{"id":13343,"date":"2025-05-30T21:28:43","date_gmt":"2025-05-30T14:28:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13343"},"modified":"2025-05-31T18:08:36","modified_gmt":"2025-05-31T11:08:36","slug":"chu-nghia-khac-ky-stoicism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/chu-nghia-khac-ky-stoicism\/","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 (Stoicism)"},"content":{"rendered":"

CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A KH\u1eaeC K\u1ef6\u00a0<\/span>(STOICISM)\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/h1>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em> cho b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

MARCUS AURELIUS \/<\/span> Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t & Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Zeno<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh (Know Thyself)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014 Ti\u00ean tri Delphi (Oracle)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u01a1i \u1ea9n d\u1eadt cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng n\u00fai; v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ea9n d\u1eadt b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ngay trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u1ea9n d\u1eadt n\u00e0o y\u00ean t\u0129nh h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng lo \u00e2u h\u01a1n trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi anh ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u00ean trong anh ta m\u00e0 khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o anh ta s\u1ebd ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n; v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed. V\u1eady th\u00ec h\u00e3y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ea1n n\u01a1i \u1ea9n d\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Marcus Aurelius<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n m\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u00f3 \u0111i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 <\/span>Seneca<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a g\u1ed1c Phoenica Zeno.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Zeno, sau \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Zeno – Nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 (stoa poikil\u00ea<\/em>) \u1edf Agora t\u1ea1i Athens \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u01a1i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tri\u1ebft gia Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Athens v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Zeno sinh ra t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Citium c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Phoenicia-Hy L\u1ea1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o S\u00edp, tr\u00f9ng n\u0103m Alexander \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf l\u00ean ng\u00f4i vua Macedonia. Cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111i Athens v\u00e0 Zeno t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 theo ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 Zeno c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 22 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u, m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0u l\u1eabn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. L\u00fd do g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng nghe n\u00f3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia xui x\u1ebbo kia vui m\u1eebng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, “T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi t\u00f4i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u”. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u \u200b\u200b\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Zeno \u0111\u1ebfn Athens, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. Khi b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t \u1edf Athens, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao Memorabilia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Xenophon v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Socrates \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 coi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Zeno sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 Crates r\u1ed3i v\u1edbi Stilpo, v\u00e0 Polemo. Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, Zeno \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c hi\u00ean nh\u00e0 (‘stoa’) c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y h\u00e0nh lang trong khu ch\u1ee3 \u1edf Athens v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean theo n\u01a1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, Stoic, hay Porch (Veranda). Ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i h\u1ed3n v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Zeno, tr\u01b0\u1eddng Porch ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bChrysippus (280\u2014207 TCN), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Cleanthes, Seneca, Epictetus, v\u00e0 Marcus Aurelius, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eddi sau.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ghi \u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean Athens, m\u1ed9t l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Athens. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1935 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i thi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (IAU) \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean Zeno.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 khi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Diogenes x\u1ee9 Babylon (kho\u1ea3ng 230 \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 140 TCN), mang Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn Rome v\u00e0o n\u0103m 155 TCN.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Zeno t\u1eeb Citium Zeno x\u1ee9 Citium trong b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp Farnese, Naples. \u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a Paolo Monti, 1969.<\/p>\n\"Cyprus\n

Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Citium \u0111\u1ebfn Athens kho\u1ea3ng 300 d\u1eb7m. Hy l\u1ea1p n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 coi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> (nature) l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec; v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba ph\u1ea7n: V\u1eadt l\u00fd (phusik\u00ea) <\/em>nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch lu\u1eadn; Logic (\u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2)<\/em>, g\u1ed3m rhetoric (h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n), ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, gi\u00fap r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed \u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang sai; n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal arts) ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trung c\u1ed5 (xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>); v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (ethos)<\/em> \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a eudaimonist<\/em>, coi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (eudaimonia) \u2013 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (telos) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch (telos), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t: \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh<\/em> (virtue). \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Seneca), hay \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d (Diogenes Laertius). Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, x\u00e9t theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh (Seneca). Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hay th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac (Chrysippus).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111am m\u00ea (path\u00ea) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111am m\u00ea (apathes). \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00e9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111am m\u00ea l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n phi l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n.\u00a0(David Hume t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n: \u0110am m\u00ea l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u0103n d\u1eaft l\u00fd t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.)<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Plato cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00dd ni\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c Nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t; nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng xuy\u00ean qua ch\u00fang, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda, \u00e6ther, tinh th\u1ea7n, linh h\u1ed3n, l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chi ph\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf), c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa; trong khi truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n. Linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bth\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. L\u1ee3i \u00edch cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc?<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u1eed th\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u1ec1 Zeno v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Cleanthes, Senaca, Gaius Musonius Rufus, Epictetus … ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd mang t\u00ednh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, hay tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng “h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac” theo ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?\u201d Seneca h\u1ecfi trong Moral Letters<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cTri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean\u201d, khuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng cho “ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o”, h\u1ee3p “l\u1ebd tr\u1eddi” d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb logic.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"Who\n

Epictetus ( – 135 Sau CN)<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0103n \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00e3y g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cao c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129 g\u00ec hay l\u00e0m g\u00ec. H\u00e3y gi\u1eef v\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh b\u1ea1n.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2015 Epictetus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"undefined\"<\/p>\n

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (c. 4 B.C.E.\u201465 C.E.)<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf C\u00f3rdoba, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng sinh ra.<\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n m\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u00f3 \u0111i.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 <\/span>Seneca<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C<\/em>\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng, way of life<\/em>, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Pierre Hadot nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. “M\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m linh, \u1ea9n s\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch” nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Theo \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m (contemplative) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau khi Socrates qua \u0111\u1eddi. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Socrates, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m (nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00e2m l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, m\u1edbi g\u00e2y ra \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (Cognitive Bahavioral Therapy, CBT) b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 chung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ra. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e2u d\u00e0i thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Thung l\u0169ng Silicon\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00e1o WIRED n\u0103m 2017 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon:\u00a0H\u01a1n 2.000 n\u0103m sau khi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21<\/em>. Nh\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p Tim Ferriss, ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng cao \u0111\u1ed9”.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Digg Kevin Rose, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf (t\u1eafm n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh; kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u00e1o kho\u00e1c v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 “ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn” (surrender, t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7) h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y: “T\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang v\u1ed1n c\u00f3”.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i b\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 n\u00ean duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u201cGi\u1eadn d\u1eef\u201d, Seneca vi\u1ebft, \u201cl\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i\u201d; ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 co th\u1eaft phi l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u201d. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn “l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng” n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh vi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (cognitive behavioural therapy, CBT) n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Donald Robertson, nh\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p self-help hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m g\u00e2y ra, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb k\u1ef7, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c\u201d, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y bi\u1ebft bao \u0111au kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1edd b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cs\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7\u201d bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa \u00fd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Susan Fowler<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

WIRED n\u0103m 2017 c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f4 Susan Fowler, c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb, 34t tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. C\u00f4 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea \u1edf Arizona, b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o Tin l\u00e0nh, m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u00f4 \u1edf nh\u00e0. T\u1eeb nh\u1ecf c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn Plutarch v\u00e0 Stoics, m\u00e0 c\u00f4 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. C\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p m\u00f4n V\u1eady l\u00fd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pennsyvania, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. Khi v\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u1edf UBER \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t whistleblower (ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c). S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn cho CEO Uber x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c. C\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7”. C\u00f4 n\u00f3i, Epictetus ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, gi\u00e0u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d. C\u00f4 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean blog c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 “Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng phi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em><\/strong>.” S\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3, s\u00e1ch v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3, s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 Senaca, Marcua Aurelius, Epictetus, r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f4, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n soi s\u00e1ng gi\u00fap c\u00f4 ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh. V\u00e2ng, c\u00f4 d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft, sapere aude<\/em>, kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Kant, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn khai s\u00e1ng cho m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2017, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed TIME \u0111\u00e3 trao gi\u1ea3i Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u0103m<\/em> cho “Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 im l\u1eb7ng”, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a phong tr\u00e0o #MeToo l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Susan Fowler:<\/p>\n

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Susan Fowler th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean b\u00eca c\u1ee7a TIME<\/p>\n

C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ebft phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u “chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh”, tri th\u1ee9c gi\u00fap khai th\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khai s\u00e1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 Zeno n\u00f3i. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ecdc Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Seneca l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p, thi v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4:<\/p>\n

Suy ng\u1eabm<\/em> (Meditations) c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, v\u1ecb vua-tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m khi t\u00f4i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh. C\u00f2n ai t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng? H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Marcus Aurelius.<\/span><\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh The Enchiridion<\/em> c\u1ee7a Epictetus \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Epictetus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Epictetus \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do theo m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 thua cu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Epictetus mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta: \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta? T\u00e2m tr\u00ed, suy ngh\u0129, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta vun \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cu\u1ed1n On the Shortness of Life <\/em>(V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi) c\u1ee7a Seneca. T\u00f4i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho n\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i Seneca \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Zeno, Pythagoras, Democritus v\u00e0 Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng: \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u00e9p t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebft, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i ra v\u1ec1 tay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Susan Fowler<\/strong><\/p>\n

Susan Fowler l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u role model nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Hollywood d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t phim v\u1ec1 Susan Fowler.<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i tin l\u00e0 c\u00f3. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 logic \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho n\u00f3. \u00d4ng th\u00edch cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng thanh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng danh v\u1ecdng. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ganh \u0111ua, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng nghi\u00ean c\u01b0u v\u00ec \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, l\u1ea1i x\u00f4ng pha d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u1eadp (Book) 1 c\u1ee7a Suy ng\u1eabm, <\/em>t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, Marcus Aurelius vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n

I. T\u1eeb \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i (Verus), t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhu m\u00ec, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf m\u1ecdi c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea. T\u1eeb danh ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. T\u1eeb m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u; h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng thanh \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 xa x\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1edbn. V\u1ec1 \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm cho t\u00f4i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0; v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 di s\u1ea3n cho \u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1ed1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u1ede trang ti\u1ebfp, m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 xem b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf minh tri\u1ebft kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 Marcus Aurelius:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/marcus-aurelius-hoang-de-triet-gia-la-ma\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"Greek\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A KH\u1eaeC K\u1ef6\u00a0(STOICISM)\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\u00a0 D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp cho b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft\u00a0 MARCUS AURELIUS \/ Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t & Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng   Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u2014 Zeno H\u00e3y bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh (Know Thyself) \u2014 Ti\u00ean tri<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[3,1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13343"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13343"}],"version-history":[{"count":93,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13543,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13343\/revisions\/13543"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}