{"id":13217,"date":"2025-04-26T19:10:17","date_gmt":"2025-04-26T12:10:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13217"},"modified":"2025-04-26T22:31:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-26T15:31:23","slug":"vom-titus-hai-phu-dieu-loi-di-khao-co-hoc-n-l-viet-va-n-l-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/vom-titus-hai-phu-dieu-loi-di-khao-co-hoc-n-l-viet-va-n-l-dung\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00f2m Titus: Hai ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau l\u1ed1i \u0111i (Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, N. L. Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 N. L. D\u0169ng)"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00f2m Titus: Hai ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau l\u1ed1i \u0111i<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u201eChi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\u201c v\u00e0 \u201eChi\u1ebfn<\/strong> l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m<\/strong>\u201c<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t *) <\/sup>& Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng **)<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

*)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sup>C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc W\u00fcrzburg, \u0110\u1ee9c)<\/span><\/p>\n

**) <\/sup>Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa Tp. HCM)<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u00ecnh c\u1ed5ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Rome, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau v\u1ec1 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i Rome l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 81 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai Velia, m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u1ed1i Palatine v\u1edbi Esquiline.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Via Sacra ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 (Forum Romanum). C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho Titus \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Titus (39-81, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 79-81 SCN) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Vespasian (9-79, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 69-79 SCN) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m r\u00f5 l\u00fd do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng: \u201cPh\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m\u201d. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00fd do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Titus trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phong th\u00e1nh cho Titus do Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o La M\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sau khi Titus qua \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

V\u00f2m Titus \u1edf Rome (Theo Pogorzelski, 2015)<\/p>\n

T<\/span>itus sinh ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 39 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i Rome, l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Praetor Vespasian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 69. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Flavian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 79 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 81 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i Aquae Cutiliae, Latium. Khi l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Imperator Titus Ceasar divi Vespasiani filius Vespasianus Augustus (Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Titus Ceasar con trai c\u1ee7a Vespasian Augustus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 67, Titus, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 26 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn Judea v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Nero tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 giao cho Vespasian nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 68, Nero \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t. Sau khi cha \u00f4ng l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 69, Titus v\u1eabn gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i. Titus b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c v\u00e2y h\u00e3m Jerusalem v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 70 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Jerusalem, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi kho\u1ea3ng 25.000 binh l\u00ednh, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, trong khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Jerusalem b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y. Theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Do Th\u00e1i-Hy L\u1ea1p Flavius \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bJosephus, kho\u1ea3ng 1,1 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i do chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i. Trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, 97.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Jerusalem, Vespasian v\u00e0 Titus \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef \u1edf Caesarea v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 70\/71 r\u1ed3i v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn Rome b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd \u1edf Jerusalem nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9n s\u00e1ch Torah, c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n menorah (ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n b\u1ea3y nh\u00e1nh) l\u00e0m t\u1eeb 30 kg v\u00e0ng, b\u00e0n b\u00e1nh d\u00e2ng v\u00e0 hai chi\u1ebfc k\u00e8n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Vespasian v\u00e0 Titus \u1edf Rome v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n Titus. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Flavian \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf Rome, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n Titus \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3. Sau cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb Jerusalem \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Templum Pacis, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Jerusalem. V\u00ec chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Titus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh t\u1ea1i Rome b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus tr\u00ean Via Sacra v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i Circus Maximus (tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u Maximus). Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus \u1edf Circus Maximus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 81 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi ba m\u00e1i v\u00f2m v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng may \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Rome, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra t\u00e0n t\u00edch (nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a v\u00f2m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1m th\u00e1ng sau khi Vespasian tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Rome, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 71, Vespasian v\u00e0 con trai \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Titus \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i. Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Flavius \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bJosephus, Titus \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho kho\u1ea3ng 700 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh trong cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i Rome. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n theo nghi l\u1ec5 khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Rome. Nh\u00e0 Flavian (Vespasian, Titus v\u00e0 Domitian (51-96, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 81-96 SCN)) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, v\u00ec Vespasian v\u00e0 Titus quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng nhau \u0103n m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 trao cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Trong l\u1ec5 di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n, qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh qua Campus Martius \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Octavia. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p cao ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n. Sau khi Titus v\u00e0 Vespasian \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, \u0111o\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i qua \u201cporta triumphalis\u201d (c\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng) v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n qua Circus Maximus h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec7n Capitol. Circus Maximus n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rome v\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ua xe ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdi th\u00fa; \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bcu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Flavius \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bJosephus ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110o\u00e0n r\u01b0\u1edbc mang theo \u201cg\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3.\u201d Ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, b\u1ea1c, v\u00e0ng, ng\u00e0 voi, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kho b\u00e1u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Theo m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Josephus, \u0111o\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Vespasian, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Titus. Domitian c\u0169ng theo sau v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i cai tr\u1ecb Flavian m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Jupiter Capitolinus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, \u0111o\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh. Khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n Capitol, ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u1ecbch Simon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf r\u00fat lui v\u1ec1 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n ti\u1ec7c xa hoa ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u1ea5p cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u0169ng r\u00fat lui v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7c t\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111o\u00e0n r\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng porta triumphalis.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

Di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Titus (H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Connolly, 1997)<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i \u1edf Rome v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Frangipani n\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. Giuseppe Valadier \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u00e1i v\u00f2m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1822 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c g\u00f3c g\u00e1c m\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed9t l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 travertine La M\u00e3. Valadier, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Piazza del Popolo \u1edf Rome, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n di t\u00edch c\u1ed5 La M\u00e3 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng tu Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean g\u00e1c m\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edbng ra Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng La M\u00e3. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a di t\u00edch l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee3t tr\u00f9ng tu ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1823-1824. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p v\u00e0 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Napoleon kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng trong th\u1eddi gian Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Rome, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1820 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pius VII (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau t\u00ean trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef Latin tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t v\u00f2m h\u01b0\u1edbng ra Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u00e1i v\u00f2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e1p cao. C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00f9ng tu nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\"\" \u00a0V\u00f2m Titus n\u0103m 1748 (H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Piranesi 1756)<\/p>\n\"\"\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 V\u00f2m Titus n\u0103m 1872 (H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Unger & von Alt, 1902)<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus cao 14,5 m (kho\u1ea3ng 49 feet La M\u00e3), r\u1ed9ng 13,5 m v\u00e0 s\u00e2u 4,75 m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch Pentelic. Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111i duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ed1n n\u1eeda c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed9t gh\u00e9p t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai n\u1eeda c\u1ed9t \u1edf hai b\u00ean l\u1ed1i \u0111i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00eda r\u00e3nh. C\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00f2m \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u00e1i v\u00f2m m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Roma (ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (ph\u00eda T\u00e2y). \u1ede b\u1ed1n b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i \u0111i, c\u00e1c n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u01a1 l\u1eedng nh\u00ecn xu\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau nh\u1ecf ngay ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i \u0111i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n r\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Titus (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Vespasian) tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 71 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u00e1i v\u00f2m n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ed1n ng\u1ef1a l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00f2m, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1i \u0111i (Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m) k\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ed1i \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1i \u0111i cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf: Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Titus chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. \u00d4ng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o toga, c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ed1n b\u00e1nh do b\u1ed1n con ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Victoria Augusti \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea1nh \u00f4ng v\u00e0 trao cho \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfc Corona Aurea (v\u01b0\u01a1ng ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0ng) n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, v\u00f2ng hoa chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00e1 s\u1ed3i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 s\u1ed3i. V\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i tr\u00ean t\u00f3c Titus. Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 hai v\u00f2ng hoa n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft. Virtus, \u0103n m\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh, d\u1eaft theo ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a b\u1ed1n ng\u1ef1a b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. D\u00e2y da c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 d\u00e2y c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng tua cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 hoa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u00e2n xe ng\u1ef1a, Honos, hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vinh quang chi\u1ebfn tranh, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean b\u00e1n kh\u1ecfa th\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai lictors (v\u1ec7 s\u0129) \u1edf ph\u00eda sau, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf. Ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00eda sau c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ed1n ng\u1ef1a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c binh l\u00ednh m\u1eb7c \u00e1o toga (\u00e1o cho\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Virtus hay Roma, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rome, thay v\u00ec Virtus, hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u1edf Rome c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Roma lu\u00f4n ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. C\u00f4 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n anh ta, t\u1eb7ng anh ta th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p anh ta. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Virtus lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 Virtus. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Virtus, Honos v\u00e0 Victoria. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Ara Pacis, n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cpopulus romanus\u201d, hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n La M\u00e3, l\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb thay v\u00ec Honos. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111o\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Populus Romanus kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau cho th\u1ea5y Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Titus \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00fang, theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u00e0 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c: N\u1ebfu huy hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a quan cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh (Virtus, Honos, Victoria) c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh Victoria thay v\u00ec c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (servus publicus). Corona Aurea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay trong cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf Rome.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

\u1ea2nh ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1i \u0111i<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a V\u00f2m Titus t\u1ea1i Rome (H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd theo Pogorzelski, 2015)<\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u00eda nam b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1i \u0111i, b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m, m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m t\u00e1m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c, di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c khung mang (ferculae) qua m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i v\u00f2m \u1edf r\u00eca b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng porta triumphalis. C\u1ed5ng v\u00f2m n\u00e0y mang theo m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. B\u1ee9c tranh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hai con ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o xe b\u1ed1n ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u00f3c d\u00e0i. V\u00ec l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Vespasian v\u00e0 Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng nhau, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i tr\u00ean c\u1ed7 xe ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u0103m 71 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Domitian c\u01b0\u1ee1i m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a tr\u1eafng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea3 hai gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Vespasian v\u00e0 Titus.\u00a0 H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Pax (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh) ho\u1eb7c Minerva (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt) \u0111\u1ec3 ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Victoria (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng) c\u00f2n c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean tay theo h\u00ecnh v\u00f2m cung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111eo ferculae s\u1ebd mang theo m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ec7m \u1edf vai tr\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c vai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i. Hai thanh \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thanh c\u00f3 n\u00fam gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e1ng, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp thanh mang v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi ngh\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m\u00a0(G\u1ed1c: Von Werner Forman, 1970, Bildnr. \u00a0AKG444466)<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1i \u0111i<\/p>\n

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Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau Chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a V\u00f2m Titus (H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd theo Pogorzelski, 2015)<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mang theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Jerusalem. Tr\u00ean khung ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 b\u00e0n b\u00e1nh tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai chi\u1ebfc c\u1ed1c v\u00e0 hai chi\u1ebfc k\u00e8n b\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd (chazozrot) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. Ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n menorah tr\u00ean thanh s\u1eaft th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

Theo kinh Torah, b\u00e0n b\u00e1nh d\u00e2ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 45 cm (b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cubit), cao 65 cm v\u00e0 d\u00e0i 90 cm. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 keo nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng.\u00a0 V\u00e0o m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y Sa-b\u00e1t, v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u theo l\u1ecbch Do Th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean b\u00e0n b\u00e1nh d\u00e2ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Israel cho m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hai chi t\u1ed9c Israel. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc k\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec1n thi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i theo c\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc chazozra d\u00e0i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cubit (kho\u1ea3ng 46 cm). Cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y Torah, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n menorah \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf \u0111a gi\u00e1c th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng, b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee1. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch trang tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n menorah, v\u00ec hai b\u00ean b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda nhi\u1ec1u sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00f2ng hoa, sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n gi\u1ed1ng b\u00e1o, c\u00e1 ketos trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n bi\u1ebft b\u00e1m v\u00edu, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u1eadt trang tr\u00ed cho ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n menorah. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c thanh \u0111\u1ee1 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean qua \u0111\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1ed5 c\u1eafm ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebf \u0111a gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n menorah \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Do Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i. C\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. Trong Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng do Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o ra; v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y Sa-b\u00e1t, ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, do \u0111\u00f3, Menorah, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n b\u1ea3y nh\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. Chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n menorah nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Solomon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u1ea3ng 1,6 m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

\u0110\u00e8n Menorah (kho\u1ea3ng 45 kg v\u00e0ng) t\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7n Temple, Israel\u00a0 (Theo Fine, 2016)<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap l\u1ec5 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c d\u00e0i, xo\u0103n v\u00e0 mang nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y (tabulae ansatae), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m. Ngay b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n menorah l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n m\u1eb7c \u00e1o toga v\u00e0 \u0111i gi\u00e0y calcei (gi\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng b\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ef1c. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi La M\u00e3, nh\u1eefng huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111eo tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m l\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh trong cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Jerusalem. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c trong toga c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh, v\u00ec c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m r\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e8n menorah v\u00e0 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u00e1nh th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i? Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Fine \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c n\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i. Theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang menorah l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, h\u1ecd c\u00fai m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a menorah v\u00e0 b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o toga d\u00e0i v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. G\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Jerusalem ph\u1ea3i mang nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y n\u00e0y cho binh l\u00ednh La M\u00e3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u00eang chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c xo\u0103n v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7t qu\u1ebf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng t\u1edbi vinh quang v\u00e0 uy nghi\u00eam cho chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. S\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng hoa chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng n\u1eb7ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Titus \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft m\u1ea5t; b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. \u0110\u1ea7u, tay v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c, b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m. C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 r\u00eca c\u1ee7a b\u00e3i chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n; b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau n\u00e0y cao kho\u1ea3ng 203 cm, s\u00e2u 44 cm v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng 399 cm; B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cao kho\u1ea3ng 200 cm v\u00e0 s\u00e2u 27 cm, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00f2m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00eda tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao nhau c\u1ee7a v\u00f2m. M\u1eb7t ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t th\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u00e1c m\u00e1i c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef hay kh\u00f4ng. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda tr\u00ean bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 3 x 3 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00f2m ph\u00eda tr\u00ean. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau tr\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n cho th\u1ea5y Titus \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Jupiter (th\u1ea7n Zeus c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p). \u0110\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta b\u1ecb c\u1eaft ra kh\u1ecfi khung v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Titus. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111ang c\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho chuy\u1ebfn bay c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 phong th\u00e1nh cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201cdivus augustus\u201d (ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec9nh ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf bay l\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u00fd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u ra sau \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y Titus \u0111ang v\u01b0\u01a1n tay l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng trung, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

D\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng<\/p>\n

(G\u1ed1c: https:\/\/de.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datei:TitusbogenDedikationsinschrift<\/a>.jpg)<\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf m\u1eb7t ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng tu v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. D\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung:<\/p>\n

SENATUS<\/p>\n

POPULUSQUE ROMANUS<\/p>\n

DIVO TITO DIVI VESPASIANI F(ILIO)<\/p>\n

VESPASIANO AUGUSTO<\/p>\n

“Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n

v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 (x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00f2m n\u00e0y)<\/p>\n

Titus Vespasian Augustus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh,<\/p>\n

con trai c\u1ee7a Vespasian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh”<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb SENATUS c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh d\u1ef1 to l\u1edbn n\u00e0y t\u1eeb c\u1ed1 Titus, con trai c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Vespasian. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u2013 th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t divus (th\u00e1nh) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 danh hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u2013 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t divus.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau l\u00fd do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i cho th\u1ea7n Titus. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 Honos v\u00e0 Virtus, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00f2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh Titus, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c v\u00f2m v\u00f2m \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o D\u00f2ng Th\u00e1nh, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh con \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng bay l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec7n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean tr\u00ean. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tranh \u1ea3nh: Ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trang tr\u00ed tr\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p. D\u00f2ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. L\u00fd do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. C\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau ch\u1ec9 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Titus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho v\u1ecb th\u1ebf thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Thi\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n phong c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Cassius Dio c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Domitian m\u1edbi, sau khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ec5 t\u1ea5n phong Titus v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn lao. V\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus, Domitian \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Titus, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 anh trai ho\u1eb7c con trai, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Vespasian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a La M\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Rome. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Domitian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb anh trai m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Titus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Jerusalem. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1i v\u00f2m n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd hai b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u1edf l\u1ed1i \u0111i. Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Titus trong c\u1ed7 xe t\u1ee9 m\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a Virtus, Honos v\u00e0 Victoria Augusti; v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t minh h\u1ecda b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c mang chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Do Th\u00e1i qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau l\u1edbn \u1edf l\u1ed1i \u0111i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2m. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Judea v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y Jerusalem v\u00e0o n\u0103m 70 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111i qua kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u1edf Rome. Sau khi ch\u1ebft, Titus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cdivus\u201d (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n) sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phong th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phong th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n La M\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n Titus. C\u1ed5ng v\u00f2m, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Titus n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i t\u1ea5n phong c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1edd t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, t\u00ednh ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i v\u00f2m \u0111\u01a1n, Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n sao n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n Titus trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cKh\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0n M\u00f4n\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p Napoleon I x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1806 t\u1ea1i Paris v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u201cB\u00e0n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c\u201d.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Boschung<\/em>, Stadtbild und Wissensordnung, Urbanitas, 2017, pp. 313-320.<\/li>\n
  2. Cassibry<\/em>, Reception of the Roman Arch Monument, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 122, No. 2, 2018, pp. 245-275.<\/li>\n
  3. Fine<\/em>, Who is carrzing the temple menorah? A jeish counter-narrative of the arch of Titus spolia panel, IMAGES, Koningklijke Brill NV, Leiden 2016.<\/li>\n
  4. Pfanner<\/em>, Der Titusbogen, Verlag P. von Zabern, Mainz 1983.<\/li>\n
  5. K\u00fcnzl<\/em>, Der r\u00f6mische Triumph, Beck Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 1988.<\/li>\n
  6. K\u00fcster<\/em>, Forum Romanum, Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2014.<\/li>\n
  7. Peters<\/em>, Italien: Reste eines weiteren Titusbogens auf dem Circus \u00a0\u00a0Maximus in Rom entdeckt, Antike Welt, No. 4, 2015, p. 5.<\/li>\n
  8. Pogorzelski<\/em>, Der Triumph, N\u00fcnnerich-Asmus Verlag & Media, Mainz \u00a02015.<\/li>\n
  9. Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklop\u00e4die<\/em>, Titus, 2013.<\/li>\n
  10. Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklop\u00e4die<\/em>, Titusbogen, 2020.<\/li>\n
  11. Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklop\u00e4die<\/em>, Tempelschatz von Jerusalem, 2020.<\/li>\n
  12. Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklop\u00e4die<\/em>, Eroberung von Jerusalem (70 n. Chr.), 2020.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    V\u00f2m Titus: Hai ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau l\u1ed1i \u0111i \u201eChi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\u201c v\u00e0 \u201eChi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m\u201c Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t *) & Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng **) *)\u00a0\u00a0 C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc W\u00fcrzburg, \u0110\u1ee9c) **) Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa Tp. HCM) M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00e1c m\u00e1i v\u00f2m kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13217"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13217"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13217\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13247,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13217\/revisions\/13247"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13217"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}