{"id":1321,"date":"2018-05-14T16:33:58","date_gmt":"2018-05-14T09:33:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=1321"},"modified":"2023-05-30T18:15:35","modified_gmt":"2023-05-30T11:15:35","slug":"paul-j-crutzen-dia-chat-hoc-cua-nhan-loai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/paul-j-crutzen-dia-chat-hoc-cua-nhan-loai\/","title":{"rendered":"Paul J. Crutzen, \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecaA CH\u1ea4T H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I1<\/sup><\/span><\/h1>\n

Paul J. Crutzen<\/span><\/h2>\n

(2002)<\/span><\/h2>\n

(Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Paul<\/p>\n

Paul J. Crutzen (1933-2021)
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i><\/strong><\/span>. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, t\u1eeb l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng n\u00e0y<\/i> c\u1ee7a David Christian (nxb Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ed1). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t essay v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p. Nay ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n Paul J. Crutzen <\/strong>(ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a GS Gerard \u2019t Hooft v\u1eeba m\u1edbi th\u0103m \u0110\u00e0 L\u1ea1t), Gi\u1ea3i Nobel H\u00f3a 1995 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ozon, nh\u00e2n sau h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d \u1edf Quy Nh\u01a1n ng\u00e0y 9-10\/5 v\u1eeba qua, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Paul Crutzen \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u00fac quanh trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft th\u00eam s\u1ebd t\u00ednh sau. NXX<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng n\u00e0y<\/i> c\u1ee7a David Christian<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

***<\/b><\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00f3, b\u00e3o, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 CON NG\u01af\u1edcI, th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 y \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f3<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Horace Bushnell<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

(M\u1ee5c s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19; tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ND)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

***<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

TH\u1ebe NH\u00c2N SINH<\/span><\/p>\n

(The Anthropocene)<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong b\u0103ng b\u1eafc c\u1ef1c cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edch l\u0169y to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a carbon dioxide v\u00e0 methan.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 leo thang. Do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i carbon dioxide (CO2<\/sub>) c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta g\u1eafn c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cTh\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n sinh\u201d v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thay cho Th\u1ebf holocene (th\u1ebf To\u00e0n t\u00e2n) \u2013 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5m c\u1ee7a 10-12 thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qua. Th\u1ebf nh\u00e2n sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eddi gian sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t trong b\u0103ng b\u1eafc c\u1ef1c cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00edch l\u0169y to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a CO2<\/sub> v\u00e0 methan b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng. Ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a James Watt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1784.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1874, khi nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc \u00dd Antonio Stoppani n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ef1c telluric m\u1edbi (c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t), v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201canthropozoic era\u201d (k\u1ef7 nh\u00e2n sinh). V\u00e0 n\u0103m 1926, V. I. Vernadsky (1863-1945) x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u201cChi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang”. Teilhard de Chardin v\u00e0 Vernadsky \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (no\u00f6sphere, world of thought) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u vai tr\u00f2 gia t\u0103ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Trong ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 6 t\u1ef7, v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 10 t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f2 th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed methan \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 1.4 t\u1ef7 con. Kho\u1ea3ng 30-50% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c. C\u00e1c r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh, l\u00e0m th\u1ea3i ra kh\u00ed CO2<\/sub> v\u00e0 t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e1i d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa to\u00e0n tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i h\u01a1n 25% n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n tr\u1ed3i (in upwelling ocean regions), v\u00e0 35% trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u00f4n \u0111\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 16 l\u1ea7n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3i 160 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i sulphur dioxide h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, h\u01a1n hai l\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n nit\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nitric oxide do \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 sinh kh\u1ed1i (biomass) c\u0169ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ‘nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh’ – CO2<\/sub> t\u0103ng 30% v\u00e0 methan t\u0103ng h\u01a1n 100% – \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3 400 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00eam n\u1eefa trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi ch\u1ec9 25% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u2212 trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u2212 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a acit, \u201cs\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9\u201d quang h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 Thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu<\/i> (IPCC), Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd\u00a0\u1ea5m l\u00ean t\u1eeb 1.4 \u2013 5.8o <\/sup>C trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng th\u00edch v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tai h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n chlorofluorocarbon, ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y \u201cl\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ozon\u201d t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Antarctic (Nam c\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd). S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n: c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ozon c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 halogen \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970; n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ch\u1ea5t chlorin c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bromin, th\u00ec l\u1ed7 ozon s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u su\u1ed1t quanh n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n \u1edf Nam c\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng do may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4n ngoan, t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tai h\u1ecda n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u2013 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn, hay m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch b\u1ecbnh \u2013 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu cho nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 \u0111ang n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong K\u1ef7 Nh\u00e2n sinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t (geo-engineering) qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a\u201d kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00ean terra incognita<\/i> (\u2013 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai ph\u00e1 \u2212 ND).\/.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

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Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch t\u1eed t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i thanh l\u1ecbch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c sinh linh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m.<\/em>2<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u201cCh\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (Only One Earth)<\/span><\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Stockholm 1972<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Th\u00e1ng 2, n\u0103m 2000, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u201cInternational Geosphere-Biosphere Programme\u201d (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ecba quy\u1ec3n-Sinh quy\u1ec3n) nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Geneva, di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. Paul Crutzen cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady v\u00e0 k\u00eau l\u00ean: \u201cKh\u00f4ng! Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edd trong th\u1eddi Holocene n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Anthropocene<\/i>!\u201d<\/span><\/span> \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u2013 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Hai n\u0103m sau, 2002 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nature b\u00e0i n\u00f3i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Sau th\u1ebf Canh t\u00e2n (Pleistocene), k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 2.5 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ebf To\u00e0n t\u00e2n (Holocene) thay th\u1ebf 11. 500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 quy danh t\u1eeb \u201cAnthropocene\u201d cho th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch\u201d, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Quan ni\u1ec7m Anthropocene<\/i>, theo \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t (geological force) quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia h\u1ec7 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

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\"D:\\DATA<\/p>\n

Trong 24 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1850, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a \u201cGia t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn\u201d l\u00e0 sau 1945, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(Ngu\u1ed5n: Will Steffen (ed.), trong Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure<\/em>, New York: Springer, 2005; v\u00e0 Will Steffen, Wendy Broadgate, Lisa Deutsch, Owen Faffney v\u00e0 Cornelia Ludwig, trong \u201cThe Trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration<\/em>\u201d, The Anthropocene Review, Januar 2015. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1ch Christophe Bonneuil & Jean-Paptiste Fressoz, The Shock of the Anthropocene<\/em>.)<\/p>\n

——–<\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o:
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Crutzen, P.J., 2002, Geology of Mankind: <\/span>Nature<\/span><\/i>, v. 415, p. 23. (Courtesy of <\/span>Nature<\/span><\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0We have forgotten how to be good guests, how to walk lightly on the earth as its other creatures do.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u0110\u1ecaA CH\u1ea4T H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A NH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I1 Paul J. Crutzen (2002) (Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch) Paul J. Crutzen (1933-2021) L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ecbch ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, t\u1eeb l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a David Christian (nxb Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ed1). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u1ef1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[78,77],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1321"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5185,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1321\/revisions\/5185"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1321"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}