{"id":13737,"date":"2025-06-14T20:53:01","date_gmt":"2025-06-14T13:53:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13737"},"modified":"2025-06-14T21:45:07","modified_gmt":"2025-06-14T14:45:07","slug":"van-hoa-va-dan-chu-jonathan-sumption","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/van-hoa-va-dan-chu-jonathan-sumption\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (Jonathan Sumption)"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1ea0I SAO SUY THO\u00c1I V\u0102N H\u00d3A \u1ede HOA K\u1ef2 L\u00c0 M\u1ed8T M\u1ed0I \u0110E D\u1eccA \u0110\u1ed0I V\u1edaI N\u1ec0N D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6<\/span><\/h1>\n

Why Cultural Decline in the U.S. Is a Threat to Democracy<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Jonathan Sumption<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1o The New York Times<\/em><\/strong>, ng\u00e0y 2 th\u00e1ng 6, 2025<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: <\/em>Mai L\u00ea<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y: <\/em>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c cho \u201cnh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m.\u201d H\u1ecd quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u201cnh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh tay\u201d (strongmen) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Jonathan Sumption<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Jonathan Sumption <\/strong>l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t: \u201cNh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7: V\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n\u201d <\/em>(The Challenges of Democracy: And The Rule of Law|<\/em>\u00a0Feb 13, 2025)<\/span><\/p>\n

L<\/span>\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i Anh Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lo ng\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean khi nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Venezuela, Peru, Hungary, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 hay Nga. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 long tr\u1eddi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xe t\u0103ng tr\u00e0n ra b\u00e3i c\u1ecf hay \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u1ea5t c\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Khung th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (political culture), \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. \u0110ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, d\u00f9 nh\u00ecn chung ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c, n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111ang chao \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ph\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 khung th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf. N\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng quy \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, ngay c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, sao cho tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, mang t\u00ednh tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi h\u1ecd – ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Trump tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, b\u1edfi \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ba d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb: 1. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, 2.<\/strong><\/em> \u0110\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng<\/em>, <\/strong>v\u00e0 3. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/em><\/strong>. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb theo \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thay th\u1ebf cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 coi l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Trump \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: v\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng lu\u1eadt t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng; nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh; ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard \u0111\u1ebfn Trung t\u00e2m Kennedy, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb ngh\u1ecb tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u 2 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cb\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c.\u201d Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng Trump \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ban h\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng Tham nh\u0169ng \u1edf N\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act), \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1eaft vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i d\u00f5i theo nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y t\u1eeb xa, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 mong manh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn uy t\u00edn t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2019 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng: \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n (54%) \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u201cV\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh tay, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc.\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cao d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Marine Le Pen \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, J\u00f6rg Haider \u1edf \u00c1o, Viktor Orb\u00e1n \u1edf Hungary, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c (Alternative for Germany- AfD).<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0<\/p>\n

s\u1ef1 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u1eed tri mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hy sinh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri: r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ed1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng: s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kinh t\u1ebf, h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n, h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 tai n\u1ea1n. \u1ede m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi nguy c\u01a1, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta quy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c cho \u201cnh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ea7m.\u201d H\u1ecd quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u201cnh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh tay\u201d (strongmen) v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00ean chuy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p may m\u1eafn. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao, khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao m\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u00fat ng\u1eafn, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ea1c quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o. S\u1ef1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1914 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945.<\/p>\n

Bi k\u1ecbch n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7: kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u201cnh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh tay\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Gi\u1ecfi l\u1eafm, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ec1u theo nh\u1eefng \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng s\u1ef1 tham v\u1ea5n, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, thi\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t, thi\u1ebfu k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng thay v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c thay cho nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, suy ki\u1ec7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 mong manh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, John Adams, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed7i lo \u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o l\u00fac tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f3i ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm, t\u00ednh ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 tham lam v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n k\u00e9m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n. \u201cCh\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t,\u201d \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d M\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi cho s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u – ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, tham lam v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng – m\u00e0 Adams tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1edbm mu\u1ed9n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ecb d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecd ra ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf s\u1ebd th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u1eed tri kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Jonathan Sumption<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>:<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/06\/02\/opinion\/united-states-democracy-culture.html<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi b\u1ea1t<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

SUY NGH\u0128 V\u1ec0 N\u01af\u1edaC M\u1ef8<\/span><\/h1>\n

Timothy Snyder<\/span><\/h1>\n

(Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Gi\u1ea3i Hannah Arendt)<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc. Khi nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft. Lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh dung s\u1ebd s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf (oligarch) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft, Aristote \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, trong khi Plato tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ecb d\u00e2n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd l\u00ean l\u00e0m b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa. Khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1i \u00e1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf (tyranny). H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e1ch lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3: v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta quen thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang (mass politics) trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920 v\u00e0 1930. … L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tan v\u1ee1, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean h\u1ed1 t\u1eed th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean tay. S\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao.<\/p>\n

Sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989-91, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 “s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng di s\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 sai l\u1ea7m. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 do nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bn\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Sau khi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989-91, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 “s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”. Khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c (n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft, chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. Ng\u00e0y nay, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4n ngoan h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thua thi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 … . M\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(Tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch On Tyranny:\u00a0<\/em>Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century <\/span><\/em><\/strong>2017 c\u1ee7a <\/span>Timothy Snyder<\/span>)<\/p>\n

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D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6 NH\u01af M\u1ed8T GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca PH\u1ed4 QU\u00c1T<\/span><\/h1>\n

Democracy as a Universal Value<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Amartya Sen<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i Nobel, 1998,<\/span><\/em> v\u00e0 <\/em>National Humanities Medal Hoa K\u1ef3, <\/em>2011)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ba c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/em> n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i<\/em> (intrinsic value) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

(Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u00f9ng t\u00ean, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean Journal of Democracy <\/em>10.3 1999, tr. 3-17)<\/p>\n

Xem nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n