{"id":13517,"date":"2025-05-30T21:24:54","date_gmt":"2025-05-30T14:24:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13517"},"modified":"2025-05-30T21:39:36","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T14:39:36","slug":"marcus-aurelius-hoang-de-triet-gia-la-ma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/marcus-aurelius-hoang-de-triet-gia-la-ma\/","title":{"rendered":"Marcus Aurelius: Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia La M\u00e3"},"content":{"rendered":"

MARCUS AURELIUS<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

Ho\u00e0ng<\/strong> \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t *) <\/sup>& Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng**)<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n v\u00f4 v\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u00e1ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng l\u00ean b\u1ea1n. Khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u2014 h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ee9c d\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, h\u00e3y suy ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: T\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y? Hay l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u0103n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u1ea5m cho m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n? V\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hay sao? B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa chim nh\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng con nh\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng con ong c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hay sao? B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay sao?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Marcus Aurelius<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Suy ng\u1eabm<\/em> c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, v\u1ecb vua-tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m khi t\u00f4i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh. C\u00f2n ai t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng? H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Marcus Aurelius.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Susan Flowler <\/span><\/strong>(Thung l\u0169ng Silicon)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch La M\u00e3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 170\u2013180. Ngu\u1ed3n: Christie\u2019s<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00ec cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Suy ng\u1eabm<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. The Meditations<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng, Frederick \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Stoics trong t\u00fai y\u00ean ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng James “Mad Dog” Mattis, ch\u1ec9 huy l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 NATO, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mang theo Suy ng\u1eabm<\/em> khi tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf V\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0, Afghanistan v\u00e0 Iraq; Bill Clinton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 William Alexander Percy c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Lanterns on the Levee<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng “trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo nh\u01b0 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, d\u00f9 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. . . . V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 \u1edf b\u00ean trong, v\u00e0 khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng”. Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u00d4n Gia B\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Suy ng\u1eabm<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Meditations<\/em> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n in \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1558, mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “Cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh” (Ta eis heauton, \u03a4\u1f70 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Latinh. N\u0103m 1634, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 Marcus Aurelius Antoninus the Roman Emperor, His Meditations Concerning Himself . . . . Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Meditations<\/em>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c. Marcus Aurelius kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i tim s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1. Khi nghe tin m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng y\u00eau qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi, Caesar tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft tu\u00f4n r\u01a1i tr\u00ean m\u00e1\u2014c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eadp ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 x\u00e9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00ec \u0111au bu\u1ed3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean \u00f4ng, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u00f4ng. Cha nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Antoninus Pius, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng chu \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, ra hi\u1ec7u cho h\u1ecd tr\u00e1nh ra. \u00d4ng th\u00ec th\u1ea7m, “H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n; v\u00ec c\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.” \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi: Marcus nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. (Donald J. Robertson)<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 Cassius Dio \u0111\u00e3 suy ng\u1eabm r\u1eb1ng Marcus “kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i trong su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh”. Nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta suy ng\u1eabm ng\u00e0y nay n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. (D. J. Robertson)<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 (Stoicism)<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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MARCUS AURELIUS<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

Ho\u00e0ng<\/strong> \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 161 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 180 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o m\u1edbi Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u00e9p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn \u1edf \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng. Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u00ec hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau! Trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn sau \u0111\u00e2y, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius sinh ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 121 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ea1i Rome trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Ba n\u0103m sau, cha \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 Marc l\u1edbn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1eb9. Aurel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. V\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 17, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Antoninus Pius, nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Antonimus Pius c\u00f3 cha nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. N\u0103m 12 tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi cha tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Epictetus; Hai n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u201ctoga virilis\u201d (\u00e1o toga c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian g\u1ecdi Aurelius l\u00e0 \u201cverrissimus\u201d (ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t) v\u00ec l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 138, Hadrian qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 Antoninus Pius k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ngai v\u00e0ng. Aurelius tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quan Ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh (c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5\u00a0 tr\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh l\u1eabn qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 140 khi m\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Faustina, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Antoninus, n\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 155, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Aurel qua \u0111\u1eddi. N\u0103m 161, sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Antoninus, Aurelius tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n (Anh) v\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf (Parthia, Catti, Marcomanni, Quadi). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch khi\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u1ed1m y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

\"Statue<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Mracus Autrelius trong qu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c (Louvre, Paris)<\/p>\n

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\u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y Marcus Aurelius c\u0169ng theo h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra h\u1ecd, Zeno, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 (340-260 TCN), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 thanh th\u1ea3n ngay t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf. N\u1ebfu chia tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (Hy L\u1ea1p) th\u00e0nh ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: 1. Logic; 2. V\u1eadt l\u00fd; 3. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00f4ng qua l\u00fd tr\u00ed. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p La M\u00e3) l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi c\u01a1n b\u00e3o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n m\u1ecdi ham mu\u1ed1n hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd tr\u00ed. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, Marcus Aurelius ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\"\"\n\"\"\n

Tr\u00ean: Marc Aurelius l\u00fac tr\u1ebb (Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt)\u00a0 D\u01b0\u1edbi: B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Suy T\u01b0\u1edfng (Hamburg, 1727)<\/p>\n

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Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua-tri\u1ebft gia l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u201eeis eautrm\u201c, ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cSuy T\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (Selbstbetrachtungen ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c, Meditations ti\u1ebfng Anh). Aurel \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i trong tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u201cSuy T\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (Hy L\u1ea1p). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh m\u01b0\u1eddi hai quy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 chia th\u00e0nh hai kh\u1ed1i. Kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 Marcus Aurelius c\u1ea3m \u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u00a0\u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i trong tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00e3y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn k\u1ebbo tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d (Quy\u1ec3n VI, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 30), v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n theo nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius c\u1ea3m \u01a1n th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t t\u1eeb h\u1ecd: s\u1ef1 thanh th\u1ea3n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Verus, t\u00ednh khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00ednh Ch\u00faa, t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng, h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef cho m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00e1 c\u01b0\u1ee3c. Marcus Aurelius r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng cha nu\u00f4i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec Antoninus Pius n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Marcus Aurelius ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Marcus Aurelius, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa v\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ataraxia (s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed), th\u00ec Marc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i. Ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef pathos (s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m), c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u201cC\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u00fa vui x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, k\u1ebb gian d\u00e2m, k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 k\u1ebb b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng?\u201d (VI, 34). \u0110\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i, Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Suy t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u201elogos spermatikos\u201c (H\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta \u0111i theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn b\u1edfi logos, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 giao cho \u00f4ng ta.<\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng ai m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh; Nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eebng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.\u201d (VII, 74)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Caesar (ph\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf). Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 logos, giao cho \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng b\u00ean trong. \u201cN\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.\u201d (XII, 1)<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecf b\u00ea c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, logic v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. V\u1edbi \u00f4ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa trong s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp t\u00e2m linh nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb \u201cSuy T\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t h\u1ecd. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u. \u0110\u1eebng tr\u1ea3 \u00e1c b\u1eb1ng \u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 danh ti\u1ebfng sau khi ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 du nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eady. Th\u1ee9 hai, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng.\u201d (III, 5)<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3, l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4i th\u00fac v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 gian \u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu hay ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc gai tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec khi h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. M\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y.\u201d (XII, 26)<\/p>\n

L\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n danh v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00ec ch\u00fang g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh v\u1ecdng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 du v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 du: nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan, h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: T\u00f4i th\u1ee9c d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d (V, 1)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd c\u00e1u k\u1ec9nh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u1ee9c d\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng.\u201d B\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u00e3y l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u1eb7ng bao nhi\u00eau t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Khi g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 h\u00e3y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui v\u1ebb. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u1eebng ngh\u0129 ngay r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e3y tin r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn xem suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e3y d\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. V\u00e0 h\u00e3y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, v\u00ec gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u201c C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u00e1c.\u201d (VI, 6)<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 than v\u00e3n, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 l\u1ed1 b\u1ecbch, tr\u1ebb con v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong phong c\u00e1ch, c\u1ea3 trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi th\u00fa vui, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. H\u00e3y lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0i nghi: H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb g\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi ch\u00fang c\u0169 \u0111i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Suy t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd \u0111ang suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng, b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Rome b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u00e0n, Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 an ninh v\u00e0 trong n\u1ed7i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, Marcus Aurelius t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng suy ng\u1eabm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7, \u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trong Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadt k\u00fd mang l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c; n\u00f3 l\u1ea1c quan nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bi quan nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius v\u1eabn h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 thao tr\u00ed \u00f3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n). Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin L\u00e0nh: t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 xa hoa v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng, coi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n. Marcus Aurelius c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd coi tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1edd kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ebb con\u201d v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n phi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mang trong m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t logos spermatikos (h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed), r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn si\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eN\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt chung; N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n; n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; v\u00ec c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia chung n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7?\u201d (IV, 4)<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 ba ph\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t Marcus Aurelius. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 167, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa \u1edf Lyon m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia; nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa coi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c \u1edf Rome kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 sau n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 Augustine (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n s\u0129 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd) \u0111\u00e3 coi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng noi theo. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 145 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Marc k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi Annia Galeria Faustina, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Antoninus Pius. B\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 (13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con: 7 con g\u00e1i v\u00e0 6 con trai). Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 Commodus (sinh n\u0103m 161 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 Annius Verus (sinh n\u0103m 162) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0m Caesar trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n La M\u00e3 T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o n\u0103m 166 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ngai v\u00e0ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Commodus k\u1ebf v\u1ecb Marcus Aurelius sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Verus \u1edf Rome v\u00e0o n\u0103m 169. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0o n\u0103m 180, Commodus tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u2013 do \u0111\u00f3, Commodus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0u t\u00edm (sinh ra trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Marcus Aurelius v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i: Faustina Nh\u1ecf (Louvre, Paris)\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3i: Commodus (Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt)<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Marcus Aurelius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i. Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i La M\u00e3 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Tiber v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111en Antonine, m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c giao tranh bu\u1ed9c \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Danube b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111e d\u1ecda. Tr\u1ea1i d\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi. Trong 20 n\u0103m tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m l\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/p>\n

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Chi\u1ebfn tranh Markommanen: Marcus Aurelius\u00a0tha th\u1ee7 l\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a Germanen (Rome, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Capitoline)<\/p>\n

Marcus Aurelius qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 180 t\u1ea1i Vindobona, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Vienna. B\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 180 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Lucius Verus mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi con, \u00e2m m\u01b0u c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng Cassius), nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Suy T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c sau n\u00e0y Marc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m con trai m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Commodus, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3ng li\u1ec1u l\u0129nh, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u1ebf v\u1ecb theo tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n xung quanh cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Avidius Cassius l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, tro c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n trong l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Hadrian. \u0110\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng, Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n Rome \u0111\u00e3 cho d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t danh d\u1ef1 (C\u1ed9t Marcus Aurelius) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 176 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 193. C\u1ed9t n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Colonna \u1edf Rome. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u1eb7ng danh hi\u1ec7u Divus (\u0110\u1ea5ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang) th\u00f4ng qua s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 t\u1ea5n phong c\u00f4ng khai (conscratio) trong l\u1ec5 tang c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 phong th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

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C\u1ed9t Marcus Aurelius (Rome, Piazza Colonna)<\/p>\n

Khi Marcus Aurelius l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 161, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch h\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng lan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng La M\u00e3 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u00f4n coi tr\u1ecdng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t y\u00eau m\u1ebfn \u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc tin t\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Marc v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Marc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng, \u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa: “Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111en t\u1ed1i, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i u \u0111ang ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con quay, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1, danh ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y xi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eef kh\u00e1ch, danh ti\u1ebfng sau khi ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c, kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec cho s\u1ef1 may r\u1ee7i, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n xem x\u00e9t l\u00fd tr\u00ed ra l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec” (t\u1eeb II, 17). Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d (Suy T\u01b0\u1edfng), Marcus Aurelius \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, n\u00e2ng cao tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 an \u1ee7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia duy nh\u1ea5t cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u201cl\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u1edf sai n\u01a1i\u201d. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Marcus Aurelius, c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t *) <\/sup>& Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng**)<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

*)\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sup>C\u1eed nh\u00e2n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc W\u00fcrzburg, \u0110\u1ee9c)<\/p>\n

**) <\/sup>Ph\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc (\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa Tp. HCM)<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1\/\u00a0 W. Ameling, Die Kinder des Marc Aurel und die Bildnistypen der Faustina Minor, Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 90 (1992), 147-166, R. Habelt Verlag, Bonn 1992.<\/p>\n

2\/ \u00a0\u00a0Marc Aurel, Selbstbetrachtungen, \u00dcbers. und Hrsg. von G. Krapinger, Reclam Verlag, 2019.<\/p>\n

3\/\u00a0 A. Demandt, Marc Aurel: der Kaiser und seine Welt, Verlag CH Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2019.<\/p>\n

4\/\u00a0 W. Eck et al, Die Krise des r\u00f6mischen Reiches unter Marc Aurel und ein Milit\u00e4rdiplom aus dem Jahr 177 (?), CHIRON Sonderdruck aus Band 33, Verlag C.H. Beck, M\u00fcnchen 2003.<\/p>\n

5\/ \u00a0\u00a0J. F\u00fcndling, Marc Aurel, WBG Verlag, Darmstadt 2008.<\/p>\n

6\/\u00a0 V. Grieb (Hrsg.), Marc Aurel \u2013 Wege zu seiner Herrschaft, Sonderdruck, Computus Druck Satz & Verlag, Gutenberg 2017.<\/p>\n

7\/\u00a0 \u00a0C. Groeling, Kaiser Marc Aurel: Abbild und Vorbild eines Herrscherideals \u2013 Ein Beitrag zur Rezeption der Antike, Diplomarbeit, Studiengang Kulturwissenschaften, Europa-Universit\u00e4t Viadrina, GRIN Verlag, 2006.<\/p>\n

8\/\u00a0 \u00a0C. Horst, Marc Aurel, Historia, Band 225, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2013.<\/p>\n

9\/\u00a0 \u00a0R. Hund, Studien zur Au\u00dfenpolitik der Kaiser Antoninus Pius und Marc Aurel im Schatten der Makomannenkriege, PHAROS Band 40, Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden 2017.<\/p>\n

10\/ Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklop\u00e4die, Mark Aurel, 2006.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

MARCUS AURELIUS Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t *) & Nguy\u1ec5n L\u01b0\u01a1ng D\u0169ng**) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y   \u0110\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n v\u00f4 v\u00e0n n\u0103m th\u00e1ng ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd ph\u1ee7 b\u00f3ng l\u00ean b\u1ea1n. Khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u2014 h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13517"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13517"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13517\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13537,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13517\/revisions\/13537"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13517"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13517"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13517"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}