{"id":14265,"date":"2025-08-10T16:21:45","date_gmt":"2025-08-10T09:21:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=14265"},"modified":"2025-08-10T16:38:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-10T09:38:32","slug":"triet-ly-cua-che-do-chuyen-che-james-romm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/triet-ly-cua-che-do-chuyen-che-james-romm\/","title":{"rendered":"Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf (James Romm)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
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TRI\u1ebeT L\u00dd C\u1ee6A CH\u1ebe \u0110\u1ed8 CHUY\u00caN CH\u1ebe<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi Plato ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 <\/strong>(th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n):<\/strong> Nick Hilden<\/span>
\nNg\u00e0y:<\/em><\/strong> 8 th\u00e1ng 8, 2025, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed NAUTILUS\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch<\/em>: Mai L\u00fd\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed NAUTILUS (Hoa K\u1ef3) v\u1edbi James Romm, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Plato and the Tyrann, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh soi s\u00e1ng cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. C\u1ea3m \u01a1n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed NAUTILUS. C\u1ea3m \u01a1n Mai L\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Plato, tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3n sao ch\u00e2n dung do Silanion th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 370 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean cho H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Athens (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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S\u00e1c d\u00e0y 368 trang, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e1ng 5, 2025, t\u1ea1i NXB W. W. Norton & Company<\/p>\n

James Romm<\/strong> l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 C\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc James H. Ottaway Jr. t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bard v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Ancient Lives<\/em> c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u1edd Wall Street Journal<\/em> v\u00e0 New York Review of Books<\/em>. Xin xem th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng amazon.com:<\/p>\n

Review<\/span><\/h3>\n
“[A] finely sifted story\u2026includes abundant historical and social context\u2026Mr. Romm\u2019s portrait of Plato as a scheming, often bumbling political player will be intriguingly new to most readers.”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Timothy Farrington,\u00a0<\/span>Wall Street Journal<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

“[E]xcellent\u2026a deft and engaging work of history, philosophy and biography, as well as a meta-commentary on the perils of regarding canonical thinkers as disembodied minds\u2026\u00a0Plato and the Tyrant<\/span>\u00a0is full of something that I do not readily associate with the distinguished poster child of Western philosophy: gossip and intrigue. The story of Plato\u2019s stint in Syracuse is as rife with human interest as any melodrama\u2026 a kind of intellectual thriller: Romm\u2019s interpretive pyrotechnics demonstrate the extent to which the work of the scholar can resemble that of the detective”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Becca Rothfeld,\u00a0<\/span>Washington Post<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“[A]s compelling as any novel\u2026 brilliant\u2026 Romm does a superb job of imaginatively reconstructing the backstory to a philosophical masterpiece.”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Tim Whitmarsh,\u00a0<\/span>Literary Review (UK)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“James Romm has taken a little-known episode from ancient Greek history\u2015the somewhat shady-sounding relationship between Plato and the tyrants of Syracuse\u2015and developed it into a fascinating, richly detailed narrative. I may yet have to read the\u00a0Republic<\/span>.”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Mary Norris,\u00a0<\/span>New York Times<\/span>\u00a0best-selling author of\u00a0<\/span>Between You and Me<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span>Greek to Me<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“Written with sparkling wit and intelligence, this book will change the way you think about the ancient world\u2019s greatest philosopher.”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Robert Kagan, Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and author of\u00a0<\/span>Rebellion<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“Plato\u2019s vision of a just society has inspired the world for centuries, yet his own attempt to put his ideas into practice ended in failure and disgrace. With this learned yet accessible account of the philosopher\u2019s misadventures in politics, James Romm asks a question that remains all too relevant today: Is it possible for thought to prevail over tyranny?”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Adam Kirsch, author of\u00a0<\/span>The Revolt Against Humanity<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“With incisive historical expertise and a bold new perspective on long-disputed Platonic correspondence, James Romm elucidates Plato\u2019s notorious leap of faith from the realm of theory into the real world of politics.”<\/span>
\n\u2015\u00a0Adrienne Mayor, author of\u00a0<\/span>The Amazons<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u273d\u273d\u273d\u273d\u273d<\/div>\n

R<\/span>\u1ea5t \u00edt nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n Plato, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> (The Republic<\/em>), t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, Plato m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u00e0 Vua Tri\u1ebft Gia\u201d (Philosppher King) – m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n (autocrat) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan. Su\u1ed1t kho\u1ea3ng 2.000 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Plato \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch do khung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi Plato and the Tyrant (<\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Plato v\u00e0 B\u1ea1o ch\u00faa)<\/em>, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u [l\u1ecbch s\u1eed] c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i James Romm kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1eddi Plato m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eed gia cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i 40, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em>, Plato b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u00e0nh-bang Hy L\u1ea1p Syracuse v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong hai \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Khi Plato \u0111\u1ebfn Syracuse, Dionysius Gi\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, Romm vi\u1ebft, \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3, s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u00a0v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u201d N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Plato nh\u1eb1m thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c Dionysius Gi\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c b\u00e1n Plato l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, d\u00f9 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do cho \u00f4ng. Khi con trai c\u1ee7a Dionysius Gi\u00e0, Dionysius Tr\u1ebb, l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, Plato l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ta cai tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ebb su\u00fdt khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng. Romm cho r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi Plato c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n (autocracies) v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Romm ghi ch\u00fa trong l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, Sophocles t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u1edd k\u1ebft giao v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Plato l\u1ea1i g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n h\u01a1n khi k\u1ebft giao v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa.\u201d Nautilus<\/em><\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Romm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Plato v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00fap h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eebng b\u1ecb che m\u1edd, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n Plato and the Tyrant<\/em> \u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u00ecnh t\u1eebng say m\u00ea Plato h\u01a1n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Plato. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Plato \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng – l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng theo g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Plato – v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i th\u00ec ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t, n\u00ean t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft ho\u00e0i nghi h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d hay \u201cph\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 – hay \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9\u201d nh\u01b0 Plato g\u1ecdi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ct\u1ed1t\u201d – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 ta cho l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng v\u1eady – h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i -, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea9y n\u00e3o \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 Plato \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m khi cho r\u1eb1ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thay b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Plato \u1edf Syracuse d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9?<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y<\/em>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd xem. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c – m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. Plato c\u0169ng tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 thi, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1edbi. \u00d4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n (authoritarian) trong C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a<\/em> l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 vua tri\u1ebft gia\u201d. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng – m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa – \u00a0v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb vua th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khai s\u00e1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. V\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ebfn Syracuse, \u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng nh\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n (strongman) \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 – tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha, sau l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft theo h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh tri\u1ebft gia, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng thay v\u00ec nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00e2y h\u00f3a ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (illusion) – th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng (delusion) – m\u00e0 \u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n qua vi\u1ec7c \u00a0k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng chia r\u1ebd b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i trong tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c: R\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1edbi. Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 thay b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng nguy hi\u1ec3m – \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Plato \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u1edf Syracuse.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Plato \u1edf Syracuse cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Plato \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, khi nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Syracuse, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Dionysius, B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba([1]<\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Dion([2]<\/a>)<\/sup> – n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd – th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m co \u00f4ng \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, Karl Popper vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n The Spell of Plato (<\/em>t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: S\u1ee9c m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Plato)<\/em>, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong ph\u1ea7n D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp. Popper cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y – l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a Plato, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Plato \u2013 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n – th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111i v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sai l\u1ec7ch. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y (Popper) \u0111\u00fang khi n\u00f3i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong s\u00e1ch, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eebng b\u1ecb che m\u1edd. Vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong Plato and the Tyrant<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Philodemus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Platon t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Plato. V\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y da \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf Herculaneum, n\u01a1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y trong v\u1ee5 phun tr\u00e0o n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pompeii. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y \u0111en \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5c tro. Ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y ra – \u00a0ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ed \u00edt th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd v\u1eabn th\u1ebf, r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y th\u1eadt t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho cu\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a Philodemus. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u1ed9i dung v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Plato v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee5p c\u1eaft l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n (CAT)([3]<\/a>) <\/sup>k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m AI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf ch\u00fang ra. Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, v\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y Herculaneum n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.000 cu\u1ed9n gi\u1ea5y \u2014 ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 g\u1ea7n 1.000 cu\u1ed9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung g\u00ec. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c \u2013 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Sophocles, c\u1ee7a Euripides. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho b\u00e1u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c nh\u1edd c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/em> v\u1edbi chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/em> v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u1ed1n \u0111ang r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1. \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1edfi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 khi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Trump c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a – kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec Plato, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Dionysius b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Syracuse. T\u00f4i d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ed1n \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Syracuse t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ng\u0103n k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, khi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n – m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u00fay c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gieo r\u1eafc s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 tinh hoa \u0111ang l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ec7 b\u1ea1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Carthage – th\u00ec d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tin tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat nghi ng\u1edd. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa Dionysius c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an ninh, khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. V\u1ec1 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh – vi\u1ec7c Dionysius thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea1c, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 gian l\u1eadn, l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c – l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra xung quanh ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch:<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a>([1])<\/sup> B\u1ee9c Th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 M\u01b0\u1eddi Ba<\/em>\u00a0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Plato – m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi t\u1eeb \u00f4ng- nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. B\u1ee9c th\u01b0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Plato v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Syracuse v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Dionysius.<\/p>\n

<\/a>([2])<\/sup> Dion<\/strong> (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dion of Syracuse) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia Plato. \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Dionysius II \u1edf Syracuse v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Plato v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i, th\u00e2n m\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Plato v\u00e0 Dion, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

<\/a>([3])<\/sup> Nguy\u00ean v\u0103n ti\u1ebfng Anh: CAT scan. CAT l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Computed Axial Tomography scan, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 CT scan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

TRI\u1ebeT L\u00dd C\u1ee6A CH\u1ebe \u0110\u1ed8 CHUY\u00caN CH\u1ebe Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi Plato ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y nay. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n): Nick Hilden Ng\u00e0y: 8 th\u00e1ng 8, 2025, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed NAUTILUS\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch: Mai L\u00fd\u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14265"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14265"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14279,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14265\/revisions\/14279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}