{"id":131,"date":"2012-03-20T12:59:35","date_gmt":"2012-03-20T12:59:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=131"},"modified":"2026-04-04T17:01:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-04T10:01:03","slug":"tai-sao-nguoi-nhat-me-doc-sach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tai-sao-nguoi-nhat-me-doc-sach\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch?"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1ea0I SAO NG\u01af\u1edcI NH\u1eacT M\u00ca \u0110\u1eccC S\u00c1CH?<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00fa vui n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u00fa vui \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00fa vui duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c..<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Kaibara Ekken (1630-1714)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 h\u01a1n.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Okakura Tenshin (1862-1913)<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0o b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n 1868 khi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf c\u1eeda, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa 1600-1868, t\u1eeb l\u00fac d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00f5 s\u0129 tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u1ea7y tu kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ra tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 thi th\u1ed1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 300 n\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00f5 s\u0129 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? T\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n<\/i> s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa hay Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00f5<\/i> nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n? Hai tr\u0103m s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u1ebfn\u201d sau khi \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc(c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam), nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i \u201cng\u1eadm\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc \u2018T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc\u2019 (Western learning<\/i>, th\u00f4ng qua \u2018Lan h\u1ecdc\u2019, Rangaku<\/i>) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u00ean trong, t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t \u201cn\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc khai minh \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch<\/i> th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb? M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 th\u00fa<\/i> c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 v\u00e0 12 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy<\/i> ki\u1ec3u phong ki\u1ebfn Trung Hoa sang h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y d\u00f9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n nguy hi\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh<\/i>. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai minh<\/i> v\u00e0 khai sinh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 ngu mu\u1ed9i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay ng\u00f3t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh ho\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch B\u00e0n v\u1ec1T\u1ef1 do<\/i>, On Liberty, c\u1ee7a John Stuart Mill. S\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Anh n\u0103m 1859, c\u00f9ng n\u0103m v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cThuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1\u201d c\u1ee7a Charles Darwin. B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n tr\u00ean tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 lo<\/i>, Self-Help c\u1ee7a Samuel Smiles. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 best-seller \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 250.000 \u1edf Anh M\u1ef9, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nakamura Masanao, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc b\u00ean Anh, d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n! (Nakamura c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch quy\u1ec3n B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do<\/i>) M\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 th\u1eadt \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d n\u1ebfu ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 30 tri\u1ec7u th\u00f4i. Self-Help<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cB\u1ed9 kinh th\u00e1nh Minh Tr\u1ecb<\/i>\u201d c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch T\u1ef1 lo<\/i> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a J.S. Mill ngay trang \u0111\u1ea7u: \u201cGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e9t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh<\/i>.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t: Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 lo. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung v\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt l\u00ean c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u qu\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng, khi n\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 nhau, khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9c ph\u1eadn c\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ethos<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cKhuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc\u201d, Gakumon no susume<\/i>, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai minh Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901): \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng sinh ra cao qu\u00fd hay th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, gi\u00e0u sang hay ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ai lao \u0111\u1ed9ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm t\u00f2i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, trong khi nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 minh ho\u1ea1 th\u00eam \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n Trung Hoa hay H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1922 khi Einstein th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi m\u1eddi sang th\u0103m v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ngay m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp Einstein g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n quy\u1ec3n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hay \u1edf M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, 1919, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp C\u00e1c M\u00e1c, \u0102ng-Ghen<\/i>. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Nga, \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt qu\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129 g\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ty ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/i> th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n kinh doanh g\u00ec? \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ch s\u1eed ghi l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 kinh doanh s\u00e1ch Maruzen <\/i>c\u1ee7a Hayashi Yuteki. N\u0103m 1869 \u00f4ng Hayashi Yuteki m\u1edf c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Yokohama c\u00f3 t\u00ean Maruya, v\u00e0 n\u0103m sau m\u1edf th\u00eam c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i Nihonbashi, khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 trung t\u00e2m s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1eddi trang nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tokyo l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd! N\u0103m 1880 Hayashi chuy\u1ec3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty TNHH Maruzen<\/i>. S\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u201ccu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng d\u00e2n kh\u00ed\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Maruzen, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1edbn Akutagawa Ryunosuke v\u00e0 Natsume S\u014dseki. Hayashi Yuteki v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai minh Fukuzawa Yukichi. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch, Maruzen c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t nguy\u1ec7t san cho gi\u1edbi v\u0103n s\u0129, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201c\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, Gakut\u014d<\/i>. M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i Maruzen l\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u00ecn ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. [C\u00f4ng ty s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, c\u00f3 doanh s\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1996 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 Euro v\u1edbi 2.100 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.]<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao s\u00e1ch v\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb khi b\u1eebng t\u1ec9nh sau \u2018c\u01a1n ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng\u2019 m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Trung Hoa c\u0169ng t\u1eebng ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng d\u00f2ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Kh\u1ed5ng M\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt?<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi<\/i>, \u00edt ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tokugawa 1600-1868. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Tokugawa Ieyasu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Tokugawa ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh 265 n\u0103m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t samurai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng m\u1ef1c \u0111en l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi h\u1eefu<\/i>, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00f9 ch\u1eef l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1600 l\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00f5 s\u0129. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t samurai m\u00f9 ch\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee5t h\u1eabng \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi Genroku <\/i>(1688-1704), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u1eddi v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a Tokugawa v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 minh ho\u1ea1 s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i. S\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 10.000 b\u1ea3n! \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3; Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng 20 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kho\u1ea3ng 30 tri\u1ec7u. N\u0103m 1692 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 danh m\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch in d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. (Hi\u1ec7n nay VN ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 danh m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n

Con s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh 10.000 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ghen t\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 90 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n. Trong g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m qua t\u1eeb khi lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch khai tr\u00ed <\/i>b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? Cho n\u00ean s\u1ed1 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n 10.000 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi Tokugawa c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 300 n\u0103m<\/i> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng\u201d! [Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Tr\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n ph\u00e2n tranh, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch ra sao.]<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch \u1edf Nh\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh cao, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch thu\u00ea<\/i>, ra \u0111\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi Kan\u2019ei (1624-44), tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Edo, Kyoto v\u00e0 Nagoya. C\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng cho thu\u00ea s\u00e1ch, kashihonya<\/i>, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng cho thu\u00ea s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u1edf Edo (t\u1ee9c Tokyo) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i rong mang th\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng. S\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o xa x\u00f4i. Edo c\u00f3 650 c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1808, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn 1832 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 800. Edo c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n tri\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 70%.<\/i> M\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00e1ch \u1edf Nagoya, t\u00ean Dais\u014d<\/i> c\u1ee7a S\u014dhachi, nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f2n ghi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1767 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng 132 n\u0103m li\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn 26.768 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp trung cao nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Edo c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 Paris. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Osaka c\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 non m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 salon (zashiki<\/i>), \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u01b0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i khi h\u1ecd k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf c\u1eeda. [Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf.]<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecfi: T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf<\/i>? \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch: <\/b><\/i>v\u0103n<\/b> \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/b><\/i>v\u00f5<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1600 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Tokugawa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 1615 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tokugawa Ieyasu, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n ba tr\u0103m phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n (han<\/i>), thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean bang, ph\u00e1t \u0111i m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018big bang\u2019 cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh, daimy\u014d<\/i>, ch\u1ee7 phi\u00ean tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f5 s\u0129, samurai<\/i>: \u0110i\u1ec1u 1<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh n\u00f3i: \u201cbun<\/i> b\u00ean tay tr\u00e1i, bu <\/i>b\u00ean tay ph\u1ea3i\u201d. Bun<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u0103n, s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 c\u00e2y b\u00fat, trong khi bu<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u00f5, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eef bushi<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129, bushido<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 n\u00f3i \u201cquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch b\u00ean tay tr\u00e1i, thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m b\u00ean tay ph\u1ea3i\u201d, v\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f5, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c v\u00f5 s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc<\/i>. \u1ede Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a samurai, cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kh\u1ed5ng nho nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Hoa hay Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. Kh\u1ed5ng nho cao l\u1eafm ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u201cs\u0129, n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (shi, n\u014d, k\u014d, sh\u014d<\/i>) d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Trung Hoa, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u0129<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nho s\u0129, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00f5 s\u0129<\/i>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c daimy\u014d<\/i> gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t daimy\u014d c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/i>. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a daimy\u014d, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia th\u1ea7n, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qui m\u00f4, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho tri th\u1ee9c. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o; s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, kinh t\u1ebf, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, y khoa v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Ieyasu t\u1eebng l\u1eadp th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cho m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Tokugawa, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i trong \u201cT\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh<\/i>\u201d s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y khi \u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp \u0111i tham quan:<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u01b0u t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n\u201d, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m, t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch cho nhu c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ch trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Anh c\u00f3 800.000 quy\u1ec3n, c\u1ee7a St. Peterburg 900.000, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Paris 1,5 tri\u1ec7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111em t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch x\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u0111u\u00f4i nhau, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 7 d\u1eb7m.<\/p>\n

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T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n Tokugawa Ieyasu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u00fa h\u00edch cho \u201cbig bang\u201d v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.
\n(Ngu\u1ed3n<\/i>: Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n

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V\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/i>. Tokugawa l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a shogun, tr\u01b0\u1eddng phi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c daimy\u014d, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0, cho d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p cho c\u1ea3 samurai v\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00e0i con s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng d\u00e0nh cho giai c\u1ea5p samurai c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0 \u201cH\u00e0n l\u00e2m Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o\u201d,Sh\u014dheik\u014d<\/i>, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1630, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng terakoya<\/i>cho th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n; tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u014dgaku<\/i> d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 con em samurai l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc chung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i phi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p<\/i> s\u1ebd ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u1eddi MinhTr\u1ecb. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c, shijuku<\/i>, privat academies, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 1.500 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0i ba ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n sinh vi\u00ean, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng hay tr\u01b0\u1eddng phi\u00ean, d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea3 samurai v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i phi\u00ean Ch\u014dsh\u016b, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng, nhi\u1ec1u samurai n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Yoshida Sh\u014din (1830-1859) t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c do \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Shijuku<\/i> th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao c\u1ea5p (advanced <\/i>education), \u0111i v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cv\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i\u201d, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn, samurai hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, th\u1ea7y tu, t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia, jinzai<\/i> (nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i, human resource), \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a jinzai<\/i>, vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i n\u0103ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u00e2n th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb phi\u00ean n\u00e0y sang phi\u00ean kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng terakoya (Ngu\u1ed3n<\/i>: Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1868 khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 17.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i> \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i! \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 \u2018kh\u1ee7ng\u2019 n\u1eefa. H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. [Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3? Nam K\u1ef3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p.] C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Tokugawa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 40 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m con trai v\u00e0 10 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m con g\u00e1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc. \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Kh\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o Dazai Jun <\/i>(1686-1747) vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Qui m\u00f4<\/i> c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sh\u014dheik\u014d<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1799 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t campus<\/i> to l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 ngang d\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed l\u1edbn t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00e0ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nisshinkan<\/i> tuy c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1ng campus h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadt giao \u0111\u1ea5t Morrill<\/i> n\u0103m 1862 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 qui m\u00f4, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Tokugawa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i> c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc campus c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 g\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m n\u0103m?<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb tro t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. N\u0103m 1872 (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m sinh c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh), t\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau<\/i> khi vua Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch to\u00e0n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Tokugawa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. N\u0103m 1900 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef cao h\u01a1n t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Tokugawa l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m<\/i> l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Tokugawa th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch<\/i> l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nguy c\u01a1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n tri th\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, luy\u1ec7n kim, v\u1ebd b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3, y khoa, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc\u2026, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00e1c daimy\u014d bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa g\u1eedi sinh vi\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Nagasaki hay t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Lan h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Edo v\u00e0 Osaka. V\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1850, 1860 h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Saig\u014d c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean Satsuma, Kido, It\u014d v\u00e0 Inoue c\u1ee7a Ch\u014dsh\u016b, Soejima v\u00e0 Okuma c\u1ee7a Saga, Got\u014d, Sakamoto v\u00e0 Sasaki c\u1ee7a Tosa, Yuri c\u1ee7a Fuki, Mutsu v\u00e0 Katsu c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Nagasaki, trung t\u00e2m Lan h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi Tokugawa g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Edo. Edo l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Tokugawa ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u00e0n, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 r\u1ea7y, \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, vun x\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t hoang s\u01a1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt l\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng lung lay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n sau, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Khi m\u1edf c\u1eeda, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5m b\u00ecnh phong s\u01a1n m\u00e0i hoa Iris c\u1ee7a Ogata K\u014drin (1658-1716), b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 th\u1eddi Edo, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Otaga K\u014drin l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m tranh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1eeda cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 trong th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1edbn trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n qua c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Van Gogh c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn, \u201ctsunami\u201d, du l\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 tin khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c. (\u1ea2nh: ngu\u1ed3n Wikipedia)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Lan h\u1ecdc<\/b><\/i>, <\/b>cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u2018kh\u1ee7ng\u2019 kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i> hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi Tokugawa t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda. S\u00e1u n\u0103m sau khi Copernicus qua \u0111\u1eddi (1543) v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng V\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3<\/i> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u1eeda, \u201cto\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c\u201d, sakoku<\/i>, t\u1eeb 1640 (Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb 1630), khi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi H\u00e0 Lan t\u1ea1i Dejima, Nagasaki. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn n\u00e0y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi Tokugawa n\u0103m 1868. V\u1eady m\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch v\u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Tuy kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u00e0n tay ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, tuy gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh m\u1ec7nh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i> t\u1eeb c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lan h\u1ecdc, rangaku, Dutch learning <\/i>(\u201cLan\u201d l\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan), b\u1eaft c\u1ea7u cho khai tr\u00ed, khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

\n\"\"<\/a>\n

Sugita Genpaku, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u00fa h\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd
\ncho Lan h\u1ecdc (Ngu\u1ed3n<\/i>: Wikipedia)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi b\u00e1c s\u0129, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan. H\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eedi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef sang Trung Hoa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1, th\u00ec nay, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc trong s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7. Qua Lan h\u1ecdc – hay T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc qua ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan – ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt h\u1ecdc h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y: y khoa, sinh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, m\u00e1y b\u01a1m, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u\u2026H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n H\u00e0 Lan ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o (f\u016bsetsugaki<\/i>) cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, t\u1ee9c kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Principia <\/i>c\u1ee7a Newton, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Lan h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt l\u00fd Newton, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c\u201d (j\u016bryoku<\/i>), \u201cl\u1ef1c h\u00fat\u201d (inryoku<\/i>), \u201cl\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m\u201d (enshinryoku<\/i>), \u201ckh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m\u201d (j\u016bten, <\/i>centre of mass) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Lan h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1eafc-quy c\u1ee7a Volta \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5y n\u0103m sau khi Volta ph\u00e1t minh \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Lavoisier, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau Hans Lippershey v\u00e0 Galilei \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17; ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, m\u00e1y b\u01a1m, s\u00fang h\u01a1i, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng con b\u00fap b\u00ea c\u01a1 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u00e0. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1853. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 hai n\u0103m sau cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi Commodore Perry 1853. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c H\u00e0 Lan b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cTuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e3 m\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y th\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ra trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i <\/i>v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 v\u00e0 12 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: trong khi cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trung th\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. (Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u1edf Trung Hoa b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o b\u00f3p m\u00e9o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p s\u1ee9c \u1ef3 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/i> Trung Hoa). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/i> k\u1ef3 th\u00fa c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng. Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Tokugawa c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i, v\u00f4 minh, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung khu\u00f4n s\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t. \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 l\u00e0m sao khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/i>\u201d v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i danh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u00fa c\u1ee7a Siguta Genpaku (1733-1817), m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u00fa h\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng cho Lan h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, sau khi \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa hay Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay, m\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Tafel Anatomia<\/i>), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Genpaku v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ecbch ngay sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, t\u1ea1o c\u00fa h\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho phong tr\u00e0o Lan h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ngu\u00f4i, tinh th\u1ea7n khao kh\u00e1t h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i m\u1edbi m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi man di b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 t\u00e1m h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n trong hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Trung Hoa \u0111em v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m sau, c\u0169ng trong kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m, gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1868 tr\u1edf \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecd b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i Trung Hoa t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh Trung Hoa sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1i trung t\u00e2m Trung Hoa c\u0169 \u0111ang r\u1ec7u r\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ct\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/i> v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-khai tr\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng hay h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh tinh hoa, l\u00e0m b\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ea3o khi m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u1ed3 \u1ea1t th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Charles Darwin<\/i> n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 quan<\/i> trong nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 quan l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00ean h\u1ecdc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00fd cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch n\u1eefa khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/i> ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia<\/i>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang ngh\u0129 g\u00ec, l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o tinh hoa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u0103ng hoa. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n, m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch hay<\/i> m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u1ea5m no, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng, giang san m\u1edbi b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f9a H\u1ed9i s\u00e1ch Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u00e1ng Ba, 2012<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u00ea \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch?<\/a><\/h3>\n

Ng\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 sao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu h\u1ecdc (th\u01a1)<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n