{"id":15102,"date":"2025-11-22T22:54:18","date_gmt":"2025-11-22T15:54:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=15102"},"modified":"2025-11-23T05:25:58","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T22:25:58","slug":"phuc-hung-va-con-nguoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/phuc-hung-va-con-nguoi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"

PH\u1ee4C H\u01afNG V\u00c0 CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Galileo<\/p>\n

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642)<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Anh Ch\u1ecb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m nay k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Galileo Galilei 461 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15\/2 v\u1eeba qua. T\u00f4i xin g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn anh ch\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/strong> cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Galilei<\/strong> m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3o cho K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Galilei n\u0103m 2009. D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f9ng t\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ri\u00eang sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i “l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t t\u00f2ng t\u00e2m” cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay, Galilei v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Cho n\u00ean, nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 461, t\u00f4i xin g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Anh Ch\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

L<\/span>\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d, homo universalis<\/em>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, nh\u1ef1a s\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/em>, virtuos. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1t khao v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00e1t khao tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, d\u00e1m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi hoang s\u01a1 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c<\/em>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp<\/em>, t\u1ef1-\u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng<\/em>, selbst-st\u00e4ndiger Mensch, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen t\u1ef1a m\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n b\u00e1m v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5c kh\u1ecfi<\/em> m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Perikles \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Athen: l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng \u0111i theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi v\u1ebb thanh nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng tin ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t soma autarkes<\/em>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp<\/em>, t\u1ef1 do<\/em>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh ph\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. (Schadewaldt)<\/span><\/p>\n

P<\/span>h\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i<\/em>, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch<\/em>. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng <\/em>(Burckhardt). \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u1ed9i dung to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Menschheit, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i) trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u th\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i nguy c\u01a1 trong n\u00f3. Ch\u00faa trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn v\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 ca t\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do. \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d, Ch\u00faa n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Adam, \u201cv\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u01a1i d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y xung quanh v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3. Ta t\u1ea1o ra ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi hay \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft hay b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u01a1i; ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh lo\u00e0i th\u00fa ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i sinh th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00faa. C\u00e1c s\u00fac v\u1eadt mang theo m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n cao h\u01a1n s\u1ebd ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u hay nhanh ch\u00f3ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn l\u00ean theo \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i trong ng\u01b0\u01a1i.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 linh c\u1ea3m cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) t\u1eeb b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> (De hominis dignitate, 1486), m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng<\/em>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n then ch\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t linh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/em> Darwin (1859) ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i sau? \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di ch\u00fac cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Burckhardt).<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/span><\/strong>\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u00e9t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/em> h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng roi v\u1ecdt th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc vui, h\u1ecdc ch\u01a1i, v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n tr\u1ebb th\u01a1. Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn, r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, d\u1ec5 th\u1edf v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u00e1i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1edf hoa trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 16 kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. C\u00e1c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Florence (1563), th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Galilei (Pisa), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u0169ng r\u1ed9 l\u00ean h\u01a1n. Ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Galilei v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Xin xem tr\u1ecdn D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/strong> khi s\u00e1ch Galilei \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd s\u1edbm.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn,<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PH\u1ee4C H\u01afNG V\u00c0 CON NG\u01af\u1edcI Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u Anh Ch\u1ecb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, N\u0103m nay k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Galileo Galilei 461 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15\/2 v\u1eeba qua. T\u00f4i xin g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn anh ch\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp cho quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Ti\u1ec3u<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15102"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15102"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15113,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15102\/revisions\/15113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}