{"id":13138,"date":"2025-04-12T22:25:10","date_gmt":"2025-04-12T15:25:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13138"},"modified":"2025-04-17T12:16:04","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T05:16:04","slug":"con-duong-thinh-vuong-justin-yifu-lin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/con-duong-thinh-vuong-justin-yifu-lin\/","title":{"rendered":"Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Justin Yifu Lin)"},"content":{"rendered":"

CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG \u0110\u1ebeN TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG: <\/span><\/h1>\n

S\u1ef0 CHUY\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed4I SANG N\u1ec0N KINH T\u1ebe TH\u1eca TR\u01af\u1edcNG C\u1ee6A TRUNG QU\u1ed0C TRONG B\u1ed0N TH\u1eacP NI\u00caN QUA<\/span><\/h1>\n

Path to prosperity: China\u2019s transition to market economy in the last four decades<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Justin Yifu Lin (L\u00e2m Ngh\u1ecb Phu)<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span> chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201cNh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

–<\/strong> Justin Yifu Lin<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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GS Justin Yifu Lin 2025 (sinh n\u0103m 1952 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00e0i Loan) (\u1ea2nh Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Anh ch\u1ecb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin GS Trung Qu\u1ed1c Justin Yifu Lin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a sang kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tham lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc tin \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c “X\u01b0a v\u00e0 Nay”, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec ngh\u0129 l\u00e0m sao c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3? Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1edfi m\u1ee1 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n n\u00eau l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

GS Lin l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7: Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ea5p cao v\u1ec1 Kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea5p cao t\u1ea1i Nh\u00f3m Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf chung v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0 Wikipedia vi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago (1986), v\u00e0 sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987. \u00d4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c (hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m Chuy\u00ean gia kinh t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2008 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 B\u1eafc Kinh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Trong m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch (Quest for prosperity, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: Cu\u1ed9c Truy C\u1ea7u S\u1ef1 Th\u1ecbnh V\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>), \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 vui, r\u1eb1ng Albert Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f9a: \u201cL\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 khi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3… v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao!\u201d Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f9a. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh sao cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Justin Lin mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Justin Lin m\u00e0 t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong quy\u1ec3n China and the West, <\/em>do Jan Svejnar c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia v\u00e0 Justin Yifu Lin l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2021. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee5c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a GS Justin Yifu Lin.\u00a0C\u1ea3m \u01a1n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a anh ch\u1ecb. T\u00f4i l\u00e0m trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ed1i h\u00e3, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t. Xin th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eebng qu\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/trung-quoc-da-tro-thanh-nuoc-tu-ban-the-nao\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh <\/strong>Th\u1ee9 B\u1ea3y 12\/4\/2025<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, 1978-2018<\/span><\/h1>\n

Justin Yifu Lin (L\u00e2m Ngh\u1ecb Phu)<\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u0103m 2018, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 40 n\u0103m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh t\u1eeb l\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1978, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 $156, \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 $490 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u Phi c\u1eadn Sahara. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o kh\u00e1c, 82 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, v\u00e0 84 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 1,25 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i\u201d (inward-looking), v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 9,7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a GDP. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00e0 9,4 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 14,8 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1978\u20132018. N\u0103m 2010, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 2013, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c mua t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (PPP), v\u00e0 n\u0103m 2014 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Hoa K\u1ef3. H\u01a1n 700 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u01a1n 70 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u0103m 2019, GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t $10.400.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng 12.700 \u0111\u00f4 la v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2025. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba, sau H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p l\u00ean thu nh\u1eadp cao trong s\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n 200 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II.<\/p>\n

Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Lin (2012a), t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady sau qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 1978, t\u1ea1i sao Trung qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1978, t\u1ea1i sao Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 g\u00ec cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra.<\/p>\n

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1. T\u1ea0I SAO TRUNG QU\u1ed0C PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N R\u1ea4T NHANH <\/span>SAU N\u0102M 1978<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia t\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp cao, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ee7i ro. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trung b\u00ecnh h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 GDP b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1eadp cao l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 2 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong ranh gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau” ho\u1eb7c “l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu”. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thu nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, 13 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP h\u00e0ng n\u0103m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean trong 25 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean (Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 2008). \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, mang l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng GDP h\u00e0ng n\u0103m trung b\u00ecnh trong khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec trong 25 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong 13 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf sau khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978.<\/p>\n

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2. T\u1ea0I SAO TRUNG QU\u1ed0C KH\u00d4NG PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N S\u00d4I \u0110\u1ed8NG TR\u01af\u1edaC N\u0102M 1978<\/span><\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978. T\u1ea1i sao Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1979? Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sai l\u1ea7m sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 1949.<\/p>\n

Mao Tr\u1ea1ch \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi gi\u1edbi tinh hoa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng, ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, l\u1edbn sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1953, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch N\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Anh trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m v\u00e0 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp Hoa K\u1ef3 trong m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1edf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch trao quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u00f3p m\u00e9o gi\u00e1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c k\u00ecm h\u00e3m l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i qu\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 (Lin 2009).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y gi\u00fap Trung Qu\u1ed1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i[1]<\/a>, th\u1eed bom h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 sai, c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch (incentives) b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5p, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o.<\/p>\n

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3. C\u00c1CH TRUNG QU\u1ed0C TR\u00c1NH CHUY\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed4I S\u1ee4P \u0110\u1ed4<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean (Easterly 2001). C\u00f3 hai l\u00fd do v\u00e0 ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo \u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn Washington v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a , l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t v\u00ec s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y n\u00ean ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o \u0111\u00f3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, sau c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1c theo \u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn Washington, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, cho d\u00f9 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n hay qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng, sau khi t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng b\u00f3p m\u00e9o n\u00e0y tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. N\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o t\u00fai ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Sau khi t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cao h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, theo sau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi<\/em> trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh t\u1ed1t. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 k\u00e9m khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh t\u1ebf (SEZ), c\u00e1c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 khu ch\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m do nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c SEZ v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i kh\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty trong c\u00e1c khu kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng nhanh trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. Khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ed1n, l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau.<\/p>\n

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4. TRUNG QU\u1ed0C \u0110\u00c3 TR\u1ea2 GI\u00c1 N\u00c0O CHO S\u1ef0 TH\u00c0NH C\u00d4NG?<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kinh t\u1ebf trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua l\u00e0 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy nhi\u00ean, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u than phi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng tr\u00e0n lan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1978, Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh kh\u00e1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Theo Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tham nh\u0169ng do T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Minh b\u1ea1ch Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 79 trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 176 qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2016; v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5c Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 GINI[2]<\/a> c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 0,45, cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, sau n\u0103m 2000 (Li v\u00e0 Sicular 2014).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (SOE) kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n c\u0169 l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1978, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kho\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 trang tr\u1ea3i v\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c SOE kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n n\u00e0o. Sau khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, kho\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1ed1n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c SOE, l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u00e9p, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c ni\u00eam y\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n. Khi l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vay ti\u1ec1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c ni\u00eam y\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn th\u1ea5p t\u1eeb ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n do c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch thu nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ec1n rent[3]<\/a>, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1979, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty khai kho\u00e1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khai kho\u00e1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u00e1 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993. Ph\u00ed nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p khai kho\u00e1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc khi tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u00e0 chi tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u (Lin v\u00e0 Tan 1999). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty khai kho\u00e1ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Vi\u1ec7c mua nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea (rent) cho \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi tham nh\u0169ng, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch T\u1eadp C\u1eadn B\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng tham nh\u0169ng sau khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng lan r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n rent ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc SOE quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 1990, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n khan hi\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n

Sau b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e2m d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (viable) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed1t. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1eadn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n sang ti\u1ec1n rent thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch thu nh\u1eadp. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2013 t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XVIII.<\/p>\n

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5. B\u00c0I H\u1eccC CHO C\u00c1C N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110ANG PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N KH\u00c1C V\u00c0 CHO KINH T\u1ebe H\u1eccC?<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c? Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong 30 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00e3i, t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khai th\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao, duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u mang trong m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c can thi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 sai l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd do nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i sinh. N\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00ean th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong 30 n\u0103m qua.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00f3a th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong khi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, theo l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf so s\u00e1nh \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh doanh cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, T\u00f4i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi (Lin 2012b), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi, b\u00ed quy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 \u201cb\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0n tay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh\u201d, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1, b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y sang qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi (New Structural Economics) s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Justin Yifu Lin<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Easterly, William, (2001). \u2018The Lost Decades: Developing Countries\u2019 Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform 1980\u20131998\u2019, Journal of Economic Growth. <\/em>6: 135\u201357.<\/p>\n

Li, S. and T. Sicular, (2014). \u2018The Distribution of Household Income in China: Inequality, Poverty and Policies\u2019, China Quarterly. <\/em>217: 1\u201341.<\/p>\n

Lin, Justin Yifu, (2009). Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy, and Viability<\/em>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Lin, Justin Yifu, (2012a). Demystifying the Chinese Economy<\/em>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Lin, Justin Yifu, (2012b). New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Development and Policy<\/em>. Washington, DC: World Bank.<\/p>\n

Lin, Justin Yifu and Guofu Tan, (1999). \u2018Policy Burdens, Accountability, and the Soft Budget Constraint\u2019, American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings<\/em>. 89: 426\u201331.<\/p>\n

World Bank (on behalf of the Commission on Growth and Development), (2008). The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development. <\/em>Washington, DC: World Bank.<\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (ND)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> GINI l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadp, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Rent = ti\u1ec1n \u201cth\u00f9 lao\u201d cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, hay xin ph\u00e9p cho m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG \u0110\u1ebeN TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG: S\u1ef0 CHUY\u1ec2N \u0110\u1ed4I SANG N\u1ec0N KINH T\u1ebe TH\u1eca TR\u01af\u1edcNG C\u1ee6A TRUNG QU\u1ed0C TRONG B\u1ed0N TH\u1eacP NI\u00caN QUA Path to prosperity: China\u2019s transition to market economy in the last four decades Justin Yifu Lin (L\u00e2m Ngh\u1ecb Phu) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u201cNh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13138"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13138"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13165,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13138\/revisions\/13165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}