{"id":14500,"date":"2025-09-07T17:56:58","date_gmt":"2025-09-07T10:56:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=14500"},"modified":"2026-04-01T21:43:02","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T14:43:02","slug":"tu-adam-smith-den-ludwig-erhard-tro-chuyen-voi-a-smith-phan-iii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-adam-smith-den-ludwig-erhard-tro-chuyen-voi-a-smith-phan-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1eeb Adam Smith \u0111\u1ebfn Ludwig Erhard (Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi A. Smith ph\u1ea7n III)"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1eea ADAM SMITH \u0110\u1ebeN LUDWIG ERHARD<\/span><\/h1>\n

Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith Ph\u1ea7n III<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Adam Smith \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1867\u20131870 t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London, s\u1ed1 6 Burlington Gardens (Wiki)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 T\u1eeb Adam Smith \u0111\u1ebfn Ludwig Erhard<\/em><\/strong> nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb “gi\u1eadt t\u00edt” m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ludwig Erhard<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> (Soziale Marktwirtschaft)<\/strong> m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t sau n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Li\u00ean Bang \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1963,\u00a0m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00f3 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1963 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u1ee9c. Park Chung Hee t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c hai l\u1ea7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t, cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith xin ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Adam Smith \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi gian eo h\u1eb9p, xin b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f2n lu\u1ed9m thu\u1ed9m.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong><\/span> Ch\u00e0o \u00f4ng Smith! Xin \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c: ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc sau \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1? B\u1edfi gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 skill, \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 doanh nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, trong \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i man di\u2019, \u2018m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch\u2019 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cung c\u1ea5p cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u2018kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu thu\u1ebf\u2019. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, theo \u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m thu\u00ea ngh\u00e8o, \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i\u2019, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khen th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng \u2018m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf\u2019 t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ‘ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i trong s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng’, ‘b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t’. Anh ta v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e1nh tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng<\/em> nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n su\u1ea5t\u2019 (unproductive labourers), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i; nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, h\u1ec1, nh\u1ea1c s\u0129, ca s\u0129 opera, v\u0169 c\u00f4ng opera, v.v.; ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u2018vua ch\u00faa c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh’. (WN<\/em>, Book 1, 152)<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nh\u1edd ‘ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng’, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ‘n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, si\u00eang n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1eb9n’ h\u01a1n \u2013 \u1edf Anh h\u01a1n \u1edf Scotland, \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. V\u00ec c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong><\/span> Ch\u00e0o \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean! Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u00f4ng? \u00d4ng Nguy\u00ean th\u1ea5y:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng (cho n\u00ean) nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5.<\/em> Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo \u0103n, m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n, m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i. (WN<\/em>, Book 1, 115)<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong><\/span> Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n \u1ea1. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, tr\u00ed \u00f3c, th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u1ebd lu\u00f4n gi\u1ed1ng nhau ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u00f3c ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith: <\/strong><\/span>V\u00e2ng, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 to l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m tr\u00ed l\u1edd \u0111\u1edd khi\u1ebfn anh ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch th\u00fa ho\u1eb7c tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0o, hay th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c n\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng, cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Anh ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch to l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi\u1ebfn anh ta l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c \u0111i, anh ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. T\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a anh ta t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed anh ta, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn anh ta gh\u00ea t\u1edfm cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u00e0 phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m ngay c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 anh ta, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a anh ta trong ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u00f5 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a anh ta. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. (WN<\/em>, Book 5, 1040-41)<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean: <\/strong><\/span>V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb vong th\u00e2n<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Marx n\u00f3i. Chi\u1ebfc xe vinh quang n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o qua bao nhi\u00eau th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Engels di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t \u201cth\u1ea5t th\u1ebf\u201d, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00e3i thi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00ean lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ra s\u1ee9c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn. Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1856, Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00fac t\u00edch: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, n\u0103m nay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 n\u0103m sau anh ta s\u1ebd thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u00ecnh\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, hay cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecd s\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a (\u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Lincoln) xem \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Lincoln cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, s\u1ebd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Wisconsin, Lincoln t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u201cThuy\u1ebft Mudsill (ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00f9n)\u201d quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a l\u00ean, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i linh ho\u1ea1t cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a:<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t xu d\u00ednh t\u00fai tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 mua c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh …. C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt chung …. (Morris, The Tycoons<\/em>, 9)<\/p>\n

Lincoln \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 \u201cngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c quan ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 v\u0129, nh\u01b0 Guru qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf Peter Drucker nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ‘th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c’ \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ‘th\u1ecb d\u00e2n’ (burgher), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Gothic l\u1eabn Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. (Drucker, Post-capitalist society<\/em>, 23)<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong><\/span> V\u00e2ng, nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean n\u00f3i, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eaft cho bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u201cl\u00f3t \u0111\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean:<\/span> <\/strong>Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u00e0, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> (natural free system), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf cao nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00f3c ngo\u1eb7c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, hay n\u00e2ng gi\u00e1. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong><\/span> B\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e0ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u201ckhi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/em>.\u201d V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o, \u201ckhuynh \u0111\u1ea3o\u201d th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u00f4i l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt do \u201cth\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eb7n ra, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ngu xu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd.” Theo t\u00f4i, li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng “con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng” s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thao t\u00fang h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 \u201cnh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd tr\u00ean b\u00e0n c\u1edd.\u201d M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ri\u00eang, \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb thao t\u00fang. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai, v\u00e0 “b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i\u201d s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ludwig Erhard (4 Th\u00e1ng 2, 1897 \u2013 5 Th\u00e1ng 5, 1977)<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong><\/span> Th\u01b0a \u00f4ng, Ludwig Erhard<\/strong>, thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> (Soziale Marktwirtschaft) \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t T\u00e2y \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u00e2m m\u01b0u m\u00f3c ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Ludwig Erhard l\u00e0: C\u00e0ng \u00edt ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “Ph\u1ed3n vinh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>” (Wohlstand f\u00fcr Alle<\/em>), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i t\u00ean Ph\u1ed3n vinh<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh, t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft. “Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf\u201d nh\u01b0 Ludwig Erhard tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cartel v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Bismarck hay sao?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

Joseph Schumpeter (1883 \u2013 1950)<\/p>\n

\u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 kinh doanh v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d (Schumpeter)<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Erhard mu\u1ed1n ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c \u00c1o nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Harvard Joseph Schumpeter<\/strong> cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u1eefa. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu th\u00ed d\u1ee5. Sau khi Marx m\u1ea5t, Engels \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i: Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed duy v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. Marx v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n<\/em>. (Friedrich Engels trong th\u01b0 cho Joseph Bloch n\u0103m 1890, MEW, Bd 37, 463) Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do phi kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y nay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo h\u00e0m m\u0169 (exponential) l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

Ludwig Erhard s\u1ed1ng sau \u00f4ng g\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao l\u00e1 c\u1edd kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hai n\u0103m n\u1eefa, 2027, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/div>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong> c\u00f3 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u quan tr\u1ecdng, “Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n – \u0110\u00f2n b\u1ea9y cho m\u1ed9t Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng”, mu\u1ed1n “ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh doanh v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n”. Nghe r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u1ea1?<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong><\/span> T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t hoan ngh\u00eanh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. \u1ede t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed3n vinh cao, kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ea3. Nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1i b\u1ec5 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Kinh doanh t\u1ef1 do trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ph\u1ed3n vinh. N\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u00e9p\u201d kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> <\/span>Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. Nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng T\u1ed5ng B\u00ed th\u01b0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n, c\u00e1i khung, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 g\u00ec, cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, v\u1ed1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00e2y gi\u1edd m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i<\/em> nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i 250 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e2u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e3y c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 y\u1ebfu, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n KIST r\u1ed3i KAIST, \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1edbi ITRI \u1edf T\u00e2n Tr\u00fac. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u1ee5m (cluster) c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, ho\u1eb7c T\u00e2n Tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/strong>, Li\u00ean minh<\/em> m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ra \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e1ng Ba n\u0103m 1985 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n KHCN v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u01a1n 3.200<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 1.120 tri\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1ec7. T\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ki\u1ec3u bao c\u1ea5p th\u1eddi Mao d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean x\u00f4 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c<\/strong>. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. (Xem th\u00eam \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Smith:<\/strong><\/span> V\u00e2ng, Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu l\u1eafm, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o doanh nh\u00e2n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. C\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra mindset c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em><\/strong> trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1edbi kinh doanh. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Nguy\u00ean: <\/strong><\/span>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean bang Nga th\u1eddi Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng? \u1ede Nga th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ebft, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trong kinh t\u1ebf, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m \u0103n, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u00e0n tay h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc thay th\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd cho ph\u00e9p kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau th\u1eddi Mao nay s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan \u1edf Nga \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0 Boris Yeltsin t\u1eebng than th\u1edf, \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn\u201d khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u201cch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta ra kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, \u201ckhi 40% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n khi tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebb kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n\u201d. (Boris Yeltsin, xem Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and The Last Man.<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u2013 Smith:<\/strong> <\/span>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean! Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Nguy\u00ean:<\/strong> <\/span>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n \u00f4ng. Xin h\u1eb9n g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi!<\/p>\n

Xin xem Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n Ph\u1ea7n II<\/strong>: Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith Ph\u1ea7n II<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith 300 n\u0103m (1723-2023) ra m\u1eaft<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em> WN<\/strong> l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Wealth of Nations<\/em>, Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia; TMS l<\/strong>\u00e0 Theory of Moral Sentiments<\/em>, L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Hai quy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Adam Smith trong Glasgow Edition<\/strong> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m s\u00e1ch ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"Greek<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1eea ADAM SMITH \u0110\u1ebeN LUDWIG ERHARD Cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Adam Smith Ph\u1ea7n III Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Adam Smith \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1867\u20131870 t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London, s\u1ed1 6 Burlington Gardens (Wiki)   L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 T\u1eeb Adam Smith \u0111\u1ebfn Ludwig Erhard nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb “gi\u1eadt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14500"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14500"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14500\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15440,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14500\/revisions\/15440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14500"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14500"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14500"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}