{"id":13301,"date":"2025-05-04T15:05:05","date_gmt":"2025-05-04T08:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13301"},"modified":"2025-05-04T15:05:53","modified_gmt":"2025-05-04T08:05:53","slug":"chan-dung-cua-hoang-de-la-ma-marcus-aurelius-n-l-viet-n-l-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/chan-dung-cua-hoang-de-la-ma-marcus-aurelius-n-l-viet-n-l-dung\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Marcus Aurelius (N. L. Vi\u1ec7t & N. L. D\u0169ng)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La<\/strong> M\u00e3 <\/strong>Marcus Aurelius<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n<\/span><\/strong> L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t <\/strong>*) <\/sup><\/strong>&<\/strong> Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng**)<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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*) <\/sup>C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc W\u00fcrzburg, \u0110\u1ee9c)<\/p>\n

**) <\/sup>Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa Tp. HCM)<\/p>\n

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K<\/span>ho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 2000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Rome (Gaius Julius Ceasar Augustus, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Octavian, 27 TCN-17 SCN) l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng so v\u1edbi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00ec tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n, ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n xu. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng khai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 Marcus Aurelius r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 k\u00e9p v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean ngai v\u00e0ng, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3, khao kh\u00e1t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius sinh ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 121 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i Rome trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Ba n\u0103m sau, cha \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 Marcus Aurelius l\u1edbn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1eb9. Aurelius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. V\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 17, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Antoninus Pius, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cha nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian (117-138 SCN), nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 12 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi cha tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 (Stoizismus) v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Epictetus; Hai n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u201ctoga virilis\u201d (\u00e1o toga m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng nh\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng thanh) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian g\u1ecdi Aurelius l\u00e0 \u201cverrissimus\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t) v\u00ec l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi 2 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 138, Hadrian qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 Antoninus Pius k\u1ebf v\u1ecb l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (138-161 SCN). Aurelius tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan Ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh (quan ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t lo vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) \u00a0l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 140 khi m\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Faustina, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Antoninus, n\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia. N\u0103m 155, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Aurelius qua \u0111\u1eddi. N\u0103m 161, sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Antoninus, Aurelius tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n (\u1edf Anh) v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia, Catti, Marcomanni, Quadi). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

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\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u1ea2nh 1 (tr\u00e1i). Marcus Aurel th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb\u00a0 \u00a0(Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline)<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh 2 (ph\u1ea3i).\u00a0 Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau:\u00a0 L\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn Marcus Aurelus v\u00e0 Lucius Versus \u00a0l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i (Vienna, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt)<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u1ecda b\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline \u1edf Rome. B\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung cho th\u1ea5y khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u2013 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u1ea7m ng\u00e2m. C\u1eadu b\u00e9 c\u00f3 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c xo\u0103n g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o toga \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u201cToga virilis\u201d x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb7c \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 14 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Antonius Pius \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng Salian. \u00d4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 theo ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n khi m\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ed5i, khi \u00f4ng kho\u00e1c l\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u1ea5m \u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong cu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadt k\u00fd s\u00e2u l\u1eafng, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cSuy t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (Selbstbetrachtung\/Meditations) vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc d\u0129.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c sau khi Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 Lucius Versus l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 138 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i Parthia \u1edf Ephenus, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1edf Vienna, \u00c1o. Hadrian \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 Antonius \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e2y quanh Lucius nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, trong khi Marc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf r\u00eca b\u00ean tr\u00e1i trong l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius. Khi Hadrian qua \u0111\u1eddi, Marcus Aurelius m\u1edbi 17 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0ng gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Antoninus Pius. Antoninus h\u1ee9a h\u00f4n Marcus Aurelius v\u1edbi con g\u00e1i m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Faustina. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Marcus Aurelius l\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng. N\u0103m 139, Marcus Aurelius, l\u00fac 18 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Caesar (danh hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed) c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng quan Ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 40 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 161 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius r\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cMeditations\u201d (Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh), Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb h\u1ecd: s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Verus, t\u00ednh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh Ch\u00faa, t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng, h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Marcus Aurelius r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng cha nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec Antoninus Pius n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Marcus Aurelius ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb con nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Rome tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Piazza del Campidolo, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n sao n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thua k\u00e9m b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt (k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 424 x 384 cm) kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda Marcus Aurelius trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u1ed3i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea7u h\u01a1i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 tr\u00e1n ph\u1ed3ng, l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y nh\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean, m\u00ed m\u1eaft che m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7ng th\u00e2m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft. Kh\u00f3e mi\u1ec7ng h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ecdn r\u00e2u xo\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eafn. T\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ecdn t\u00f3c xo\u0103n h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m d\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ng\u1eafn \u1edf c\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a m\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfc turnika (\u00e1o qu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi La m\u00e3) ng\u1eafn v\u1edbi th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng v\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quanh th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh m\u1ea3nh kh\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc tr\u00e2m c\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh kh\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i b\u1ed1t d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Marcus Aurelius gi\u01a1 c\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1edf l\u00f2ng b\u00e0n tay h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. T\u01b0 th\u1ebf adlocutio hay l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Do \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, anh ta tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec v\u1eady con ng\u1ef1a d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi c\u01a1 v\u00e0 g\u00e2n. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9o nh\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o n\u00e0y tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t uy nghi v\u00e0 trang nh\u00e3. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u1ecf ra th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ecf ra h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a gi\u00fap to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. Marcus Aurelius v\u1eeba m\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh Parthia l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Danube, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 169 \u0111\u1ebfn 179 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

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\u1ea2nh 3. B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius (Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline)<\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u00e2n man r\u1ee3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 tranh v\u1ebd v\u00e0 trang nghi\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ch\u00fat vui m\u1eebng hay t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 chu \u0111\u00e1o, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng danh d\u1ef1 n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng mang t\u01b0 duy tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 2 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ho\u00e0ng kim n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi man r\u1ee3 \u0111ang qu\u1ef3 d\u01b0\u1edbi con ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Marcomannic (166-180 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline \u1edf Rome. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111ang qu\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u xin l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t. C\u00e1c n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng \u00f4n h\u00f2a, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng \u00e2n x\u00e1 cho c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh 4 (tr\u00e1i\/tr\u00ean). Marcus Aurelius d\u1eadng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n Jupiter t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n Capitole (Ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau, Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline)<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh 5 (ph\u1ea3i\/d\u01b0\u1edbi). Chi\u1ebfn tranh Markommanen: Marcus Aurelius tha th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a Germanen (Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline)<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u00e2n dung m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong khu v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 30 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Augustus, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u00e2n dung m\u1edbi: c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c ba chi\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c, trang ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n; qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, r\u00e2u v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, \u200b\u200bnh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong ho\u1eb7c sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n cho th\u1ea5y ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. H\u1ecd th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n La M\u00e3 v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3 \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0. ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi trang t\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh 6 tr\u00ean. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Marc Aurel (Vienna, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u1ea2nh 7 d\u01b0\u1edbi.\u00a0Marcus Aurelius trong qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c\u00a0(Paris, Louvre)<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius, hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u1edf Vienna, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 160-180 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. N\u00f3 mang nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius. \u00d4ng ta c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u t\u00f3c xo\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 r\u00e2u r\u1eadm r\u1ea1p, v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ria m\u00e9p m\u1ecdc d\u00e0i qu\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u00ean, trong khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m r\u00e2u nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi mi\u1ec7ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e0i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft to, l\u1ed3i v\u1edbi m\u00ed m\u1eaft tr\u00ean s\u1ee5p xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1nh m\u1eaft h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda xa. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3, \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o toga tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o toga n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc tr\u00e2m c\u00e0i \u1edf vai ph\u1ea3i. G\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh, thanh th\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. B\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang ch\u1ee7 nh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline \u1edf Rome, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111ang truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. G\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ebb thanh th\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng. Tay ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00e2m linh nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 tr\u1ebb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

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\u1ea2nh 8 tr\u00e1i\/tr\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang\u00a0(Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh 9. Marc Aurelius l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0\u00a0(Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5 b\u1ea3n Archiv Diogenes)<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1eb7c \u00e1o gi\u00e1p qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Louvre, Paris, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00e1c th\u00edch t\u1ecf ra chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc pugio, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i dao g\u0103m \u1edf La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i \u1edf t\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. \u00d4ng m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u00e1o gi\u00e1p c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh Gorgoneion tr\u00ean ng\u1ef1c. Gorgoneion l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Medusa (con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n), m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kinh d\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 theo th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p. Marcus Aurelius do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3. Trong 20 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m l\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. \u201cH\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn k\u1ebbo tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf,\u201d v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n theo nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Tiber v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111en Antonine. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c giao tranh bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Danube b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111e d\u1ecda. Tr\u1ea1i d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng Marcus Aurelius. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 167, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa \u1edf Lyon m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia; nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa coi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c \u1edf Rome kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 sau n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 Augustine (m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd) \u0111\u00e3 coi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng noi theo. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Marcus Aurelius ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00f4n vinh c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng coi cha c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, th\u1ea7n Jupiter, l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Sau nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Marcomani, \u00f4ng \u0103n m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf Rome, d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt t\u1ea1 \u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Jupiter \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec7n Capitol.<\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline \u1edf Rome cho th\u1ea5y Marcus Aurelius \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea7n Jupiter c\u1ee7a Capitoline. N\u00e9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf m\u1eb7c \u00e1o toga v\u00e0 tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u. Chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi La M\u00e3 \u2013 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng linh m\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o toga tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5. Princeps l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Rome tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 Camillus tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi acerra, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng. Linh m\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (Flamen Dialis), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Marcus Aurelius, lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u0169 mi\u1ec7n nghi l\u1ec5 (apex). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n th\u1ecbt Tibicen \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu, v\u1edbi con b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1c l\u00e0m v\u1eadt t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 ngay ph\u00eda sau. C\u1ea3nh hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n Jupiter \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Jupiter-Optimus-Maximus.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 180, l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung, xem trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a Diogenes Verlag, cho th\u1ea5y Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u00e9t m\u1eb7t m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 180 t\u1ea1i Vindobona, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Vienna. B\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 180 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Lucius Verus mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng Cassius), nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Suy t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c sau n\u00e0y Marc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m con trai m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Commodus, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3ng li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (177-192 SCN) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u1ebf v\u1ecb theo tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xung quanh cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Avidius Cassius l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, tro c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n trong l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian. \u0110\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o Rome \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t danh d\u1ef1 (C\u1ed9t Marcus Aurelius) v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 176-193 SCN. C\u1ed9t n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Colonna \u1edf Rome. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u1eb7ng danh hi\u1ec7u Divus (Th\u00e1nh) th\u00f4ng qua s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ea5n phong c\u00f4ng khai (conscratio) trong l\u1ec5 tang c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 phong th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u1ed7 xe b\u1ed1n ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

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\"\"\u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh 10 (tr\u00e1i\/tr\u00ean). C\u1ed9t Marc Aurelius (Rome, Piazza Colonna)\u00a0 \u00a0\u1ea2nh 11. Th\u00e1nh Marcus Aurelius in tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Denar d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Commodus (Nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m Kampmann Nr. 37.263.6)<\/p>\n

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Commodus c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng dinar n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng Divus \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00e0n thi\u00eau x\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1eb7t sau (Kampmann 37.263).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n La M\u00e3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn lu\u00f4n kh\u1eafc d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef Divus ho\u1eb7c Diva \u1edf m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n dung. M\u1eb7t sau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e0n thi\u00eau x\u00e1c b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng d\u00e0nh cho Divus. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 in h\u00ecnh diva c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecda ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1eb7t sau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh con c\u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Augustus c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Augustus Capite Velato. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Augustus \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u0103n tr\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng togatus theo ki\u1ec3u Capite Velato (\u0111\u1ea7u cho\u00e0ng kh\u0103n khi hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf). Lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian gi\u1eefa t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y Augustus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn danh hi\u1ec7u pontifex maximus (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng) su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 k\u00e9p l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, do \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u00e2n dung. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Marcus Aurelius l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec1m t\u0129nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a. B\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung mang nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau lu\u00f4n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i thanh b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y. T\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n, ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n xu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1\/ \u00a0\u00a0Marc Aurel, Selbstbetrachtungen, \u00dcbers. und Hrsg. von G. Krapinger, Reclam Verlag, 2019.<\/p>\n

2\/\u00a0 \u00a0M. Bergmann, Marc Aurel, Liebieghaus Monographien 2, 1978.<\/p>\n

3\/\u00a0 \u00a0A. Demandt, Marc Aurel: der Kaiser und seine Welt, Verlag CH Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2019.<\/p>\n

4\/ \u00a0\u00a0K. Fittschen und P. Zanker, Katalog der r\u00f6mischen Portr\u00e4ts in den Capitolinischen Museen und den anderen kommunalen Sammlungen der Stadt Rom. I. Kaiser und Prinzenbildnisse, 1994.<\/p>\n

5\/ \u00a0\u00a0J. F\u00fcndling, Marc Aurel, WBG Verlag, Darmstadt 2008.<\/p>\n

6\/ \u00a0\u00a0V. Grieb (Hrsg.), Marc Aurel \u2013 Wege zu seiner Herrschaft, Sonderdruck, Computus Druck Satz & Verlag, Gutenberg 2017.<\/p>\n

7\/\u00a0 \u00a0C. Horst, Marc Aurel, Historia, Band 225, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2013.<\/p>\n

8\/ \u00a0\u00a0A. Rudow, Die r\u00f6mischen Kaiser, Regionalia Verlag, Daun 2018.<\/p>\n

9\/\u00a0 \u00a0P. Zanker, Die r\u00f6mische Kunst, C. H. Beck Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 2015.<\/p>\n

10\/ P. Zanker, Augustus und die Macht der Bilder, C.H. Beck Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 2009.<\/p>\n

11\/ Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklop\u00e4die, Mark Aurel, 2006.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 Marcus Aurelius \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t *) & Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng**)   *) C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc W\u00fcrzburg, \u0110\u1ee9c) **) Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa Tp. HCM)   Kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 2000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Rome<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13301"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13301"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13330,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13301\/revisions\/13330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13301"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13301"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}