\u1ecf, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 “r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb” v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

      T\u1edbi th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp theo, \u014ckuma Shigenobu, th\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 B\u1ed9 C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Waseda, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft. Shigenobu ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Edmund Morel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, trong khi chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay t\u1eeb Anh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Anh.<\/p>\n

      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o. Kh\u00f4ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 l\u1edbn. T\u00f2 m\u00f2 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u r\u1ea5t t\u00f2 m\u00f2, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u t\u00ednh. Su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian Tokugawa, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o H\u00e0 Lan, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t g\u1eaft gao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng cho m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lan h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Cho n\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Minh Tr\u1ecb, gi\u1edbi tinh hoa kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 b\u1ee1 ng\u1ee1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c m\u1edf c\u1eeda d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd h\u1ed3 h\u1ecfi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u01b0? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt lo cho v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebb th\u00f9 d\u1eabm ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Th\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u00e0n thanh ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng khi h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ra \u0111i b\u00ed m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc”. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u Ng\u0169 Ki\u1ec7t” c\u1ee7a n\u0103m thanh ni\u00ean samurai thu\u1ed9c Phi\u00ean Ch\u014dsh\u016b t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sang Anh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 It\u014d Hirobumi sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i nhanh nh\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “tinh th\u1ea7n v\u0103n minh” ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa n\u00f3i, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9: tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. V\u00e0 sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Iwakura<\/em>, h\u1ecd t\u1ee9c t\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh canh t\u00e2n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em> l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 lo t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u00fang m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i khung v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thi c\u1eed quan tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 trong chi\u1ebfn tranh 1894-95. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00dd th\u1ee9c ch\u1eadm th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e0i tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

      \u2217\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n

      N<\/span>h\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1c l\u1ecfng, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u00edt ra v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd (mentality) hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (commercial society) c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n theo kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Adam Smith hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed r\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1edf Anh, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 nay ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111i r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong v\u00f9ng, ch\u01b0a t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u00e0 khai ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong gi\u1edbi doanh nh\u00e2n. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi con s\u1ed1 6, nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i t\u1ee5t xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1 5, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 “ngh\u00e8o” so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ec sao? V\u00ec c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kinh doanh v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u1ecba \u1ed1c hay nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh phi-s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ao, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Anh Daniel Defoe n\u00f3i, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kinh doanh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

      \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, Adam Smith nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, trong khi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u1eb1m \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n “c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng” c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n “t\u1eeb trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed3”, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 “khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 mua b\u00e1n” t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Smith, trong khi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb1m trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, th\u00ec y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay ph\u00e1t huy t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb1m \u1edf hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em>. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (liberalism) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (self-interest) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u n\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c, c\u1ed7 v\u0169 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

      V\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch nghe “Dichtung” (“Thi ca”) bay b\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 b\u00f9i tai, theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p l\u1eabn ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nghe “Wahrheit” (S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt) (Goethe) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0\u00a0th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. Ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 m\u1ea3i m\u00ea nghe ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00e0ng ti\u00ean c\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i con thuy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 hi\u1ec3m nguy c\u1ee7a “v\u00f4 minh”. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh <\/a><\/em>nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u0129nh l\u1edbn l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, m\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh b\u00ean trong<\/em> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, danh d\u1ef1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u00eang li\u00eang. V\u0103n h\u00f3a nho gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0m quan, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m \u0103n nh\u1ecf c\u00f2n \u0103n s\u00e2u trong ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eabn tay ch\u00e2n, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

      Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

      Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh, Matteo Ricci, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1600 r\u1eb1ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c:<\/p>\n

      \u201cCh\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c … kh\u00f4ng ai s\u1ebd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c y khoa n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc [t\u1ee9c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m t\u1ee9 th\u01b0 ng\u0169 kinh]. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e0nh h\u1ebft t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y … vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y khoa b\u1ecb coi nh\u1eb9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi danh d\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc. Vua Khang Hy cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n To\u00e1n t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh n\u0103m 1713 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Descartes, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb sau 1723 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa, cho \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh nha phi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1839-1842), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc vi t\u00edch ph\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o Trung Hoa cho t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Vua Khang Hy r\u1ea5t h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, algebra, \u201c\u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng! Trung Hoa thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid c\u0169ng b\u1ecb dang d\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1865. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u2018m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n\u2019, d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nhanh m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n Trung Hoa (Liu Xihong, L\u00fd H\u1ed3ng Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c 1877-1878, l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, khi th\u0103m h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc (t\u1eadp trung) th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 v\u1ecb\u201d v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cS\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng\u201d h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cH\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt tr\u00ed tri\u201d cao c\u1ea5p. Lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 theo \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho gi\u1edbi nho th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi tuy\u1ec3n nho quan truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng 1877-78 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian n\u0103m n\u0103m sau chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Iwakura<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      C\u00e1i ngh\u00e8o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf Adam Smith m\u1edbi vi\u1ebft Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ngh\u00e8o tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m sao th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, l\u00e0m sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia “\u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng” \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n s\u1ebfu l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00ed m\u1eadt m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tri th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ph\u1ed3n vinh hay h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i mindset c\u0169, trong \u0111\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang, theo c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Einstein, V\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t mindset m\u1edbi<\/em>. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i mindset c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c “c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng” t\u1ef1 n\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c theo sau.<\/p>\n

      Trong m\u1ea5y th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “T\u00e2n th\u01b0” cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 rao gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ph\u00fac \u00c2m m\u1edbi? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 cao khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, khai s\u00e1ng, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00edch h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Adam Smith? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 kinh t\u1ebf-khoa h\u1ecdc-c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c konzerne, zaibatsu v\u00e0 chaebol? V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u01b0 b\u00e0o thai \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p?<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

      N\u0103m 1872, t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn,<\/em> m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u201ctruy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o\u201d khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng M\u1ef9, Edward L. Youmans, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi:<\/p>\n

      S\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 T\u00e1i thi\u1ebft, Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u1ed9 \u00f3c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o?<\/em><\/p>\n

      C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: \u201cV\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/strong>\u201d. \u201cNguy\u1ec7t san khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1n ra m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 10.000 (!) s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 38 tri\u1ec7u! Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u01b0a, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n 100 tri\u1ec7u, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Thua c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ebd thua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh h\u00f9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn m\u1edbi m\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u01b0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh ngay trong l\u00f2ng ch\u00fang ta. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Ch\u1edd cho c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ebd thua. Ch\u1edd cho k\u1ebb th\u00f9 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o b\u1edd c\u00f5i l\u00e0 s\u1ebd qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ngay t\u1eeb h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp h\u00e0nh tinh. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i logic gi\u1eef c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t anh h\u00f9ng gi\u1edd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh trong m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn m\u1edbi. M\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00f9ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. H\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Francis Bacon \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 tsunami \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0o ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ta \u0111i. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i “y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a” th\u00ec th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u00e2y, \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Friedrich List. C.P. Snow cho r\u1eb1ng, “Hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp: \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf c\u1ef1c kia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nhau.” \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00e3y c\u00f2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1edbm qu\u00ean “1000 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 gi\u1eb7c T\u1ea7u, 100 n\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 gi\u1eadc T\u00e2y”, hay ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, v\u00e0 coi nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, r\u1eb1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

      C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edd xin k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang c\u00f3 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y trong t\u1ee7 k\u00ednh c\u00e1i n\u00f3n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng h\u1ecfi v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i sao? V\u1ecb n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u0110\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u00e1m h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c m\u00e0 r\u00e1ng h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh cho nghi\u00eam t\u00fac.<\/p>\n

      Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3n, c\u1ee7a T\u00e0u, T\u00e2y, Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng kia l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec n\u00ean bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n. L\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd mai m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u00e1o ng\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec cho qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n phim v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n h\u1ecd.\u00a0Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay 2017, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. S\u00e1ch in \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n, l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i 2019, s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u01a1n n\u0103m nay \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n h\u1ebft m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

      \u00dd th\u1ee9c kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u00edt, k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 xung quanh ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf imitation th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc innovation nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a List, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n s\u1ebfu l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh bay cao. B\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn: H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa 1000 n\u0103m, nay h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu.<\/p>\n

      \u2217\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n

      T<\/span>rong context c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, thi\u1ec3n ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng T\u00f4 L\u00e2m l\u00e0 “\u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng”. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m \u1edf t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, m\u00e0 \u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y quay ti\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh, gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 “ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i” ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tham v\u1ecdng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i<\/em>, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 do cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n agenda c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e0 k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb<\/em><\/strong> g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc am hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 li\u00eam ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd qui ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi “t\u01b0 duy nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3” v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f9 lao theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 meritocracy<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o nghi\u00eam t\u00fac c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea1nh ch\u00fang ta. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ng\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 so v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7n m\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ecd, v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c n\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tri th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 b\u1ebf t\u1eaft, khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7. Xin xem b\u00e0i Cu\u1ed9c h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb <\/em><\/a>t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft cho b\u00e1o Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb Cu\u1ed1i Tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2021 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (KIST v\u00e0 KAIST) hay \u0110\u00e0i Loan (ITRI) nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1t t\u1ea1o nh\u1ecbp tim. C\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c startup c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ebd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean “b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1”. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo h\u00e0m m\u0169 (exponential), g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, <\/a><\/em>m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc entrepreneurial<\/em>, bi\u1ebft “kinh doanh” kh\u00f4n ngoan \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia trong vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn.<\/p>\n

      \"\"<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch minh h\u1ecda cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. (Tranh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Heinrich Lukas Arnold, 1815-1854)<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3: c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc<\/em> (learning revolution), v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecdc. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “deep learning”. C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i song h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u1ecdc s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t qua c\u00e1c cafe houses. Khi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9o theo theo cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. Yangban, giai c\u1ea5p nho gi\u00e1o l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kim chi, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Park Chung Hee. \u00d4ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n Jupiter trong chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i La M\u00e3, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 v\u1ed3n vinh v\u0129nh c\u1eefu cho qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy r\u00e8n trong l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u1edf quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m “\u00f9n t\u1eafc” s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

      C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Galilei, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i Ph\u00fac \u00c2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Ai mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn Ph\u00fac \u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u00fd t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt kia. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 cao, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, so v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u00fang ta phung ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

      \u2217\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n

      N<\/span>\u1ebfu t\u00f4i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 d\u00e2n gi\u00e0u n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, “ph\u00fa qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0\u1eddng binh” (fukoku kyohei<\/em>) nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau ra y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Cho thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o ph\u1ed3n vinh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng FDI. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

      T<\/span>\u00f4i vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y trong c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ec1 Xu\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang manh nha, tuy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 tuy c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t. V\u1edbi C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u Xu\u00e2n<\/em>, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i th\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecf \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn vinh quang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 suy ngh\u0129 critical v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Lincoln, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a “s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t”.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thi ca, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft<\/em>, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Kant, d\u00e1m ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng hoa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1edf, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Marx, v\u00e0 d\u00e1m l\u00e0m, v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t cao nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd vinh quang c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

      B<\/span>\u00e0i th\u01a1 Qua \u0110\u00e8o Ngang<\/em> c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 Huy\u1ec7n Thanh Quan c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u th\u01a1 sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i l\u00ean n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a B\u00e0, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i xo\u00e1y v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo \u00e2u cho v\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t chia s\u1ebb:<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1edb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111au l\u00f2ng, con qu\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c,<\/i><\/p>\n

      Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 m\u1ecfi mi\u1ec7ng, c\u00e1i gia gia.<\/i><\/p>\n

      D\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, tr\u1eddi, non, n\u01b0\u1edbc,<\/i><\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, ta v\u1edbi ta.<\/i><\/p>\n

      B\u00e0 sinh ra n\u0103m 1804, hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Ph\u1ed5 b\u1ecb Napoleon \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp, vua quan ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf Berlin ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh. B\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy m\u00f4. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a Napoleon (1803-1815) bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00fang theo c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Adam Smith. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i sinh. Kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u s\u00e1ng l\u00ean d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u1ecdc l\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh “Lom khom d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00fai, ti\u1ec1u v\u00e0i ch\u00fa\/ L\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1c b\u00ean s\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee3 m\u1ea5y nh\u00e0<\/em>” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

      B\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1842, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u n\u0103m sau, Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5 s\u00fang l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ti\u1ebfp theo ti\u1ebfng s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1c Mathew Perry n\u1ed5 \u1edf v\u1ecbnh Tokyo kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m n\u0103m sau. Nh\u01b0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam; v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau, h\u1ecd nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

      X<\/span>in c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng anh ch\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec1m n\u0103m m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

      <\/div>\n

      Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, <\/span><\/strong>Xu\u00e2n \u1ea4t T\u1ef5 2025<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      [II]<\/span><\/p>\n

      N\u0102M M\u01af\u01a0I N\u0102M NH\u00ccN V\u1ec0 PH\u00cdA TR\u01af\u1edaC<\/span><\/h1>\n

      B\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay Xu\u00e2n \u1ea4t T\u1ef5<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

      T<\/span>\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1975, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n 50 n\u0103m. T\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c 1986, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 39 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Sau ng\u00f3t 40 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 thay da \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecbt m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7n k\u1ef3\u201d, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u01a1m \u0103n \u00e1o m\u1eb7c, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb l\u1edbn. \u201cB\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Adam Smith ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc. GDP qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

      B\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u01a1i n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f4i t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh. Ng\u00e0y nay s\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp h\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng xe m\u00e1y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt, \u00dd \u2026 so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 xe \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n velo solex, mobylette, lambretta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Honda l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. C\u00f2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, Nha Trang, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi tuy c\u00f2n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u1ecdc tr\u1eddi s\u1eafp t\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1n cao h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang thay da \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecbt.<\/p>\n

      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00e1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n h\u01a1n, \u0103n m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n r\u00e1ch r\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c em h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

      T<\/span>uy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 nh\u1ecf\u201d. Ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi kinh t\u1ebf \u201cs\u01a1 ch\u1ebf\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb. Ph\u1ea7n \u201cc\u00e1 m\u1eadp\u201d trong t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i FDI. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed3n vinh, Adam Smith n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i (commercial societies) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng hay b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, t\u1eeb th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn tinh vi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, v\u1edbi m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a James Watt m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u00edt, th\u00ec trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u00edt, v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng ngo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0m ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u201cthay th\u1ebf h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai \u201cs\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u\u201d, hai kh\u00e2u quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Tuy Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Park Chung Hee, c\u1ea3 ba qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u201cc\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c \u00e9p ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Park g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201cchi\u1ebfn binh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201d (industrial warrior). H\u1ecd chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi sinh th\u00e0nh. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a non tr\u1ebb – hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ebft. Trong ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Park Chung Hee \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u201cg\u00f3t ch\u00e2n Achilles\u201d k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u201cth\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb T\u00e2y sang \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. N\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>, hay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em> theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Anh qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII-XIX v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mu\u1ed9n gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh: \u0110\u1ee9c, Hoa K\u1ef3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, r\u1ed3i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Singapore v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt cho m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, v\u1eaft \u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 g\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

      T<\/span>\u00edch h\u1ee3p Khoa h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (KHCN) v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cengineering\u201d kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e1p n\u1ed1i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi qua Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 KIST c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb n\u00f3, TS. Choi Hyung-sup m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y[2]<\/a>. H\u1ecdc KHCN m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4i, ch\u01b0a gi\u00fap \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t. Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb, Vi\u1ec7n KIST \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi Park Chung Hee l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, l\u00fac GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 \u00e1ch t\u1eaft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Park Chung Hee. \u00d4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a KIST cao h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7t Nam, sau g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, v\u1edbi GDP \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng 4.000 \u0111\u00f4 la M\u1ef9, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

      Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nho gi\u00e1o, si\u00eang n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 b\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m quan, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Park Chung Hee.<\/p>\n

      Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i s\u00e1t v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a trong t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m. C\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u201ctrial-error\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1u Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng L\u00fd Quang Di\u1ec7u. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1ee5 gi\u00fap khai sinh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00f3. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, zeitgeist<\/em>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb<\/em> t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0m n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia xung quanh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho khoa h\u1ecdc b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, thay v\u00ec v\u00e0o m\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan.<\/p>\n

      Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>. Adam Smith, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>. \u00d4ng xem \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau cao \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb vua, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u1eabn ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, n\u00f3i chung to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 doanh nh\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc Shibusawa Eiichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e0u \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, B\u00e0n t\u00ednh<\/em> (abacus) v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef<\/em> ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau. H\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c m\u1ec7nh gi\u00e1 \u00a510,000 cao nh\u1ea5t trong ba \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1edbi v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u0103m 2024.<\/p>\n

      T<\/span>\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 T\u00f4 L\u00e2m, trong th\u00e1ng 12, 2024, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. Hai trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1, b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp, ti\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc: \u201cTr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em>.\u201d Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 khoanh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y? T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nguy c\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t, v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd \u201cgi\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u00e0u\u201d n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e1m nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, khi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 “Ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a<\/em> g\u00ec<\/em>“. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb It\u014d Hirobumi h\u01a1n 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i?<\/em>\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, Ng\u00e0i T\u00f4 L\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Park Chung Hee \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o (manufacturing nation), l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, cho thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng r\u1ebb. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

      V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i T\u00f4 L\u00e2m, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u201cth\u00f4i th\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o\u201d th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc? T\u00f4i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d, m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ea7n ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi<\/em> nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e3i m\u00e3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con chi\u1ebfn m\u00e3. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00ean y\u00ean. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd phi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cS\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean c\u1edb ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ee9c Friedrich List th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX n\u00f3i. K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi<\/em> l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

      T\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Joe Biden th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2023, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u201cthi\u00ean th\u1eddi (c\u01a1), \u0111\u1ecba (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) l\u1ee3i\u201d. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111ang th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2y c\u1ecf n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. \u201cKh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ecf c\u00e2y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y<\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa n\u00f3i trong Tho\u00e1t \u00c1 lu\u1eadn<\/em>. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ta kh\u00f4ng b\u01a1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0103n minh, l\u01b0\u1edbt thuy\u1ec1n c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh?<\/em>\u201d \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1. H\u00e3y ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

      L<\/span>\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam r\u1ea5t oai h\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u00f3a r\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n nhi\u1ec5m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eam t\u00fac t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta trong n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, v\u00e0 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (learn) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft qu\u00ean \u0111i (unlearn) nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u1eefa. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u00e0 v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy c\u0169 phi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin, hay quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00e3y c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, ch\u01b0a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u1eafm v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1edbm. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, hay Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi Ng\u0169 T\u1ee9 1919, ho\u1eb7c \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>\u00a0m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang r\u00e9o g\u1ecdi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia. Cho n\u00ean gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

      V<\/span>i\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0\u00a0khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>\u00a0(industrial enlightenment), t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3\u00a0ni\u1ec1m tin<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu\u00a0tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/em>\u00a0m\u00e0 v\u1ecb ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Francis Bacon, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i\u00a0v\u1ed1n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed<\/em>,\u00a0Geist- und Willens-Kapital<\/strong>, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche g\u1ecdi, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh b\u00e0n tay s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i kinh doanh kh\u00f4n ngoan, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i. Tinh th\u1ea7n d\u1eady men \u0111\u00f3, ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc T\u00f4 C\u00e1ch Lan th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII David Hume n\u00f3i, \u201cs\u1ebd l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7 im l\u00ecm v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 d\u1eady men \u2026 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trong ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ecn gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u2019<\/em>.\u201d<\/strong> C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn<\/em> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, sang s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p (factory) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i c\u1ee7a\u00a0homo sapiens<\/em>, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0\u00a0s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Adam Smith n\u00f3i, b\u1ecb r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

      T<\/span>\u00f4i xin k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb, Mori Arinori,\u00a0<\/strong>h\u01a1n 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n

      Chi\u1ebfn tranh (sens\u014d) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft nhau, m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, tri th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y. Thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ebd thua cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng ba l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea1ng hai, r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1ng hai l\u00ean h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t; v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      T<\/span>\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng t\u00e2m t\u01b0 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t thi v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng \u201cbay b\u1ed5ng\u201d, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0i n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n h\u00f9ng ca th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n nhau nh\u01b0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 thi v\u1ecb l\u1eafm hay sao? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c vinh quang d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay hay sao?<\/p>\n

      S\u00e0i g\u00f2n x\u01b0a, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2025<\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      [1]<\/a> Theo VOV, Th\u1ee9 Hai, 12:57, 30\/12\/2024: https:\/\/vov.vn\/chinh-tri\/tong-bi-thu-chi-co-khoa-hoc-cong-nghe-doi-moi-sang-tao-moi-giup-viet-nam-but-pha-post1145514.vov<\/p>\n

      [2]<\/a> Xem Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c KIST<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/vien-khoa-hoc-cong-nghe-han-quoc-kist\/<\/a> v\u00e0 KIST \u2013 Choi Hyung Sup v\u00e0 Park Chung Hee<\/em>: https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/kist-choi-hyung-sup-va-park-chung-hee\/<\/a><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      N\u0102M M\u01af\u01a0I N\u0102M NH\u00ccN V\u1ec0 PH\u00cdA TR\u01af\u1edaC C\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u Xu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2,1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12500"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12500"}],"version-history":[{"count":380,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12500\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15166,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12500\/revisions\/15166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12500"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12500"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12500"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}