{"id":15365,"date":"2026-03-29T21:18:18","date_gmt":"2026-03-29T14:18:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=15365"},"modified":"2026-03-30T21:28:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T14:28:26","slug":"ve-giao-duc-o-han-quoc-duc-va-chau-au-truyen-thong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ve-giao-duc-o-han-quoc-duc-va-chau-au-truyen-thong\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u1ec0 GI\u00c1O D\u1ee4C V\u00c0 \u0110\u00c0O T\u1ea0O NGH\u1ec0 \u1ede <\/span><\/h1>\n

H\u00c0N QU\u1ed0C, \u0110\u1ee8C V\u00c0 CH\u00c2U \u00c2U TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o ng\u1eebng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vong.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 <\/strong>Karl Marx<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014<\/strong>Ludwig Erhard<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m phu qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y qu\u00e9t nh\u01b0 Michelangelo v\u1ebd tranh, nh\u01b0 Shakespeare l\u00e0m th\u01a1, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 Beethoven s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 <\/span><\/em>Martin Luther King Jr.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi k\u1ef3. Trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0103n b\u1eaft h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n v\u00e0 lo ch\u1ed7 \u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng mang th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng” (Latin: ora et labora<\/em>) nh\u01b0 Quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Benedict. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn thi\u00eang li\u00eang. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Calvin\/Tin L\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng Ch\u00faa, trong khi l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201ct\u00ecm l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n\u201d nh\u01b0 trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1981 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, r\u1ea5t b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. L\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 hay tri\u1ebft l\u00fd khinh mi\u1ec7t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn tinh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a nho gi\u00e1o khinh mi\u1ec7t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o quy lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, do \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 nho gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, xem th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ebf t\u1eafc theo. Khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng (ch\u00e2n tay).<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Marx, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u201centfremdet\u201d, \u201ctha h\u00f3a\u201d, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tay ch\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hay, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng (Handarbeit) v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c (Kopfarbeit), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng hay tr\u00ed \u00f3c, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n d\u00e0nh cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng do s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c lu\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u00ednh ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i l\u00ean, trong khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 n\u00ean b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 Marx, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay, b\u00e1nh xe l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Marx \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1863:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, bao g\u1ed3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay, ho\u1eb7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong hai lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, hay s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. (L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0)<\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed \u00f3c v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai lo\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd \u0111i b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u00e2n, trong khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n, n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhanh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 xoay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 Marx n\u00f3i. \u201cLao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.\u201d<\/p>\n

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[I]<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c<\/h3>\n

Th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 (Vocational Education and Training, VET) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n song h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 theo quy m\u00f4 n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang l\u00ean \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u00f4i th\u00fac 1960-1980 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>, ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf 5 n\u0103m. Kho\u1ea3ng 20% h\u1ecdc sinh trung h\u1ecdc \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ef3 t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 t\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1950, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc 6-4-3-4, bao g\u1ed3m 6 n\u0103m ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, 4 n\u0103m trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf, 3 n\u0103m trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1) v\u00e0 4 n\u0103m cao \u0111\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt hay h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 ngay t\u1eeb s\u1edbm trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng hoan ngh\u00eanh, v\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nh\u1eb1m hai \u0111\u00edch<\/em>, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecdc sinh sau 4 n\u0103m trung h\u1ecdc b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng<\/em> nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0n l\u00e2m cao.<\/p>\n

Khi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nhi\u1ec1u thanh ni\u00ean H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 do m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Nho gi\u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sau khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng (HCI) v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 v\u00e0 1970 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a ra. Trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng yangban<\/strong> th\u00ec th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, sirhak,<\/strong> cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng yangban<\/em><\/strong>, gi\u1edbi nho h\u1ecdc th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng m\u00f3ng tay, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi “th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc” nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o sirhak\u00a0<\/strong>\u0111\u00e3 manh nha th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn 1980 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, nhu c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng cao, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang l\u00ean. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 47.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1965 l\u00ean 201.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 274.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1990, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 35,5% l\u00ean 51,1% v\u00e0 76,6% t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7) N\u0103m 1977, khi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2003, TT Roh Moo-hyun \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Tham gia (“participatory government”, v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, th\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 2004, ch\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch “m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p” trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp khai m\u1ea1c Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 2007, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc Ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a Gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i 500 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2021, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111ang h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u01b0a c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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Tranh minh h\u1ecda l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc “Seodang” (tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng) do Kim Hong-do v\u1ebd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18.<\/p>\n

Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 (1) s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9, ng\u00e0nh; v\u00e0 (2) c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

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Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc Meister (-High School) H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c<\/h3>\n

N\u0103m 2012 Vi\u1ec7n McKinsey Global Institute nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u1eb1ng thu nh\u1eadp tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp chi ph\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao trong gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng (Lee Myung-bak) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc Meister”, c\u00e1i t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cao nh\u1ea5t<\/em>. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng “Meister” (b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y) m\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecdc sinh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia<\/em> ngay sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho thanh ni\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cao, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n tay ngh\u1ec1 cao. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y (Meister) trong m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Meister H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c:<\/p>\n

– H\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed, ph\u00ed nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00ed ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– H\u1ecdc sinh thu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c su\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n

– H\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh du h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 \u1edf k\u00fd t\u00fac x\u00e1 ti\u1ec7n nghi gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m:<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m sau khi h\u1ecdc xong tr\u01b0\u1eddng Meister l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn: g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn 100%. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Meister c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf t\u1ed1t cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecdc vi\u00ean ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Samsung, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh ti\u1ebfng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ba n\u0103m sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n k\u1ef3 thi tuy\u1ec3n sinh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tri\u1ebft l\u00fd “l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecdc (\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc) sau”, theo \u0111\u00f3 sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Trong Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i Th\u00f4ng tin, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Meister, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cao, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec1u cao. S\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Meister \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021, trong s\u1ed1 2.375 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 540 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Meister) \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 52 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p (Meister), chi\u1ebfm 2,2% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Meister \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 40 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (1,7%) n\u0103m 2015 l\u00ean 52 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (2,2%) n\u0103m 2021. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00ean 65 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2027.<\/p>\n

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Qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Meister<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Busan (Busan Electronics Technical High School) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Trung h\u1ecdc Meister B\u00e1n d\u1eabn H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (power semiconductor). Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Busan, S\u1edf Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, Ph\u00f2ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Busan \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. D\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 128 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (power semiconductor) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Busan c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n thu h\u00fat th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

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Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb Meister<\/h3>\n

Meister l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u g\u1eafng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cao nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng (craft) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Meisterbrief<\/strong>. B\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong ngh\u1ec1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 kinh doanh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Meister trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao h\u01a1n trong c\u00f4ng ty.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y (Meister), th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n thi, k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef3 thi cu\u1ed1i kh\u00f3a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gesellenpr\u00fcfung (k\u1ef3 thi th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1). N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho k\u1ef3 thi Meisterpr\u00fcfung (k\u1ef3 thi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y). Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 4 n\u0103m t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. K\u1ef3 thi bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1p, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 ng\u00e0y (t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1).<\/p>\n

Theo lu\u1eadt, th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 (Geselle) v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 (Meister) t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng khu v\u1ef1c (Handwerkskammer), m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n. Ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00e0y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t k\u1ef3 thi c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[II]<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 k\u00e9p (song h\u00e0nh) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u00e9p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai ph\u1ea7n, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 (Berufsschule), k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng \u00edch. C\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1edfi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc li\u00ean c\u00f4ng ty, trong khi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 k\u00e9p, khu v\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp theo, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y Meister. Trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 kinh doanh. Danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 kinh doanh, ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng m\u1edf ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Th\u1ee3 B\u1eadc th\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n thi:<\/p>\n

-Ph\u1ea7n Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (I)<\/p>\n

-Ph\u1ea7n L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (II)<\/p>\n

-Ph\u1ea7n Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Kinh doanh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p l\u00fd (III)<\/p>\n

-Ph\u1ea7n S\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (IV)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (Industriemeister), chuy\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (Fachmeister) v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng (Handwerkmeister). Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y chuy\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 h\u01a1n 3.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ee3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1: m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ecbt, th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m t\u00f3c (4.000 euro) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u1ec7n (9.000 euro). Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Meister r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1: chi ph\u00ed l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee3 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n v\u1ed1n sau b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafp l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u201cWanderjahre\u201d t\u1ea1i Bad Kissingen (2010) (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0[III]<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/h3>\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 xoay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014 <\/strong>Karl Marx<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e1 cao r\u1ed3i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014 <\/strong>Michelangelo<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, th\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i t\u0103m t\u1ed1i, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, th\u00ec m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng (septem artes liberales), th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 c\u0169ng tri\u1ec3n khai b\u1ea3y m\u00f4n c\u01a1 kh\u00ed<\/em> (septem artes mechanicae<\/em>) quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ec7t, luy\u1ec7n kim, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u0103n b\u1eafn, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. H\u1ecdc sinh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1eeba l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eeba th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan ni\u1ec7m, khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ban cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y.<\/em> Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ngu d\u1ed1t, trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/em> Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tr\u1eddi cho th\u00ec m\u1edbi b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: H\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, \u1edf t\u1ea7ng cao h\u01a1n, Einstein quan ni\u1ec7m tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3i huy\u1ec1n:<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Ai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0\u2026 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft kinh ng\u1ea1c n\u1eefa, th\u00ec, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u00e1nh m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

\u2014 Albert Einstein, Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em>, 1934<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cTri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\u201d, Francis Bacon (1561\u20131626) tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u00f4ng n\u00f3i trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u00f4ng Novum Organon<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t; b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3; v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gothic, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 X\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u Venice v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Venice Arsenal l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u00e0 kho v\u0169 kh\u00ed t\u1eebng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Venice. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Galilei r\u1ea5t th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c virtuosi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tinh x\u1ea3o. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng virtuosi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i du l\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

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Khu \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Venice, 1797, c\u1ee7a Gianmaria Maffioletti (B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n)<\/p>\n\"\"\n

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\u0110\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1ee3ng David (to\u00e0n th\u00e2n cao 5.17m) do Michelangelo t\u1ea1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea ra b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1c t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1501 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 26 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1504. Phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4 h\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cao 5.5 m\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0n tay ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Michelangelo c\u00f2n t\u1ea1c nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Piet\u00e0<\/em> (L\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 1498\u20131499) v\u00e0 Moses<\/em> (th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1c 1513\u20131515). C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Michelangelo \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n trong phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trung k\u1ef3, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 XIX th\u00f4ng qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt, khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, gi\u1edbi th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. H\u00e3y xem c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn Gothic th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII. H\u00e3y xem nh\u1eefng l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u00e3y xem t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Michelangelo t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 David, hay Piet\u00e0, ho\u1eb7c Moses, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u00f4 s\u01a1. H\u00e3y xem b\u00e0n tay s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Gutenberg \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y in. H\u00e3y xem nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4 nh\u01b0 Otto, Daimler, Benz, Maybach. B\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “tinkerer”, “virtuosi”, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0y m\u00f2 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Thung l\u0169ng Silicon c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng tinkerer nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

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H\u1ecdc l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u00ec th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5<\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u00e0y<\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n xay l\u00faa m\u00ec b\u1eb1ng tay tr\u00ean c\u1ed1i xay \u2013 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1ed1i xay gi\u00f3 xay ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra b\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 danh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

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Ngh\u1ec1 khai m\u1ecf Trung c\u1ed5<\/p>\n

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C\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao. T\u00e0u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1edbi. Th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao.<\/p>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (tr\u1eeb Nga) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 ri\u00eang, nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. H\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 “th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng”. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh nhu\u1ed9m l\u1ee5a trong b\u1ed9 “B\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0” c\u1ee7a Diderot v\u00e0 d’Alembert th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, v\u1ed1n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch “s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng”, coi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/h3>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c, th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5, th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 (apprentice, journeyman v\u00e0 meister). Danh hi\u1ec7u th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, trong khi “gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1” (Gesellenbrief) x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed3m ba c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5: L\u00e0m, H\u1ecdc<\/em>, v\u00e0 Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/em>. Tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ee3 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n l\u00e0m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m (Wanderjahre) t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ch\u00edn m\u00f9i. Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb hai \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u0103m, v\u00e0 l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cao. Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n xin gia nh\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3, Meister. \u0110\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

B\u1ee9c tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch in th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan (n\u0103m 1470) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec1n thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u, h\u1ecda s\u0129, th\u1ee3 kim ho\u00e0n, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0n organ, th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sao ch\u00e9p b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c trong ng\u00e0nh luy\u1ec7n kim, \u0111i\u1ec7n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1<\/em> m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Facharbeiter<\/em> (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh) H\u1ecd sao ch\u00e9p h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1968, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 <\/em>(Berufsbildungsgesetz), quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 trao cho c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 trong c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p; hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m g\u1ea7n 400 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u00ean trong h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[IV]<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea9m sinh, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014 Goethe<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Goethe vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Wilhelm Meister’s Wanderjahre<\/em> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1821. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n (Bildung), ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c<\/em> c\u1ee7a Wilhelm Meister<\/em> (Lehrjahre, 1795\/96). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Bildungsroman<\/em>, th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tinh luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. \u201cT\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb, r\u1eb1ng h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb.\u201d Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh.\u201d Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201cBi\u1ebft th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa; mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u1eefa.\u201d Ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u201cCh\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.\u201d Goethe x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, “Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea9m sinh, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea9m sinh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n thi\u00ean ph\u00fa, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang. Kh\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea9m sinh c\u0169ng s\u1ebd mai m\u1ed9t. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 tinh luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1i b\u1ea9m sinh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)<\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Wanderjahre<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Meister:<\/p>\n