{"id":15322,"date":"2026-03-16T20:49:39","date_gmt":"2026-03-16T13:49:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=15322"},"modified":"2026-03-23T22:42:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T15:42:56","slug":"luan-van-tien-si-cua-albert-einstein-1906","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/luan-van-tien-si-cua-albert-einstein-1906\/","title":{"rendered":"Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein (1906)"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #000080\">LU\u1eacN V\u0102N TI\u1ebeN S\u0128 C\u1ee6A<\/span><\/h2>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #008000\">ALBERT EINSTEIN<\/span><\/h1>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">(1906)<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ci3.googleusercontent.com\/meips\/ADKq_NYXA_ISHaaEqdlXRDuhIZ6ehRajRJ25D81F38QWIy-L80XJnpjABJgnb0WJibtoo0IK-IH10xfBT8TEruk-y8A0AUKZjd8FPdqD7Vx5ubktWLi13lqVHGol8yz8FDT_dfzEV9UqAA92m0tseHG7efIpKBQyg4YxNA0iAxSrnMC3KnKm0un7Uug=s0-d-e1-ft#https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2024\/02\/Tu-bao-NYT.png?resize=70%2C54&amp;ssl=1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><em>M\u1ed7i s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"color: #000080\">\u2014 Albert Einstein, <\/strong><em>Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;color: #000080\"><em>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a hy v\u1ecdng, mong \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong style=\"color: #000080;text-align: center\">\u2014 Albert Einstein<\/strong>,<span style=\"color: #000080\">\u00a0<i>Einstein, M\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\" wp-image-14858 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/10\/Anh-Einstein-vo-va-con-dau.jpg?resize=599%2C441&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"599\" height=\"441\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Einstein, Mileva v\u00e0 con trai \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng Hans Albert (1904) trong c\u0103n h\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 49 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Kramgasse l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong><em>L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 3 v\u1eeba qua l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 147 c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein. T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh ni\u00ean, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u201cformative\u201d, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 suy ng\u1eabm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. Trong l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n t\u1edbi, t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng trong n\u0103m nay, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam <em>Albert Einstein, T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"AUhGxSlIYV\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/buoi-gioi-thieu-sach-einstein-tu-nhung-nam-sau-cua-doi-toi\/\">Bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Einstein &#8220;T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i&#8221;<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Bu\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch Einstein &#8220;T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi t\u00f4i&#8221;&#8221; &#8212; B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\" src=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/buoi-gioi-thieu-sach-einstein-tu-nhung-nam-sau-cua-doi-toi\/embed\/#?secret=XwvxMabLST#?secret=AUhGxSlIYV\" data-secret=\"AUhGxSlIYV\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u2026 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p; t\u1eeb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u2026 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Trong\u00a0<em>N\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/em>,\u00a0<em>annus mirabilis<\/em>, 1905, Albert Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n (hay n\u0103m t\u00f9y c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh) b\u00e0i b\u00e1o t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ee9c\u00a0<strong><em>Annalen der Physik<\/em><\/strong>. B\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft photon c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 b\u00e0i sau n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1921. B\u00e0i th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Brown v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Einstein n\u1ed9p v\u00e0o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Zurich \u0111\u1ec3 xin c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. B\u00e0i th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p. v.v. V\u00e0 n\u0103m 1906, \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfn s\u0129!<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-15304 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-ETH-Zurich-toa-nha-chinh-ve-dem.jpg?resize=870%2C371&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"870\" height=\"371\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u1ea2nh t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ETH Zurich\u00a0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam, Wikipedia<\/p>\n<p>T\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n Einstein c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 Hermann Hubacher th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ETH hai n\u0103m sau khi Einstein m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Einstein t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u0129nh c\u1eefu.<\/p>\n<p>Albert Einstein t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf Zurich trong hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1ch (extraordinary) t\u1ea1i UZH (1909\u20131911) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ETH Zurich (1912\u20131914). Sau m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1913, \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1914, \u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Berlin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15318\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-tuong-Einstein-tai-ETH.jpg?resize=409%2C353&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"409\" height=\"353\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">T\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e1n th\u00e2n Einstein c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9 Hermann Hubacher th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ETH hai n\u0103m sau khi Einstein m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Einstein t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u0129nh c\u1eefu<\/p>\n<p>Albert Einstein t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf Zurich trong hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1ea1ch (extraordinary) t\u1ea1i UZH (1909\u20131911) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ETH Zurich (1912\u20131914).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-14917\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/10\/Anh-ca-phe-Odeon.png?resize=470%2C339&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"470\" height=\"339\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Odeon \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Z\u00fcrich, Limmatquai 2, n\u01a1i Einstein trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng danh nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 L\u00eanin, Mata Hari &#8230;. Ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho kh\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft Einstein t\u1eebng th\u00edch ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Odeon \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Z\u00fcrich, Limmatquai 2, n\u01a1i Einstein trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng danh nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 L\u00eanin, Mata Hari, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0 Stefan Zweig, Frank Wedekind v\u00e0 Karl Kraus, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u201cNg\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c\u201d, v\u00e0 Erich Maria Remarque, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Kurt Tucholsky, Ernst Rowohlt, Klaus Mann v\u00e0 Alfred Kerr. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ireland James Joyce \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n 5 n\u0103m \u1edf Zurich, d\u00e0nh v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd t\u1ea1i r\u1ea1p ODEON. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, t\u00ean c\u00e1c con ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf Zurich, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. Ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho kh\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft Einstein t\u1eebng th\u00edch ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Trong <em>T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n<\/em>, Einstein g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u00ab Metropol\u00bb (kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng Metropol khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103m 1914, n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng l\u1edbp, Marcel Gro\u00dfmann. M\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea Metropol tr\u00ean Limmatquai \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 vui v\u1ebb, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m. Anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vagabund hay Eigenbr\u00f6dler l\u1eadp d\u1ecb nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, anh \u1ea5y s\u1edf h\u1eefu d\u01b0 d\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i thi\u1ebfu: kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nhanh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n n\u1eafp trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c. Anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tham d\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m b\u00e0i t\u1eadp r\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Anh \u1ea5y cho t\u00f4i m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n v\u1edf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u phao c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">(<em>T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n<\/em>, xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15344\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Einstein-luc-hoc-o-Bach-khoa-Zurich.jpg?resize=411%2C548&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"548\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Sinh vi\u00ean Albert Einstein \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa, 1898 (H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda: Oculus Illustration \/ Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ETH Zurich, Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh)<\/p>\n<p>Sau khi ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 1900 v\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n (Diplom) \u1edf B\u00e1ch khoa Zurich, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 cho th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ea9y chay c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Einstein \u201cth\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh b\u1ecb m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u01a1 v\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\u201d<strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea1y k\u00e8m. \u00d4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cmisfit\u201d trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u00fd do c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0\u00a0<em>t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Einstein khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3n lan xa. H\u1ecd lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u201cngoan\u201d. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y to\u00e1n Hermann Minkowski c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng may m\u1eafn thay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc Marcel Gro\u03b2mann, th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ed1, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i S\u1edf s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i Bern gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc phao c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9!<\/p>\n<p>Einstein b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p III t\u1ea1i S\u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang t\u1ea1i Bern khi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 th\u1edf h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1902, Einstein d\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Bern, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n lo cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba l\u00e0m khoa h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gi\u1edd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed9t tay ru con, m\u1ed9t tay vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. V\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u00f4i, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u00f4ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng ai ng\u1edd t\u1edbi! So v\u1edbi Newton, Einstein c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1905, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<p><em>N\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/em> 1905, khi Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3\u00a0\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, c\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb\u00a0<em>habilitation<\/em>, v\u00e0\u00a0<em>venia legendi<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e1ng 11, n\u0103m 1911, Henri Poincar\u00e9, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ETH nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Einstein theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ETH \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 cho Einstein nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u00d4ng Einstein l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft; d\u00f9 c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t cao trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 \u1edf \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch r\u00fat ra m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u00f4ng ta nhanh ch\u00f3ng xem x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u00f4ng ta th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 thi. Khi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u00fang ta ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng anh ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn; v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Einstein, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch thu h\u00fat v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vinh d\u1ef1 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ea3m \u01a1n b\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ritz; \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i \u00f4ng qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh cho Einstein c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Minkowski, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y Einstein, v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn tr\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1902 khi \u00f4ng \u0111i v\u1ec1 G\u00f6ttingen. Minkowski kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0i b\u00e1o Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a Einstein, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd c\u1eadu sinh vi\u00ean l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00f4 k\u1ef9 lu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng, d\u00e0y c\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, Minkowski \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 l\u00ean canvas h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian. N\u0103m 1908, Minkowski tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cH\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d t\u1ea1i K\u00f6ln, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Th\u01b0 Qu\u00fd Ng\u00e0i! C\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi Qu\u00fd Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. T\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng gian x\u00e9t ri\u00eang v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian x\u00e9t ri\u00eang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai m\u1edbi gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>(Xem trong s\u00e1ch <em>Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m. <em>D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em>, xiv)<\/p>\n<p>Hai n\u0103m sau, Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5. V\u00e0 n\u0103m sau \u00f4ng d\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 Berlin, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 400px\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Xem trang m\u1ea1ng https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/henri-poincare-noi-ve-albert-einstein\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15345\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Minkowski.jpg?resize=348%2C350&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"350\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Hermann Minkowski (1864-1909, 44t) (Wiki)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng?<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd, t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh\u00a0<em>c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em>. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ai. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX c\u00f3 hai d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat. M\u1ed9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein, l\u00e0 Thorstein Veblen (1857 \u2013 1929), nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn M\u1ef9. Einstein b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Veblen, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Veblen cho r\u1eb1ng lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201cs\u0103n m\u1ed3i\u201d (the predatory phase) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. Th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Michelson, Millikan, tr\u1eeb Poincar\u00e9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf. Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e2m th\u1ea7m \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1 v\u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u h\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0o t\u1ea5m th\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5.\u00a0Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Zurich v\u00e0 Bern c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0<em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/em>,\u00a0<em>counterculture<\/em>, bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khoan dung, t\u1ef1 do, c\u1edfi m\u1edf, \u201ckh\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Lenin, v\u00e0 Rosa Luxemburg l\u00e0 hai trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Einstein s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Sau hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1edfi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, Einstein vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u coi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 chung cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Maxwell, v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. Ngay c\u1ea3 Maxwell v\u00e0 H. Hertz, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lung lay ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 duy v\u1eadt l\u00fd, trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1eabn coi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103m 1905, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 ra: <em>Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 ta th\u1ea5y<\/em>, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m khu\u1ea5t s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0 <em>v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp<\/em>\u00a0v\u00f9ng Zurich-Bern c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u1edf Thung l\u0169ng Silicon! N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc\u00a0<em>m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15307\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Dai-hoc-Zurich.jpg?resize=635%2C476&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"635\" height=\"476\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc UZH Zurich. Wikipedia<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y Weber t\u1eeb 1897-1900, Einstein c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam vi\u1ec7c <em>t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i\u2014tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Hermann von Helmholtz, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, Heinrich Hertz, Ludwig Boltzmann, Ernst Mach, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Paul Drude ho\u1eb7c August Foppl, James Clerk Maxwell. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1edbi Weber, s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Weber v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Weber. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Weber v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn Einstein \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hermann Helmholtz l\u00ean Weber v\u00e0 Pernet l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ee5c l\u00ean Einstein. Th\u00f4ng qua Karl Kappeler, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa Zurich t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1857 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1888, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Helmholtz m\u00e0 Weber \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa Zurich v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y n\u0103m 1875. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng 68 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<p>D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, Weber c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a cacbon, boron v\u00e0 silic \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Berlin c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, Weber \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ba nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p so v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Dulong\u2013Petit; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u00f4ng t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean tr\u00ean 1.000 \u0111\u1ed9 C th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i tu\u00e2n theo d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Dulong v\u00e0 Petit. Trong g\u1ea7n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Weber v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<p>Weber r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb 1888 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Weber v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Einstein h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa, Weber ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n: d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n<p>Weber \u0111\u00e3 tham gia c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Vienna (1883), Paris (1889), Frankfurt am Main (1891), Paris (1900) v\u00e0 London (1908). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ng\u00e0nh \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Thomson \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Anh v\u00e0 Helmholtz \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, Weber thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, s\u1eafp \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00e0 Einstein l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e0 m\u1eb9\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>N\u1ebfu ai \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, qu\u1ed1c gia hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Einstein th\u1ee9 hai kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Einstein, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n sinh quan, Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i. Einstein s\u1ed1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u00edt l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. &#8220;<em>Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi [nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i] s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 g\u00e2y m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung thay v\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00ean nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong khi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3<\/em>.\u201d C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau Maric. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n sinh quan gi\u1ed1ng nhau d\u1ec5 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nhau. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Thomas Jefferson v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 <span role=\"tooltip\"><span class=\"c5aZPb\" role=\"button\" data-enable-toggle-animation=\"true\" data-extra-container-classes=\"ZLo7Eb\" data-hover-hide-delay=\"1000\" data-hover-open-delay=\"500\" data-send-open-event=\"true\" data-theme=\"0\" data-width=\"250\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwj6-Iid37OTAxX4yzgGHVwUMZcQmpgGegQIHxAE\"><span class=\"JPfdse\" data-bubble-link=\"\" data-segment-text=\"Sally Hemings\">Sally Hemings.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao, hay tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n thua. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd tr\u00f4i theo s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, trong khi con thuy\u1ec1n Einstein \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 tin t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ed1n t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t: l\u00fd t\u00ednh, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ef1c quan, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i. Einstein t\u1eebng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00fat l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Don-Quichote hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n trong l\u0169 con c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nh\u1ecf nhen.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>H\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hume, Kant v\u00e0 Mach, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c Boltzmann, Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, and Hertz, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn d\u1eaft kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. \u1ede Bern, nh\u00f3m \u201cOlympia Academy\u201d g\u1ed3m \u00f4ng v\u00e0 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Maurice Solovine v\u00e0 Conrad Habicht \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1902 g\u1ed3m ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ai trong gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd \u201c\u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean\u201d, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cv\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi\u201d. Theo Solovine, \u201cCu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.\u201d Solovine \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Einstein. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 Einstein b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n <em>Ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u1ee7a Karl Pearson (1900). H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1: \u201c<em>Analyse der Empfindungen<\/em>\u201d (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea3m x\u00fac) v\u00e0 \u201cMechanik\u201d c\u1ee7a Mach, \u201cLogic\u201d c\u1ee7a Mill, \u201c<em>A Treatise of Human Nature<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Hume, \u201cEthica\u201d c\u1ee7a Spinoza (1677), \u201ch\u1ed3i k\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Helmholtz\u201d, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u201c<em>Essai sur la philosophie des sciences<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Amp\u00e8re (1834), \u201c<em>\u00dcber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Riemann, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Kh\u00f4ng gian phi-Euclid (1854), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u201c<em>Kritik der reinen Erfahrung<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Avenarius (1888, 1890), cu\u1ed1n <em>On the Nature of Things-in-Themselves<\/em> c\u1ee7a Clifford, cu\u1ed1n <em>Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen<\/em>? (C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec?) c\u1ee7a Dedekind (1893), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n <em>La science et l\u2019hypoth\u00e9se<\/em> (Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft) c\u1ee7a Poincar\u00e9 (1902). Solovine m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Poincar\u00e9 \u201c\u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i n\u00edn th\u1edf trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n\u201d, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 Poincar\u00e9 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Einstein cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 Mach, Einstein \u0111\u1ecdc hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh <em>Mechanik<\/em> (C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 <em>W\u00e4rmelehre<\/em> (Nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc), theo g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Michele Besso. N\u0103m 1909, Einstein vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Mach:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1n <em>C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc<\/em>. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Planck, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, coi l\u00e0 &#8216;ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Mach&#8217; (Machian).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">(Einstein g\u1eedi Ernst Mach, ng\u00e0y 9 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1909)<\/p>\n<p>Th\u1eddi nay, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nghe Galen (x\u1ee9 Pergamon,129\u2013kho\u1ea3ng 216 CN, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3) quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng, <em>m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129<\/h3>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Einstein l\u00e0 Alfred Kleiner, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Zurich, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 Heinrich Burkhardt, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00a0Cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1909, ETH kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho ph\u00e9p sinh vi\u00ean ETH nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Zurich. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u00e1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean ETH \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Heinrich Friedrich Weber. \u00d4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd (assistant) c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0n \u0110\u1ee9c Hermann von Helmholtz. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, Weber c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn cao.<\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, Einstein khen ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u1ef1 Weber. \u00d4ng t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Mileva Mari\u0107: \u201cWeber \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t (nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed) r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o. H\u1ebft b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0m anh th\u00edch th\u00fa.\u201d N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Einstein c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao Weber nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. \u201cTuy r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1ecf \u0111i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn sau Helmholtz. Sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi.\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Einstein nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. Einstein c\u0169ng t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Weber \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi 50 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Einstein r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Weber, Einstein \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m thi r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Weber v\u00e0 Einstein kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t theo, m\u00e0 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. Einstein l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh, \u00f4ng \u0103n theo s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a bao t\u1eed \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u00e0y ra cho \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u00d4ng hay b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc gi\u1edd n\u00e0y, gi\u1edd kia, c\u1ea3 gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a Minkowski v\u00e0 Weber, n\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm, sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 \u00edch h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c hay xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Weber m\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch. Weber t\u1eebng m\u1eafng \u00f4ng: \u201c\u00d4ng l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i l\u1edbn: \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ai n\u00f3i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec\u201d, v\u00ec c\u00e1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi \u201c\u00d4ng Weber\u201d, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cNg\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Weber\u201d. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n uy thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ai. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Einstein mang th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t di d\u00e2n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 n\u0103m 1901, v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u201c<em>S\u1ef1 l\u1edbn lao trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh (character)\u201d<\/em>\u00a0ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng. C\u00e1 t\u00ednh, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1 t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n trong nh\u00e2n sinh quan, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Khi Einstein t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Weber, kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn Einstein l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb v\u0103ng ra, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y. May m\u1eafn \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc \u1edf ETH, Marcel Gro\u03b2mann, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Einstein thi v\u00e0o S\u1edf s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein ghi d\u00e0nh t\u1eb7ng cho Marcel Marcel Gro\u03b2mann. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u0103n th\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Weber sang Kleiner l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">Quan h\u1ec7 Weber-Einstein<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng trong quan h\u1ec7 Weber-Einstein l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia. Th\u1eadt ra, g\u1eb7p Weber l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Einstein c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Weber. Khi Einstein t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 qua Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0 thi nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa Li\u00ean bang, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi 16 tu\u1ed5i, hai n\u0103m tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n tu\u1ed5i nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4n to\u00e1n-khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00f4n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00ean \u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u1ef3 thi. Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1ch khoa, Albin Herzog, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean Einstein n\u00ean h\u1ecdc th\u00eam m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng bang Aargau t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Aarau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng t\u00fa t\u00e0i, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd v\u00e0o Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa.\u00a0Weber \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n thi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu r\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Einstein tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Einstein tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean c\u1eadu. Nh\u01b0ng Einstein ch\u1ecdn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc cho n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Aargau Kantons-schule, nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Herzog \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd August Tuchschmid, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Weber t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa. Sau m\u1ed9t n\u0103m \u1edf Aarau, Einstein c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15346\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Heinrich-Weber.jpg?resize=340%2C560&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"560\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">ETH-Heinrich Weber, (1842-1913). (Wiki)<\/p>\n<p>Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ba n\u0103m h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Weber (1897-1900), Einstein d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Weber lu\u00f4n cao v\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Weber. V\u1eady c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Einstein tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c Weber kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Maxwell v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i? Hay, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c Einstein th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi Weber l\u00e0 &#8220;Herr Weber&#8221; thay v\u00ec &#8220;Herr Professor Weber&#8221; (Carl Seelig)? Hay c\u1ea3 v\u00ec \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u? V\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Weber \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Johannes Pernet, th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u00f4ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng khoan dung v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, Einstein c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch Th\u0169y S\u0129 n\u0103m 1901, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. D\u00f9 sao, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn v\u0103n t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p (<em>Diplomarbeit<\/em>) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Weber, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n<p>Einstein t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1900, nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi Einstein v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Jakob Ehrat, Marcel Grossmann v\u00e0 Louis Kollros nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Einstein l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi m\u1eddi l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng h\u1eb1ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, thay v\u00ec nh\u1eadn Einstein, Weber \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn hai k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed. Kollros tin r\u1eb1ng Einstein &#8220;ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ecb Weber coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp&#8221;. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng. K\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u1edbi Weber v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n \u00e1m \u1ea3nh Einstein: N\u0103m 1934, \u00f4ng nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u00f4i v\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, [v\u00e0] tr\u00e1nh m\u1eb7t t\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd\u201d; v\u00e0 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1952, hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u2018v\u00e0o ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd\u2019\u201d (<em>The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein<\/em>. Vol. 1, The Early Years, 1879-1902. John Stachel, et al., eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Trang 44)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Einstein t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u00d4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Weber b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, Maxwell, Kirchhoff, Hertz, Boltzmann, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a August Foppl ho\u1eb7c Paul Drude.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein, Weber c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y Maxwell: \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay v\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Maxwell, Einstein ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, Maxwell, Kirchhoff, Hertz, Boltzmann, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a August Foppl ho\u1eb7c Paul Drude. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Weber v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, Einstein kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa. Nh\u00ecn chung, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong hai n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong k\u1ef3 thi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p [th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1900], Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201c10\u201d [tr\u00ean thang \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201c12\u201d] \u1edf m\u00f4n \u201cV\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u201c10\u201d \u1edf m\u00f4n \u201cV\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Albin Herzog, v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch v\u1edbi Minkowski, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh quy v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd. Sau m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mao d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Minkowski trong h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Einstein t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Kollros: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mao d\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <em>Annalen der Physik<\/em> v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1900, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103m th\u00e1ng sau khi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u1ea7u (tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1907) c\u1ee7a Einstein \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Weber, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 Einstein sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u201cKhi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n ra trong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu Weber kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u00f4ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Einstein nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t, Weber \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho Einstein nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sang tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Hermann von Helmholtz<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>B\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Helmholtz m\u1ea5t hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Einstein v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc \u1edf B\u00e1ch khoa Zurich, nh\u01b0ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00ean Einstein l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Helmholtz l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111a t\u1ea1p Riemann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a C.F. Gauss \u0111\u01b0a ra trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n <em>habilitation<\/em> n\u0103m 1868. Vi\u1ec7c Helmholtz suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p \u0111o th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111a chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Einstein (1907\u201315). Sau n\u0103m 1870 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Eintein \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Helmholtz. Khi Einstein m\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u cu\u1ed1n <em>Lehrbuch der Physik<\/em> (S\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa V\u1eadt l\u00fd) c\u1ee7a Jules Violle, g\u1ea1ch ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa c\u1ee7a Violle \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb Helmholtz, b\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed1n Lehrbuch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1892-93, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n <em>Physikalisch-Technische<\/em> <em>Reichsanstalt<\/em> Berlin, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Helmholtz. Trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa, Einstein th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp gi\u1ea3ng (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc), m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u00e0, v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u201d nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u00f3i. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u201cc\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, Hertz, v.v.\u201d. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Zurich, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Helmholtz. Trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m cha m\u1eb9 \u1edf Milan v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1899, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Helmholtz (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Boltzmann v\u00e0 Mach) v\u00e0 h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau Mari\u0107 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau xem l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Zurich.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y, Helmholtz \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Weber v\u00e0 Pernet, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap Weber c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa v\u00e0 Pernet t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia (Reichsanstalt) v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa n\u1eefa. C\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u coi Helmholtz nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t <em>\u00e9minence grise<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ea7m t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch khoa, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>Ngo\u00e0i ra, Einstein c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Helmholtz. Einstein th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Alfred Stern, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa; Stern tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Einstein. Stern, con trai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Moritz Stern \u1edf G\u00f6ttingen, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 cho Einstein nghe v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Heidelberg, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc do Kirchhoff v\u00e0 Helmholtz gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ea1i Heidelberg v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1865, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u1ec1 &#8220;Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean&#8221;, d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh. Stern \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat m\u00e0 Helmholtz, trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau\u2014c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00e2m thanh, c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quang ph\u1ed5, h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Neanderthal\u2014\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng phai trong t\u00f4i su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. (Stern 1932, tr. 5)<\/p>\n<p>Stern, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Aaron Bernstein, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang <em>Naturwissenschaftliche Volksb\u00fccher<\/em>, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb \u201cv\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng\u201d, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Helmholtz cho Einstein. R\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i!<\/p>\n<p>\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Helmholtz \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Einstein tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i: hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00f3i chung. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Mari\u0107 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1899:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m &#8220;S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n&#8221; c\u1ee7a Hertz. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec anh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u trong \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Anh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng <em>\u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y [t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hertz], kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef &#8220;ether&#8221; v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng theo anh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n <em>\u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, t\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ec5 l\u1eafm th\u00e1ng 8, 1899, s\u00e1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p. S\u00e1u n\u0103m sau, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, Einstein s\u1ebd c\u00f4ng khai tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y\u2014cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ether. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Mari\u0107 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Einstein li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau (cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1899) t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u1edf Milan, \u00f4ng b\u1ea3o c\u00f4 n\u00ean chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc Helmholtz c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Zurich: \u201cCh\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Helmholtz,\u201d \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \u201cm\u00e0 anh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc 1) do lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 2) v\u00ec anh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3.&#8221; Kho\u1ea3ng hai tu\u1ea7n sau (th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1899), trong khi v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m cha m\u1eb9 \u1edf Milan, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 Mari\u0107: \u201cTrong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Helmholtz! Anh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3.\u201d Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1899, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0 cho Mari\u0107: \u201cAnh\u2026 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t hay trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n\u201d, v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn th\u00eam v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y khi Mari\u0107 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Zurich. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam: \u201cKhi \u0111\u1ecdc Helmholtz l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, anh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao em l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh anh, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd anh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. Anh th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 \u00edch, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ee1 kh\u00f4 khan h\u01a1n.\u201d Khi y\u00eau nhau th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung cho l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n! Nh\u01b0ng qua nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0i <em>\u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, <\/em>th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t h\u0103m h\u1edf c\u1ee7a Einstein.<\/p>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Einstein c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Helmholtz. Nh\u01b0 Martin Klein \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1902 c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc: \u201cNg\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Einstein, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a Hermann von Helmholtz v\u00e0 Heinrich Hertz, c\u1ee7a J.J. Thomson v\u00e0 J. Willard Gibbs. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Hertz ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Helmholtz. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung gi\u1eefa Helmholtz v\u00e0 Einstein khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nghe Einstein b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi Mari\u00a2 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1899: &#8220;Anh c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o Helmholtz&#8221;. Helmholtz \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t th\u00e1ng 9, 1894, t\u1ea1i Berlin, hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Einstein v\u00e0o B\u00e1ch Khoa Zurich. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean Einstein, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 Helmholtz.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15347\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Helmholtz.jpg?resize=419%2C545&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"545\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Hermann von Helmholtz (1821- 1894, 73t). (Wiki)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Hermann von Helmholtz (1821 \u20131894), b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 <em>chancellor of physics <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Werner von Siemens th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia (Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt &#8211; PTR) n\u0103m 1887 t\u1ea1i Berlin nh\u1edd s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn chung c\u1ee7a Werner von Siemens v\u00e0 Hermann von Helmholtz. Siemens cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 kinh ph\u00ed, trong khi Helmholtz gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n ti\u00ean phong do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m quang h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd-K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c gia Berlin n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. T\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1900, Max Planck \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c entropy x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Boltzmann. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, Planck \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 theo c\u00e1c g\u00f3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c <em>h\u03bd<\/em>, v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t <em>h<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edd ph\u00fat kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh.<\/p>\n<p>Th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1887, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Heinrich Hertz (sinh n\u0103m 1857, m\u1ea5t n\u0103m1894, 36t) b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi Helmholtz r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tia c\u1ef1c t\u00edm l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Helmholtz ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a t\u1edd <em>Sitzungsberichte<\/em> danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hertz c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn Einstein gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1905 b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n<p>Helmholtz c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m <em>bi quan<\/em> h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Wilhelm Oncken: \u201c\u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u1ef1 nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t cho m\u00ecnh m\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Schopenhauer v\u00e0 Hartmann do th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Trong ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau khi \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi Kant \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; \u0111\u00f4i khi, nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ludwig Goldschmidt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Helmholtz ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Kant. Ernst Haeckel tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Helmholtz l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng Helmholtz l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf <em>Die Weltr\u00e4thsel<\/em> (1895\u20131899; ti\u1ebfng Anh: <em>The Riddles of the Universe<\/em>, 1900); v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Ngay c\u1ea3 Mach, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n so v\u1edbi Helmholtz, c\u0169ng ca ng\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 &#8220;s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o&#8221; c\u1ee7a Helmholtz (\u201cconsummate critical lucidity.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15348\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Vortraege-und-Reden-cua-Helmholtz.jpg?resize=369%2C387&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"369\" height=\"387\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd <em>Vortr\u00e4ge und Reden<\/em> I, II, c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, NXB Braunschweig, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1884. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u1edf Berlin t\u00f4i mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 1903. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho t\u00f4i. C\u00f3 b\u00e0i <em>T\u1ef1 do h\u00e0n l\u00e2m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eddi xem s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Frederick William Berlin, nay l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1877. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u201c<em>Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ee1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn, xin \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Di s\u1ea3n cao cao qu\u00fd m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u00ecn gi\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; b\u1edfi v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qu\u00fd ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bph\u00eda quy\u1ec1n uy. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, qu\u1ed1c gia trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1eabn \u0111ang gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 xa x\u00f4i, C. V. Raman, khi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eadu b\u00e9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai tu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc trung h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc <em>B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/em> v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Helmholtz; \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Helmholtz l\u00e0 &#8220;nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u1ed1i cao&#8221; (supremest figure) trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Raman \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong quang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 1930 cho \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ec1 C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh: &#8220;N\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i&#8221;, \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Max Laue m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc <em>Vortr\u00e4ge und Reden<\/em> (C\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (nh\u01b0 quang h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c) cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao) g\u1ed3m hai t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Helmholtz v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Helmholtz. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Einstein v\u00e0 Raman, sau n\u00e0y Laue c\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd (1914).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">T\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eady? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u00edch th\u00fa s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u2026 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. <\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u2013 Albert Einstein<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Ch\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea7y (Exil) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngu d\u1ed1t (Unwissenheit); Qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (Wissenschaft).<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u2013 Honorius<\/strong> x\u1ee9 Autun, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 XII<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-15350\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-Einstein-o-So-sang-che.jpg?resize=413%2C613&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"413\" height=\"613\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u1ea2nh Einstein n\u0103m 1904 trong l\u00fac l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i S\u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. (Lucien Chavan)<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u201c<em>Einstein l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng S\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m (th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi). L\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 42, \u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn t\u00e2m. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1edd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Einstein, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Einstein h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Qua c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u1ef1u Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng S\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, Friedrich Haller, ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 lu\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ki\u00eau c\u0103ng, Einstein v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng S\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. L\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Maxwell, Einstein ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">(Ngu\u1ed3n: \u201cAlbert Einsteins Berner Jahre\u201d, A. Meichle)<\/p>\n<p>Khi t\u1ef1 \u00fd r\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Luitpold Munich \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 15, Einstein kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 r\u1eddi xa s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc. L\u00fac \u1edf \u00dd v\u1edbi b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cV\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ether trong Kh\u00f4ng gian t\u1eeb\u201d (\u00dcber die Untersuchung des Aetherzusatandes im Magnetischen Raum) v\u00e0 g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng c\u1eadu th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft Caesar Koch. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ether trong kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd trong gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Einstein v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1ch khoa, Hertz \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Maxwell, g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng vang r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00f4ng ty gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1882. Einstein vi\u1ebft cho \u00f4ng c\u1eadu: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u00e0 non n\u1edbt. N\u1ebfu c\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, con c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eadn c\u1eadu \u0111\u00e2u.\u201d\u00a0 Trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u00e0y, ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u g\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi n\u0103m b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u0103m 1905, \u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh. \u00d4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng Aarau c\u0169ng nh\u1eafm l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f9 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0n l\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tri, Einstein c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi xa khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o m\u1edbi. V\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong S\u1edf s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng lo toan, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">T\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Khi v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">T\u00f4i s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ea1ng trung. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng; c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1eadp trung s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c si\u00eang n\u0103ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1edf t\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc s\u1ed1ng chung h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eafn r\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1i bao t\u1eed tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u00f4i theo d\u00f5i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u201cc\u00fap cua\u201d r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng xoa d\u1ecbu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u1eafn r\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y; tham gia nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean serbia, Mileva Maric, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y t\u00f4i c\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0m v\u1ee3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 H. F. Weber. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Geiser v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc vi ph\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u00edt quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cao trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ebf v\u00f4 \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd &#8211; m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y t\u00f4i h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn nh\u1eadn ra. N\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i vi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1edf th\u00edch tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh. B\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c \u0103n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ngon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m \u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eaft \u0111i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. May m\u1eafn thay cho t\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 320px\">(<em>T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n, Autobiographische Skizze, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Carl Seelig xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1956 trong t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch<em> Dunkle Zeit-Helle Zeit<\/em>, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi<em> T\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n (Autobiographical Notes) n\u0103m 1949 <\/em>trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<em> \u00a0Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist do Paul Arthur Schilpp l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 70 c\u1ee7a Einstein.)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, Einstein c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. Cho n\u00ean, \u00f4ng r\u00fat lui, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m theo \u201cc\u00e1i bao t\u1eed tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\u201d ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd ra sao. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u hay t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng tham v\u1ecdng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng lo l\u1eafng. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt, trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ham h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt\">\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/span><\/p>\n<p>V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1905, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Loschmidt t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1865. Qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u sau \u0111\u00e2y trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n, Einstein cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><em>\u201cNh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, trong khi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 do v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan trong dung d\u1ecbch lo\u00e3ng ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n ly c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb ma s\u00e1t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 dung m\u00f4i nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t h\u00f2a tan trong dung m\u00f4i. (&#8230;)\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem th\u00eam b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc: <em>On Einstein&#8217;s Doctoral Thesis<\/em>\u00b7 May 2005. By Norbert Straumann University of Zurich:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/2172866\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/2172866<\/a><\/p>\n<p>C\u1ea3m \u01a1n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi comments v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1ed5 \u00edch c\u1ee7a TS. Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ec1n, CalTech.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Trang \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn v\u0103n: &#8220;M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u00ean t\u1eed&#8221;<\/p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-15324 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2026\/03\/Anh-trang-dau-cua-Luan-van-tien-si.png?resize=492%2C720&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"492\" height=\"720\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">To\u00e0n v\u0103n lu\u1eadn \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/10\/Einstein-Doctor-thesis-1906-tai-DH-Zurich.pdf\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Einstein Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 1906 t\u1ea1i \u0110H Zurich<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><a href=\"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2025\/10\/Einstein_Dissertation_English.pdf\">Einstein Dissertation_English<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>LU\u1eacN V\u0102N TI\u1ebeN S\u0128 C\u1ee6A ALBERT EINSTEIN (1906) &nbsp; M\u1ed7i s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. \u2014 Albert Einstein, Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a hy v\u1ecdng, mong \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15322"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15322"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15360,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15322\/revisions\/15360"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15322"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}