{"id":14467,"date":"2025-09-02T08:17:43","date_gmt":"2025-09-02T01:17:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=14467"},"modified":"2025-09-09T05:09:38","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T22:09:38","slug":"cuoc-tro-chuyen-voi-adam-smith-phan-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/cuoc-tro-chuyen-voi-adam-smith-phan-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith Ph\u1ea7n II"},"content":{"rendered":"

CU\u1ed8C TR\u00d2 CHUY\u1ec6N V\u1edaI ADAM SMITH PH\u1ea6N II<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n II c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n<\/em> v\u1edbi Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Edinburgh n\u0103m 2023 sau khi quy\u1ec3n K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith ra m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea7n I<\/strong> xin xem \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith t\u1ea1i Edinburgh<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith 300 n\u0103m (1723-2023) ra m\u1eaft<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt Ph\u1ea7n III<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Adam Smith \u0111\u1ebfn Ludwig Erhard (Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi A. Smith ph\u1ea7n III)<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

TR\u00d2 CHUY\u1ec6N<\/strong><\/span>:<\/p>\n

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\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> Ch\u00e0o \u00f4ng Smith k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn!<\/p>\n

\u2013 Smith:<\/strong> \u00d4, ch\u00e0o \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean! \u00d4ng \u0111i th\u0103m t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? \u00d4ng v\u1eabn kh\u1ecfe ch\u1ee9? Ch\u1eafc \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m vui mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i?<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> Th\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u1ea1. S\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 300 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang Vi\u1ec7t Nam nay mai! M\u1eebng qu\u00e1, t\u00f4i v\u1ed9i b\u00e1o tin \u00f4ng. Sau l\u1ea7n th\u0103m v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u00f4ng khi H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o V\u0103n Lang \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 12, 2023, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u00f4ng. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3! \u00d4ng xem n\u00e8 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong> \u00d4, qu\u00e1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi! T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t vinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng phu \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn l\u1eafm, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft. R\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n!<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> Th\u01b0a \u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng 250 n\u0103m qua qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m. \u00d4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng bao tr\u00f9m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. \u00d4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh transformational<\/em>, chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, chuy\u1ec3n pha, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong> th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/strong>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t hay c\u1ee7a Maynard Keynes l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. May m\u1eafn thay, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 qua. Sau \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 “\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi” th\u1eddi \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1?, l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn xem t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i (self-interest), ng\u00e3 \u00e1i (self-love) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ea7n n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh xa v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 “\u00e2n x\u00e1” cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng “t\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 t\u00f4ng” \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m, m\u00e0 h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n, h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd suy \u0111\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Nghi\u00eam Ph\u1ee5c<\/strong> (Yan Fu), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ecbch t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Wealth of Nations<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft! Nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, “to truck, barter and exchange” nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u01b0u sinh cho m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. “M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (tri th\u1ee9c kinh doanh) l\u1eabn v\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c<\/em>.\u201d V\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n khi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u00a0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u (vices) c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t (goods) cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – qua b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. M\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Christ l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb hay sao?<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y, K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 “ti\u1ebfng vang” c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em> \u1ea1. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m nay, sau g\u1ea7n 40 n\u0103m. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 th\u00ec ch\u1eafc gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c h\u00f4m nay c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong> V\u00e2ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean n\u00f3i. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Scotland<\/strong>, l\u00e0m sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u00fd t<\/em>huy\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em><\/strong>, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00eam “ph\u00e1 r\u00e0o<\/strong>” nh\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 XVII khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin l\u00e0nh Thanh gi\u00e1o (Puritan) \u1edf Anh, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n (kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u201cNgh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y Ch\u00faa v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Max Weber \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft r\u1ea5t thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1c l\u00ean m\u00e0u \u00e1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1, trong khi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thu\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human nature), mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u00e9t chung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland<\/em>, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 sau kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/strong> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p hay \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u1edf Scotland<\/strong>! \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi “ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nh\u00e2n Eiichi Shibusawa<\/strong> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb Fukuzawa<\/strong> tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y cho t\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kenzaburo Oe<\/strong>. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Smith:<\/strong> Samurai Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scots c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u duy\u00ean n\u1ee3 h\u01a1n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland l\u00ean Fukuzawa r\u1ed3i h\u1ebft.\u00a0\u00d4ng Nguy\u00ean ch\u1eafc bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00e2u Ng\u0169 Ki\u1ec7t<\/em> r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, g\u1ed3m n\u0103m samurai t\u1eeb bang Choshu li\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 sang Anh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u00f9a h\u00e8 1863 cho n\u0103m sinh vi\u00ean g\u1ed3m th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Ito Hirobumi, Inoue Kaoru, Inoue Masaru, Endo Kinzuke v\u00e0 Yamao Yozo ra kh\u1ecfi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot c\u00f3 t\u00ean Thomas Blake Glover<\/strong>. Nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1eafm \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean \u1ea1. L\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ec7nh b\u1ebf m\u00f4n t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3ng sakoku<\/em> c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7, ai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 Yoshida Shoin, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb, C\u00e1c v\u1ecb Inoue Kaoru v\u00e0 Ito Hirobumi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Aberdeen, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Scotland. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Glover th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, s\u00fang \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng bi\u1ec7t danh “Samurai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scot”.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Khi Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edf c\u1eeda, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 skill k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Anh trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Scotland. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Richard Henry Brunton, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt n\u0103m 1868 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1m n\u0103m li\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e1 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u00e0u b\u00e8 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng an to\u00e0n, gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n Yokohama v\u00e0 Tokyo, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1eaft th\u00e9p. C\u1ea7u s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n! Sau \u0111\u00f3 Brunton v\u00e0 Glover c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft n\u1ed1i Yokohama v\u00e0 Tokyo, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Scotland v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> V\u00e2ng, hay qu\u00e1 \u00f4ng! Ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n Iwakura<\/strong> c\u00f3 gh\u00e9 th\u0103m Scotland v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Henri Dyer<\/strong> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ebft \u1edf Tokyo, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 sau M.I.T. kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m th\u00f4i. Dyer \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y trong g\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 khai m\u1ea1c Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt mang t\u00ean James Watt t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow, Lord Kelvin \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Dyer l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1 cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Dyer, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p (Benjamin Duke). Th\u1eadt l\u1ea1 th\u1eadt \u00f4ng nh\u1ec9! \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00edt \u1ecfi, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o r\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 sau khi li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Anh n\u0103m 1707, kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Smith:<\/strong> V\u00e2ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc khai th\u00e1c m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n nh\u1ecf, m\u1edf ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i n\u0103ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: James Watt<\/strong> trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u1edf Anh, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u doanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c. (Eric Hobsbawm)<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean: <\/strong>Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi qu\u00e1! D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 Scotland r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u1ea1! \u00d4ng Smith \u01a1i, cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat nh\u00e9. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n t\u00f4i cho hay nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n khi \u00f4ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn (On Duty) sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed (reason), nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed3ng ng\u1ef1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong, v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta s\u1eafp h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn, gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sai l\u1ec7ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t v\u00f4 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y <\/em>(nghi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o). Ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng; S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; t\u00ecnh y\u00eau d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd, cho s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. (TMS<\/em>, Part III, Chap. II)<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay sao? T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ed9ng k\u00ednh \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 treo tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u1ed1n sinh ra cao qu\u00fd<\/em>, O nobly born<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Jack Kornfield t\u1eebng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Buddha’s teachings. \u00d4ng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c m\u01b0u t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea3 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t<\/em>\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft hay v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Hy-La, t\u1eeb Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, Cicero, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 etc. t\u1ea1i X\u1ee9 s\u1edf bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Trung c\u1ed5, Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Immanuel Kant c\u0169ng khen t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1eafm. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p Henri Poincar\u00e9<\/strong>, r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec <\/em>cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (<\/i>et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas)<\/p>\n

\u2013 Smith:<\/strong> C\u1ea3m \u01a1n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e2ng, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ef1c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a Newton, gi\u00fap gi\u1eef cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em><\/strong> c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. Theo nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 x\u01b0a,<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean coi tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. . . nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. . . . Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. . . d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ho\u1eb7c, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta coi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. (TMS<\/em>, 159)<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n khen ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 k\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu h\u00f4m nay. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng. H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng. T\u00f4i nghe ‘tin h\u00e0nh lang’ r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1eefa li\u00ean quan c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ra m\u1eaft sau s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trong n\u0103m 2023, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00ean men, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> V\u00e2ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, nh\u01b0ng hy v\u1ecdng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Adam Smith v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 250 n\u0103m<\/strong> t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia <\/em><\/strong>trong n\u0103m t\u1edbi, 2026.<\/em><\/strong> N\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3i Nobel Joseph Stiglitz<\/strong><\/span> \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh sau: “Hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Adam Smith vi\u1ebft ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bs\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng Smith s\u1ebd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/em>, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.” <\/span><\/strong>T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Joseph Stiglitz ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Smith:<\/strong> C\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cqu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng shopkeeper\u201d, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i! L\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i theo giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m r\u1ed3i v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m thu\u00ea m\u00e3i m\u00e3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 perspective \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/em> <\/strong>(commercial society) nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i trong S\u1ef1 Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em><\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, phong ph\u00fa, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tinh t\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, sau \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u1ea5y ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 trang b\u1ecb cho m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XVIII hay \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 XIX hay \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3. Xung quanh c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n! Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo h\u00e0m m\u0169<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n n\u00ean h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> V\u00e2ng, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng b\u00e0n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e2y kim ghim<\/strong> (pin), \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f3 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb A-Z, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra nhu c\u1ea7u chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v.v. V\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u01a1 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ra l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, kho\u1ea3ng 8.000 ghim m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y (1832), l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 800.000 ghim m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y (150 n\u0103m sau) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n 20 ghim nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. (Ha-Joon Chang, Economics<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ng\u00e0y nay, t\u01b0 duy tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, tuy t\u1eebng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 doanh nh\u00e2n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy m\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5p tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ga-ra xe, \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0m m\u0169. M\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0m m\u0169 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 (disruptive), ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb gi\u00e0u \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m khao kh\u00e1t<\/em><\/strong> g\u00ec trong tr\u00e1i tim, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1? L\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/strong> (Choson) ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phong ki\u1ebfn nho gi\u00e1o, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o Silhak<\/strong> (\uc2e4\ud559) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/strong> (practical learning), \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc nho gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb yangban<\/strong><\/em> (\uc591\ubc18) v\u00f4 sinh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Silhak bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, tuy v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p yangban<\/strong><\/em> \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ‘h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3-quan l\u1ea1i’ qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. R\u1ed3i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi yangban<\/em> d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u0169ng suy t\u00e0n theo s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Choson phong ki\u1ebfn d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi Park Chung Hee<\/strong> l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1961, kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng Silhak b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp bung ra ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t, nhanh ch\u00f3ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c<\/strong> (Hanguk \ud55c\uad6d) t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1ng tro t\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi ph\u1ed3n vinh, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u2014 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u00f4i<\/em>. Tinh th\u1ea7n Silhak<\/strong> c\u00f3 n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu \u00edch (useful learning) c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon<\/strong> \u1edf Anh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa Yukichi trong th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Smith:<\/strong> Th\u00f4i, c\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, t\u00f4i xin ch\u00fac m\u1eebng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u00e9, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u01a1n nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c cao qu\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh cho t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3!<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean<\/strong>: C\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00f4ng! C\u1ea3m \u01a1n s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb \u00f4ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, v\u00e0 xin t\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t!<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Greek<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CU\u1ed8C TR\u00d2 CHUY\u1ec6N V\u1edaI ADAM SMITH PH\u1ea6N II Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n II c\u1ee7a Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Edinburgh n\u0103m 2023 sau khi quy\u1ec3n K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith ra m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea7n I xin xem \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: Chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14467"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14467"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14535,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14467\/revisions\/14535"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14467"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14467"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}