{"id":13835,"date":"2025-06-20T17:29:01","date_gmt":"2025-06-20T10:29:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=13835"},"modified":"2025-06-20T17:57:50","modified_gmt":"2025-06-20T10:57:50","slug":"immanuel-kant-300-nam-bai-viet-cho-ky-yeu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/immanuel-kant-300-nam-bai-viet-cho-ky-yeu\/","title":{"rendered":"Immanuel Kant 300 n\u0103m, B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft cho K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu"},"content":{"rendered":"

IMMANUEL KANT 300 N\u0102M<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00a0B\u00c0I VI\u1ebeT CHO K\u1ef6 Y\u1ebeU<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

B<\/span>\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng cho h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi du h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 b\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i khai s\u00e1ng phong tr\u00e0o sinh vi\u00ean y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y B\u00e1 Linh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n h\u01a1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c khai s\u00e1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, Khai s\u00e1ng, \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, T\u00ednh nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu, B\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, Khoan dung, C\u1edfi m\u1edf, chi\u1ebfm l\u00e3nh t\u00e2m t\u01b0 anh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a anh. Tr\u00ean anh l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, trong anh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu <\/em>–<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant. Nh\u1eefng ai m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p anh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tri th\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a anh chinh ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a anh l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng trong kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u2014 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Anh ch\u1ecb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u [1] , v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c [8] Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/em>c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ec3 cho g\u1ecdn. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c [5] – [6] – [7] v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Einstein v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kant, tuy r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft n\u00ean t\u00f4i xin d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc trong s\u00e1ch K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Kant.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IMMANUEL KANT 300 N\u0102M<\/span><\/h1>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft g\u1ed3m c\u00f3:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/p>\n

[1] T\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao<\/p>\n

[2] \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

[3] T\u1eeb b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi sao \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

[4] Kant v\u00e0 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/p>\n

[5] Einstein v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

[6] Quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt l\u00fd – tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX<\/p>\n

[7] B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

[8] Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? (Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?<\/em>)<\/p>\n

[9] Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh. H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u0129nh c\u1eedu<\/p>\n

[10] \u201cHai \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 … \u201d<\/p>\n

[11] Thay l\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u (trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu)<\/strong><\/em>. Ng\u00e0y 22, th\u00e1ng 4, n\u0103m 2024, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 300<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, Immanuel Kant. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, 2004, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m l\u1edbn 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam sau 18 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi s\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n tinh th\u1ea7n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n c\u0169ng v\u1eeba d\u1ecbch xong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kant Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em> sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u1ea3i V\u0103n h\u00f3a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n New World cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mu\u1ed1n du h\u1ecdc. T\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u tay, N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 trong b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1; v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Einstein<\/em> nh\u00e2n l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 “N\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3” v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Kant cho m\u00ecnh. R\u1ed3i sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, gi\u1eefa l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch co-vit, b\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. T\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Kant nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Kant. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 sapere aude<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 s\u1edf bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb?[1]<\/a> B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n<\/em>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00f3 v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Einstein. Do nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Einstein, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft. V\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Newton v\u00e0 Principia<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 duy \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII m\u00e0 Kant l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi m\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh th\u00eam quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 Einstein l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa Kant v\u00e0 Einstein l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. Kant mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c Hume, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 Einstein mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 hai. L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m hay c\u1ea3m quan l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Kant l\u1eabn Einstein. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3 ra sao? Nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5, hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc giao thoa l\u1eabn nhau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u m\u1edf. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00ean ph\u1ecfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc hay t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Nh\u01b0ng Einstein v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i b\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1ea3 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01a1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao thoa c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kant v\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 Kant, m\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tinh th\u1ea7n-\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u trong t\u00f4i qua c\u00e2u n\u00f3i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh: Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, khi c\u00e0ng suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang: B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao tr\u00ean t\u00f4i v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong t\u00f4i<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 ng\u00f3t 40 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Kant, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f4ng phu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u1edf VN ch\u0103ng? T\u00f4i tin l\u00e0 c\u00f3. Kant n\u1eb1m trong t\u01b0 duy t\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u201ctrial \u2013 error\u201d. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Adam Smith c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 \u201cgiao l\u1ed9\u201d c\u1ee7a hai cu\u1ed9c khai s\u00e1ng: Immanuel Kant v\u00e0 Adam Smith. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ph\u1ed3n vinh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Kant v\u00e0 Smith nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi theo phong c\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1860-90 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 Kant hay kh\u00f4ng? T\u00ecm l\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh-khai s\u00e1ng (bunmei kaika<\/em>) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, ho\u1eb7c trong T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Khai minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Meiroku Zasshi<\/em>, c\u01a1 quan ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m khai minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a Kant. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Kant. B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Rousseau th\u00ec c\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch. H\u1ecd b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 Adam Smith, Friedrich List, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf. Hay v\u1ec1 Darwin, v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111ang h\u1ed3i kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u “c\u00e1 l\u1edbn nu\u1ed1t c\u00e1 b\u00e9” di\u1ec5n ra. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft \u201cd\u00e1m bi\u1ebft\u201d, Sapere aude!<\/em>, \u201cd\u00e1m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, ki\u00eang k\u1ef5, \u0111\u00fang theo kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Kant. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ghi \u201cTri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\u201d v\u00e0o N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>1868 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/em> khai s\u00e1ng, bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, theo \u0111\u00fang gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 h\u1ecd.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Kant l\u00e0 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m \u00a0r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u: nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 qu\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ghi li\u1ec1n r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a ra, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u s\u01a1 s\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Xin \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf.<\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m t\u01b0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, khi c\u00e0ng suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang: B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao tr\u00ean t\u00f4i v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong t\u00f4i.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n<\/em> (Kritik) m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Immanuel Kant<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\/ M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhau. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u1ed7ng (leeres Schema). Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn – trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – l\u00e0 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Albert Einstein<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant (1724 \u2013 1804). Ch\u00e2n dung m\u00e0u d\u1ea7u (wikipedia)<\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao<\/strong><\/p>\n

Immanuel Kant l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia khai s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn (Aufkl\u00e4rer) c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, in r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n l\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng sinh ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 4, n\u0103m 1724 t\u1ea1i K\u00f6nigsberg (nay l\u00e0 Kaliningrad c\u1ee7a Nga) v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1804. K\u00f6nigsberg, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 mi\u1ec7t c\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01a1i vua Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u0103ng quang, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c: David Hilbert, Gustav Kirchhoff v\u00e0 Arnold Sommerfeld. Hilbert v\u00e0 Minkowski t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Albertus \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u00f3ng ng\u1ef1a. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t m\u1eb9 n\u0103m 13 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 22. M\u1eb9 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n trong t\u00f4i, m\u1edf tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng s\u1edbm c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia, l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Leibniz \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a b\u1edfi Christian Wolff, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u0103m 22 tu\u1ed5i Kant \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00f4i m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y. <\/em>T\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3<\/em>.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

K\u00f6nigsberg v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Kant b\u00ean tray tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda sau<\/p>\n

Kant l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/em>, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt bao tr\u00f9m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Max Planck sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>, nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Newton \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0 Kant c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc Newton<\/em>. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho \u00f4ng m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t, th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Kant c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf nh\u1eafn n\u00e0y, su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi xa th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 10 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Copernic<\/em> trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Copernic trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1edbi Galilei Kepler v\u00e0 Newton.<\/p>\n

N\u1eeda cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. N\u0103m 31 tu\u1ed5i (1755) \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi<\/em> (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und<\/em> Theorie des Himmels<\/em>), trong \u0111\u00f3 – d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Newton \u2013 \u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 quay ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ngo\u00e0i d\u1ea3y ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. c\u00e1c tinh v\u00e2n (nebula) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 v\u00ec sao nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n \u201cB\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao tr\u00ean t\u00f4i<\/em>\u201d (Der bestirnte Himmel \u00fcber mir).<\/p>\n

N\u1eeda cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi sau (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 40 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf \u0111i) \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sang \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cT\u00f4i h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n vinh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (Ich lerne die Menschen ehren<\/em>). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, 1871)[3]<\/a><\/li>\n
  2. Prolegomena zu einer jeden k\u00fcnftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten k\u00f6nnen (S\u01a1 lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, 1783) (Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a 1)<\/li>\n
  3. Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung? (Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?, 1784)<\/li>\n
  4. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, 1788; 1789 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p)<\/li>\n
  5. Kritik der Urteilskraft (Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, 1790)<\/li>\n
  6. Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, 1793)<\/li>\n
  7. Der Streit der Fakult\u00e4ten (S\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa, 1798)<\/li>\n
  8. Zum ewigen Frieden (H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, 1795)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Trang b\u00eca c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/p>\n

    \u201cKritik der reinen Vernunft\u201d \u2013 Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, n\u0103m 1871.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [8]<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? <\/strong>(Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?<\/em>)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1799 c\u1ee7a Was ist Aufkl\u00e4rung?<\/em> (Wikimedia)<\/p>\n

    Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1784 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng Berlinische Monatsschrift<\/em>, trang 481-494, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Johann Friedrich Z\u00f6llner Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng t\u1edd b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Z\u00f6llner nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy tho\u00e1i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u201ckhai s\u00e1ng\u201d \u0111ang \u201cl\u00e0m r\u1ed1i tr\u00ed \u00f3c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a \u201cKhai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 mong n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. Trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y Kant cung c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 khai s\u00e1ng. V\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Z\u00f6llner, cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Ph\u1ed5. Hai th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc Moses Mendelssohn \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u1ef1a Khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em> B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o l\u00fac phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Kant n\u00eau \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ngay trong nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t, hay b\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m cho s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng. Khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 Kant tin r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kant trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i \u0103n tr\u01b0a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n (Wikimedia). \u00d4ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u00f6nigsberg, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u t\u00ean Lampe, m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n. \u00d4ng Lampe th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ec3 cho Kant nghe nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c gh\u00ea g\u1edbm c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “V\u1ec1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u0129nh c\u1eefu” c\u1ee7a Kant.<\/p>\n

    \u00dd th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng tuy \u0111ang l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, Kant \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00ean khai s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy c\u0169 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng \u00f4n h\u00f2a\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kant tr\u00ean Berlinische Monatsschrift<\/em> l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/em>:<\/p>\n

    Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra (gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. S\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y<\/em> khi nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong tr\u00ed n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Sapere aude!<\/em> H\u00e3y c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang b\u1ea1n<\/em> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c! do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

    L\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, sau khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1ea3 vai l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 d\u00f9m cho t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f9m cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 k\u00ea toa cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, v.v., th\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u00ec c\u1ea3. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u cho t\u00f4i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb9p) coi b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, l\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ed1t cho h\u1ecd, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 lo cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 an b\u00e0y r\u1ed3i. […]<\/p>\n

    Do \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a anh ta. Anh ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n y\u00eau th\u00edch n\u00f3, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec anh ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1eed n\u00f3. C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh ta, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai d\u00f9 v\u1ea5t b\u1ecf ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00fa nh\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n qua c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 h\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec anh ta kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vun x\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c h\u1ecd, tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3; v\u00e2ng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, th\u00ec khai s\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ngay trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, sau khi v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh g\u00eda h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; vi\u1ec7c gieo r\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, v\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gieo r\u1eafc ch\u00fang, ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn khai s\u00e1ng. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00e1m l\u1ee3i hay tham quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy.<\/em> Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do<\/em>; l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 do\u201d, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng khai l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd t\u00f4i nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda: \u0111\u1eebng c\u00e3i l\u00fd!<\/em> Vi\u00ean s\u0129 quan n\u00f3i: \u0111\u1eebng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, h\u00e3y r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n! Nh\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf b\u1ea3o: \u0111\u1eebng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, h\u00e3y n\u1ed9p ti\u1ec1n! V\u1ecb linh m\u1ee5c k\u00eau: \u0111\u1eebng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 h\u00e3y tin! (Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o: tranh lu\u1eadn<\/em> nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n; nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nghe l\u1eddi!<\/em>) \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. Nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho khai s\u00e1ng? V\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? – T\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng khai<\/em> l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a anh ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. […]<\/p>\n

    N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0: C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> hay kh\u00f4ng? th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0: Kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u00ecn chung, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho cu\u1ed9c khai s\u00e1ng chung, hay c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. Theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng, hay l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Friedrich (\u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf).<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta xem nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ra l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ta t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a khoan dung<\/em>, th\u00ec \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u1ebf ca ng\u1ee3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a anh ta. D\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5. Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y lan t\u1ecfa ra ngo\u00e0i (ph\u1ea1m vi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5), ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng (Ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Friedrich) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra ch\u00fat lo l\u1eafng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/em><\/p>\n

    T\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a khai s\u00e1ng – c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>: b\u1edfi v\u00ec, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tai h\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n: v\u1ecb \u1ea5y nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec nguy hi\u1ec3m khi cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng khai<\/em> l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn, v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh; ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (t\u1ef1 do), v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ai t\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong tay \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m l\u00e0m: H\u00e3y l\u00fd lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n; nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi!<\/em> Do \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi; gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd. M\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho t\u1ef1 do tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00e0 khi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng, b\u00f3c ra c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c chu \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy t\u1ef1 do – th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n (b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u1ef1 do) v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1i m\u00e1y, theo \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/p>\n

    (H\u1ebft tr\u00edch)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Cho n\u00ean H\u00e3y d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft<\/em>, v\u00e0 H\u00e3y c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/em> l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng.\u00a0 H\u00e3y d\u00e1m \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Kant tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u00d4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd t\u00ednh h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy<\/em> (Denken), h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy; ai g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft anh ta n\u00f3i g\u00ec<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Hegel n\u00f3i. Th\u1eadt ra, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft, d\u00e1m ti\u1ebfp thu s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng di\u1ec5n ra d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp. Cao \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. S\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd b\u1edfi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00e1m t\u01b0 duy, d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. R\u1ed5i h\u1eadu th\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII d\u00e1m ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafp l\u00ean ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda khai s\u00e1ng cho c\u1ea3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

    Kant kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng theo ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong tr\u00ed \u00f3c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111en t\u1ed1i, th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ea t\u00edn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Voltaire di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 khi \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai: khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn<\/em>. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Kant c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i<\/em> l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a<\/em> khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>. Kant may m\u1eafn khi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1781 trong th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Frederick \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf, v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 “H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u00edch, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n l\u1ec7nh”. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi sau c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u trai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Frederick William II (1786-97), d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, \u00edt c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 khoan dung h\u01a1n v\u00e0 Kant b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m d\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

    \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai s\u00e1ng theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Kant l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>1868 cho th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n, xem nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ghi: Tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf.<\/em> V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m t\u1edbi, c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i hay n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00f4n ba \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng<\/em>, bunmei-kaika, cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

    ***<\/span><\/p>\n

    Marx g\u1ecdi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant l\u00e0 \u201cTri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 duy, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1i c\u0169, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Heinrich Heine n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n

    V\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y (Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd tr\u00ed thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd)\u2026b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u00e1p\u2026.\u1ede hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Rhein ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng; nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00e1i c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169, th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1i c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169, s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

    N\u1ebfu \u1edf Ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u00ec \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c Kant l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c, t\u01b0 duy. Ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ec1n vang trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 trong ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t r\u1ed3i im. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef9 18 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u00e2m \u1ec9 hay b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kant \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c cho khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    Kant t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ebft th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2004, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/p>\n

    b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i 2019\/ \u0111\u1ea7u 2020,<\/p>\n

    k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y d\u1ecbch vi r\u00fat CoVid-19; xem l\u1ea1i th\u00e1ng 2, 2025.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Ghi ch\u00fa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    [1]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft Adam Smith v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton<\/em> l\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong d\u1ecbp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> Xin xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland, Adam Smith, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em> trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m 1, 4, v\u00e0 5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng phu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    IMMANUEL KANT 300 N\u0102M \u00a0B\u00c0I VI\u1ebeT CHO K\u1ef6 Y\u1ebeU\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng cho h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi du h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i hay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 b\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i khai s\u00e1ng phong<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13835"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13835"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13864,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13835\/revisions\/13864"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13835"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13835"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}