{"id":1304,"date":"2018-05-01T17:16:15","date_gmt":"2018-05-01T10:16:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=1304"},"modified":"2022-01-01T15:47:47","modified_gmt":"2022-01-01T08:47:47","slug":"tieu-su-giao-su-gerard-t-hooft","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tieu-su-giao-su-gerard-t-hooft\/","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gerard ‘t Hooft"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gerard ‘t Hooft<\/span><\/h1>\n

T\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 (t\u1eeb \u1ee6y Ban Nobel, 2000)<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch<\/span><\/h3>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp GS \u2018t Hooft th\u0103m \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u00e0y do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb kho t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nobel \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng, v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u 1970, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd. GS \u2018t Hooft t\u1eeb thu\u1edf thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh: \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00e0, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Einstein, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, seeing is believing. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i nh\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi Olympic qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 Lan. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t problem solver, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 20 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 70. \u00d4ng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi “bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9”. V\u00e0 kho tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

GS \u2018t Hooft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cho sinh vi\u00ean. \u00d4ng m\u1edf trang web th\u00edch h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd (xem Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gerard \u2018t Hooft (gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd) th\u0103m \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t<\/i><\/a>) cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

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\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 \u2013 c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng \u00fd t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng – b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecd tin \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i trong ng\u00e0nh V\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2212 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng! \u2212 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ghi danh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p thu m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i tr\u1ebb con m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mong mu\u1ed1n tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb \u1ed3n \u00e0o n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb internet. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e1c tr\u00ean internet. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng trang r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng? T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y cho sinh vi\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. \u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean trang web \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i internet, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y in, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u00fat. R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n mua th\u00eam s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho b\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y; c\u00f3 l\u1ebd trong m\u1ed9t trang web t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00e3y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t: th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y hi\u1ec3u t\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang: b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tin b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u2013 h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00f3. H\u00e3y th\u1eed c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thay th\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp. H\u00e3y l\u00e0m ch\u00fang. H\u00e3y tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i in sai, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc quanh m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i kh\u1ecfi \u0111i l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 internet. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn. T\u00f4i h\u1ecfi sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n trang web n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. [\u2026] \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trang web cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng. T\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng minh, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chia to\u00e0n b\u00e0i l\u00e0m 2 ph\u1ea7n, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u (I) n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n hai (II) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. GS Ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n Y\u00eam, Paris, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t. K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, GS Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c T\u01b0\u1eddng, Ottawa, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng tu ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n (II) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xem nhanh ph\u1ea7n (I). C\u00e1m \u01a1n anh Y\u00eam v\u00e0 anh T\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, hay ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, l\u00e0 do d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u00e1m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t hay c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. NXX<\/p>\n

(I) TU\u1ed4I TH\u01a0 V\u00c0 TU\u1ed4I TR\u1eba<\/b><\/p>\n

\u201cL\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9”: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00ec khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i, hay kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 “gi\u00e1o s\u01b0”, nh\u01b0ng, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 “nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc”, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n ra manh m\u1ed1i b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1999\/thooft.jpg\"<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mong mu\u1ed1n xa l\u1ea1. Khoa h\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4i. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1953, \u00f4ng t\u00f4i (ph\u00eda ngo\u1ea1i), Frits Zernike, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n pha (phase constrast microscope). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tay ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng khi ch\u1ec9 cho h\u1ecd xem c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng. B\u00e0 t\u00f4i, em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Zernike, th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghe c\u00e1c giai tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 anh trai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 mua m\u1ed9t k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00eam \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cha m\u1eb9 b\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 “nh\u1eefng t\u00ean \u0103n tr\u1ed9m k\u1ebdm tr\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd”; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Frits, mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y b\u00e0, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Pieter Nicolaas van Kampen t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leyden. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng, v\u00ec \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt khi m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

C\u1eadu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Nicolaas Godfried van Kampen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utrecht. M\u1eb9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p khoa h\u1ecdc. “N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn”, b\u00e0 n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho b\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u00e0 \u0111i h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd b\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trong gien c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd? B\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee5p, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i l\u00ean hai, cho th\u1ea5y t\u00f4i \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i nh\u1edb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi b\u00e1nh xe trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea1y quanh v\u00e0 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4i quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y. T\u00f4i quan s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bb\u00f2 tr\u00ean c\u00e1t, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ki\u1ebfn. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c vi\u00ean s\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111i, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 va v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u00fap. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n xoay m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quay. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xoay c\u00e1i kia. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn. T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n hai tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103ng? T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft mu\u1ed9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i nh\u1edb, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sinh ra \u1edf Den Helder, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u \u1edf The Hague, c\u00f9ng cha m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i, ch\u1ecb g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Elise th\u00e0nh Ita ngay khi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 em g\u00e1i t\u00f4i Agnes. Cha t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n \u1edf Delft. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u tu\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ec3n l\u1edbn tuy\u1ebfn Holland-America. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 “Maasdam” v\u00e0 “Rijndam” nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u00f4ng ch\u00e1n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cha m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng y\u00eau t\u00e0u v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. \u00d4ng mua cho t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 xe h\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft. “Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh ra”, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. “Con mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 c\u01a1.”<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00f4i l\u00ean t\u00e1m, gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n, Anh Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1ng, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh. Qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n, b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a con m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb ba n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo t\u00f4i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n d\u00e0i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o v\u00ec t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n r\u1ea5t t\u1eed t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea7n so\u1ecdc, d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i d\u00e0i \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xinh \u0111\u1eb9p. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n th\u00f4i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i cao h\u01a1n 100 m\u00e9t, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo chi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft b\u1ecf qua h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ed1c. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Anh ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Cha t\u00f4i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng mua cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Meccano (m\u1ed9t h\u00e3ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Anh, ND). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi cha t\u00f4i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i. \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u00edch tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng robot, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Sau khi h\u1ecdc xong ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Lyceum Dalton (trung h\u1ecdc), c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i The Hague. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u00eam gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00e0i t\u1eadp nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. Sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng-c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 Latin, m\u1ea5t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u1eadu t\u00f4i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. “Ch\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfng Latin v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd”, c\u1eadu n\u00f3i, “nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3.” T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn (c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. T\u1ea1i sao? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1 t\u00f4i mua cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 radio, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i th\u00edch th\u00fa. “Con bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5y, Gerard”, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1, “kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t radio ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o”. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 tin. “Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 b\u00ean trong”, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i, “ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.” Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Radio trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u00e8n trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ed1t, tri\u1ed1t, pentode. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t radio. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u00e1p m\u1ed9t radio tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea1i sao, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u00e3m l\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gh\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1ee3c (back coupling)? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00edt b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00e3m l\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t radio ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn cho c\u1ea3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao l\u1eabn t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p hay kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan, l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi logic c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ngay c\u1ea3 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 xoay s\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 to\u00e1n: \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng gian), v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trung ni\u00ean, th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 r\u00e2u nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng d\u1ea1y v\u1eadt l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch hay v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nhau. Khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ecdt con” (droplets) v\u00ec “c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt con c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t”. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7u v\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt con \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng cao tr\u00ean danh s\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i suy ngh\u0129. “N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u00e0o trong l\u1edbp n\u00e0y”, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, “th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau, …”. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i, \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong l\u1edbp n\u00e0y. R\u1ed3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trang th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 photon. “M\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n ph\u00e1t ra kho\u1ea3ng 109<\/sup> photon m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y,” n\u00f3 n\u00f3i. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. “M\u1ed9t photon \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 10-9<\/sup> gi\u00e2y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 109<\/sup> photon th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i photon rung theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t photon rung theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 s\u1ef1 giao thoa, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. ” T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Trang s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa trong c\u00e1c \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n sau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, qu\u00e1 t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. C\u00f4 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1edbt, tr\u1eeb khi ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m cao c\u0169ng hi\u1ebfm. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng khi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong hoa (t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o), ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i, khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edd h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m h\u1ecfi).<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, cha t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, v\u00ec c\u00f4 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd cho ai tr\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ea3. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i: “C\u00f4 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 P.N. van Kampen kh\u00f4ng?” T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1! Gerard th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng? Ph\u1ea3i chi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft! Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, c\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd. Ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Van Kampen! \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi khu\u1ea9n. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c theo th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef Gothic. T\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o xoay s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd kh\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu con mu\u1ed1n v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, con ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ea1y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, b\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng con s\u1ebd l\u00e0m sai, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi, t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00f4i l\u00ean m\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e0n piano \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111i ngh\u1ec9 \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam B\u1ec9. Tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t hai tu\u1ea7n. Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i thu\u00ea c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n piano c\u0169 trong \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u00e1t. Cha t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c n\u1ed1t nh\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00edm tr\u00ean nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. “Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfm”. C\u1ea3 hai cha m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc piano b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c khi h\u1ecd c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ee9a con n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc piano. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ri\u00eang. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 piano n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, Cor de Groot, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thang \u00e2m (scales). T\u00f4i g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean cho c\u00f4 khi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t thang \u00e2m v\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u00f3n tay sang tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau. “H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y sai”, c\u00f4 n\u00f3i. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i Beethoven, Chopin, Debussy, Mendelssohn v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 piano \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

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\u1ede tu\u1ed5i 16, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i tham gia v\u00e0o Olympic To\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 Lan. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai olympiad \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean; ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 k\u00edch th\u00edch, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u sai v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 100 h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ebfn Utrecht cho v\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 ch\u00fang v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao, th\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi trong gi\u1edd ngh\u1ec9 em g\u00e1i t\u00f4i ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00f4i. “Ch\u00fang em t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm anh \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i”, c\u00f4 \u1ea5y n\u00f3i, “anh thu\u1ed9c m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u!” Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn Utrecht \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i nh\u00ec. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed9 hai cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Georg P\u00f3lya, “Mathematik und Plausibles Schliessen” (To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 l\u00fd), v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nu\u1ed1t ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i to\u00e1n m\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u00edch. Ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Euler cho \u0111a gi\u00e1c trong kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t trong Olympic n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, 1964, l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n sinh h\u1ecdc th\u00ec sao? C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao do gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i cho l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c. Sinh h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Khi t\u00f4i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: “B\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 van Kampen!” M\u1eb7t \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u00ean, “V\u1eady h\u1ea3?”, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghe t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a van Kampen. m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta, ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng. H\u1ecd h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u1ecdt bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, t\u00f4i m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i. “V\u00e2ng, v\u00e2ng!”, h\u1ecd k\u00eau l\u00ean, \u201cv\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i … “, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean. H\u1ecd cho t\u00f4i 10 tr\u00ean 10. T\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng d\u00e0nh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y cho s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb \u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u1ef3 thi v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utrecht. Leiden g\u1ea7n The Hague h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadu t\u00f4i \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf Utrecht, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nghe. Cha t\u00f4i kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh vi\u00ean \u01b0u t\u00fa nh\u1ea5t, Utrecht Studenten Corps. Sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb c\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m; c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c c\u00e1c t\u00e2n sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc. “V\u1eady b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n v\u1ec1 vi khu\u1ea9n ch\u01b0a? Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3?” \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean y khoa l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u00e0i xo\u1eafn khu\u1ea9n, anh ta h\u1ecfi: “B\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o do ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra?” T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n nghe. “Giang mai”, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i. \u00dd \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a anh ta l\u00e0 t\u00f4i n\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o y h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf g\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c ph\u1ed1. V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfm ba nh\u00e0 li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u1eef b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u1eef b\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8, khi b\u1ea1n m\u1edf c\u1eeda s\u1ed5, g\u00e0 t\u1eeb khu v\u01b0\u1eddn s\u1ebd nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1ed9 qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0n. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, \u0103n tr\u01b0a v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Qua m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 h\u1eb9p, b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 b\u0103ng qua. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, h\u1ea7m r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi g\u00e1i m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1eadu t\u00f4i m\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sinh vi\u00ean bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed1 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tham gia C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Triton, n\u01a1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc, “Christiaan Huygens”, n\u01a1i t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c cho sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 sinh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc gh\u00e9t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00f4 \u00edch. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u00f4i gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, c\u1eadu c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u201chung h\u0103ng\u201d, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i nhanh h\u01a1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. B\u1ea1n t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 t\u00e1n s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 suy ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. “V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a to\u00e0n c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn.” \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(II) CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG KHOA H\u1eccC<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, Martinus Veltman, ho\u1eb7c Tini, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho t\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4i. Veltman t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m cao c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ecfi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u00f4ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n t\u00f4i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00f4i, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sao. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a C.N. Yang v\u00e0 R.L. Mills. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\"Image<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utrecht \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1636 (c\u00f9ng n\u0103m v\u1edbi Harvard), c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u alumni<\/p>\n

n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 12 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u00e0 13 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Spinoza.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb9p, thanh l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. Veltman gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, “N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafm”. D\u1ea1ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o? Cho m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, Veltman \u0111\u00e3 giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Goldstone. Jeffrey Goldstone \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Yang-Mills b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1edd qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef nh\u1ecf, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 Goldstone n\u00f3i r\u00f5 khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i m\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng Adler-Bell-Jackiw. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 Veltman tham gia. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c pion trung h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c photon. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. V\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: c\u00e1c pion trung h\u00f2a ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c photon. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 sai tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng. L\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1t eta. N\u00f3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh ba pions trong khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i sinh vi\u00ean g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1969. \u1ede H\u00e0 Lan, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. T\u00f4i nh\u1edb th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 mu\u1ed9n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Veltman l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft m\u1eaft tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4ng \u0111ang t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m: t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a (renormalization) cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Yang-Mills. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng vector ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng vector. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 spin (spinning particles) c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: “Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i”, \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, “nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.”<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Yang v\u00e0 Mills. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, “Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng tay n\u1eefa”, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ea7m tay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. C\u00e1c con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0103n b\u1eb1ng th\u1ebb gi\u1ea5y m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee5c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c anh h\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Goldstone, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hoa m\u1ef9 kia. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i: n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Higgs, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb Fran\u00e7ois Englert v\u00e0 Robert Brout. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong d\u00f2ng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a Veltman. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n suy di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ch\u00fang. Theo \u00f4ng, t\u00f4i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc h\u00e8 kh\u00e1c nhau trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf Les-Houches, m\u1ed9t khu tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tuy\u1ebft cao \u1edf d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alps c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, g\u1ea7n Chamonix. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Ph\u00e1p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ec5, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Carg\u00e8se, v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o. G\u1ea7n th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o Corsica c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, ngay t\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3n, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Maurice L\u00e9vy \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng L\u00e9vy \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn l\u00ean c\u00e1c atlas \u0111\u1ec3 xem th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, L\u00e9vy c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Murray Gell-Mann \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1970. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh L\u00e9vy v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c Benjamin W. Lee, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed1c Ba Lan Kurt Symanzik, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Jean-Loup Gervais.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Gell-Mann-L\u00e9vy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. C\u00e1c pions \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Goldstone. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta hay r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a proton) kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec. Theo t\u00f4i nh\u1edb, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, cho c\u1ea3 Benjamin Lee v\u00e0 Kurt Symanzik: “t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills?”. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nhau: “n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Veltman, h\u00e3y h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng ta, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 Yang-Mills.”<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t vector n\u1eb7ng (massive vector particles) \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t boson Goldstone v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9 (local gauge invariance). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 (scaling). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn (asymptotic freedom) trong v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng-\u0111\u1ed1i-t\u00ednh n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u sai. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9ng sai tr\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u00f4i n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Veltman cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean t\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Carg\u00e8se l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Veltman. Khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Utrecht, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho t\u00f4i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean t\u00f4i n\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Yang-Mills thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (pure), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Higgs t\u1ea1o ra kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o r\u1ea5t tao nh\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Richard Feynman, Bryce DeWitt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ludwig D. Faddeev v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Victor N. Popov c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Leningrad. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1eabu th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng (formulate) c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc Feynman cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Yang-Mills, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y n\u00e0y: b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n (gauge transformations) \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 to l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quy tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng Veltman c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 suy ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c (identities) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi A.A. Slavnov v\u00e0 J.C. Taylor \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0m t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 “C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c Slavnov-Taylor”.<\/p>\n

Sau khi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Yang-Mills kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (massless), th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Higgs l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd b\u00e0i b\u00e1o th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Veltman nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t \u1edf Amsterdam n\u0103m 1971, \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng con t\u1ed1t m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (l\u00e0 t\u00f4i) trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills, \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i n\u00f3i 10 ph\u00fat (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o trong Proceedings) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean (dimensional renormalization). Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1972.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Trong khi t\u00f4i \u0111ang kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, th\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n: B\u00e0 Albertha A. Schik (Betteke). C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Wageningen, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc y khoa t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Utrecht.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn CERN, Geneva, n\u01a1i t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng, v\u00e0 Betteke c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia g\u00e2y m\u00ea, t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Bang c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Geneva. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4 g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u00fai Mont Blanc; tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n xe h\u01a1i nh\u1eb9, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u1ea5y b\u1ecb g\u00e3y m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

Veltman c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn CERN, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tinh luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1971 tr\u1edf \u0111i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ecdn ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Yang-Mills n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng; th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 c\u0169.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i CERN, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cgiam\u201d quark (confinement). T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t quark. Khi t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd, t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, h\u1ecd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec J.D. Bjorken \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra v\u1ec1 thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 (Bjorken scaling) trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi t\u00f4i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Yang-Mills, ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Yang-Mills c\u00f3 thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb nh\u1ecf \u1edf Marseille, n\u0103m 1972. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 Kurt Symanzik. \u00d4ng th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c t\u00f4i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m\u201d, \u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1971 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Yang-Mills n\u1eb7ng (massive). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

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Veltman n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c quark kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o: ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravity). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p (one-loop level), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi Stanley Deser v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Veltman, Peter von Nieuwenhuizen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c m\u1eabu (patterns) trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a (renormalization counter terms), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh. Giam quark th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u1eabn t\u00f4i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb (magnetic monopoles) trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Higgs, h\u00e0nh vi (v\u1edbi) N l\u1edbn (large N behaviour) cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi N m\u00e0u (thay v\u00ec 3, s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng do c\u00e1c instantons. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t thang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi H. David Politzer v\u00e0 David Gross v\u00e0 Frank Wilczek n\u0103m 1973, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay Yang-Mills cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a Yang-Mills v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m chu\u1ea9n SU (3) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u1ea3 thi nh\u1ea5t cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111\u1eb9p “Quantum Chromodynamics” (QCD, S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed).<\/p>\n

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N\u0103m 1974, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Utrecht. T\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giam nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng do s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 Bose c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb-m\u00e0u (colour-magnetic monopoles). M\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kenneth Wilson l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giam gi\u1eef v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a quark xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai 1\/g<\/i> (expansion) thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai g<\/i> trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1ng (lattice cut-off) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac topo c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chu\u1ea9n (gauge theories), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantized system).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1976, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Harvard (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft Morris Loeb) v\u00e0 Stanford. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng tinh t\u1ebf do c\u00e1c instanton (c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb xo\u1eafn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4p\u00f4, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed) g\u00e2y ra s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1eebng l\u00e0m: hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t-v\u00f2ng (one-loop correction) cho c\u00e1c instanton. H\u00f3a ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c instanton trong QCD c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xo\u1eafn (twist) cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng khi\u1ebfn cho nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n trong c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng (chiral) cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t eta, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Harvard, MIT v\u00e0 Princeton nh\u01b0 Roman Jackiw, Sidney Coleman v\u00e0 David Gross c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c (Moscow), sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 postdocs \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c instanton v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ef1c. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Saskia Anne, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra, t\u1ea1i Boston. Khi t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Utrecht, t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Con g\u00e1i th\u1ee9 hai, Ellen Marga, sinh ra t\u1ea1i Utrecht n\u0103m 1978.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 giam quark. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng cho QCD m\u00e0 t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. QCD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 khi c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gia t\u0103ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khi h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u00fd. QCD \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n. T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ecf ng\u1ecf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n khi th\u1ea5y v\u00ec l\u00fd do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Veltman r\u1eddi Utrecht v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf trong M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec sao? Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 c\u00e1c spin kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970 t\u1ea1i CERN. Bruno Zumino v\u00e0 Julius Wess \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, trong khi Van Nieuwenhuizen v\u00e0 Sergio Ferrara, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i si\u00eau h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng “l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9” (h\u00e0m \u00fd M-theory, ND) si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng th\u00ec ra sao? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay? Li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh”, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y? Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 cong c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein, th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong \u0111\u1ed9 cong n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng thang kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t (tiniest distance scales), s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh cao c\u1ea5p (superior paradigm) khi ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf c\u00e1c thang kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 10-33<\/sup> CM. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1984, cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng si\u00eau d\u00e2y (superstring revolution) di\u1ec5n ra. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0103n kh\u1edbp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi h\u01a1n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; t\u00f4i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0103n kh\u1edbp logic c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn c\u0169ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i cho nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng. T\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eed m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Khi Stephen Hawking ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 do c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n. H\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n? C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 h\u1ed1 \u0111en? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Hawking s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01a1 l\u1eedng\u201d (inconclusive). Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd xung \u0111\u1ed9t nhau. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Max Planck tu ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en (black body) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra cho ch\u00fang ta C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1ed5 s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ch\u00fang ta, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (quantum gravitational degrees of freedom), c\u00e1i, qua cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Leonard Susskind, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh” (Holographic Principle).<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft nh\u1ecbp. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a “l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng” c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c m\u00e0ng (membrane) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean (dimenstionality) kh\u00e1c nhau (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “p-branes”) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e9 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ed1 \u0111en trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong “d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh” c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111ang nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y “nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh” \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0m cho l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, l\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n.\/.<\/p>\n

(Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1999\/thooft-bio.html)<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Gerard ‘t Hooft T\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 (t\u1eeb \u1ee6y Ban Nobel, 2000) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp GS \u2018t Hooft th\u0103m \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed n\u00e0y do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb kho t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Nobel \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam l\u1ed9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[72,38],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1304"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1304"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1304\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7016,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1304\/revisions\/7016"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1304"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1304"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1304"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}