{"id":15410,"date":"2026-04-03T19:31:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T12:31:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=15410"},"modified":"2026-04-03T22:11:19","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T15:11:19","slug":"niem-tin-khoa-hoc-thay-doi-the-gioi-joel-mokyr-nobel-kinh-te-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/niem-tin-khoa-hoc-thay-doi-the-gioi-joel-mokyr-nobel-kinh-te-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"Ni\u1ec1m tin khoa h\u1ecdc thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Joel Mokyr, Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf 2025)"},"content":{"rendered":"

NI\u1ec0M TIN KHOA H\u1eccC THAY \u0110\u1ed4I TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/span><\/h1>\n

M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG \u0110\u00c3 \u0110\u01afA JOEL MOKYR \u0110\u1ebeN GI\u1ea2I NOBEL KINH T\u1ebe 2025<\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u sau n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Joel Mokyr<\/strong> (Culture of Growth<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng d\u1ef1a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau khi Columbus \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u00edt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u2013 ni\u1ec1m tin (beliefs) v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 (attitudes) c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu \u00edch (useful knowledge), c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp thu, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf (institutions) m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00ean c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> (Industrial Enlightenment) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Joel Mokyr<\/strong> (Culture of Growth<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 2025, Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trao Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Sveriges Riksbank v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc Kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb Alfred Nobel n\u0103m 2025 cho ba nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion v\u00e0 Peter Howitt, \u201cv\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf do \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/em>\u201d v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda cho Joel Mokyr, \u201cv\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u00f4ng qua ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em>\u201d, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda kia cho Philippe Aghion v\u00e0 Peter Howitt, \u201cv\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Joel Mokyr (1946, 79t). \u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Northwestern<\/p>\n

Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Joel Mokyr, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Israel, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Northwestern, c\u0169ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 fellow c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kinh t\u1ebf Eitan Berglas thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tel Aviv. Mokyr l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress;<\/em>The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy; <\/em>The Enlightened Economy<\/em>: An Economic History of Britain 1700\u20131850 <\/em>v\u00e0 A Culture of Growth: The Origins of the Modern Economy (The Graz Schumpeter Lectures),\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho Anh qu\u1ed1c, qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trung t\u00e2m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o<\/em>, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong s\u00e1ch M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>: Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> (A Culture of Growth: Origins of the Modern Economy), GS Joel Mokyr l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/strong>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Aristotle nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4n ngoan, minh tri\u1ebft h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, Mokyr n\u00f3i, lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t<\/em> d\u00e0nh cho tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026 Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 XVII, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh cho r\u1eb1ng, \u2018b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u\u2026\u2019, hay s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a d\u1eabn t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Francis Bacon xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, “Kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.” X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, n\u00ean kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Bacon s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 sau tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Copernice, Galilei, Kepler v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n Aristotle, m\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 Isaac Newton. T\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u00f9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Joel Mokyr<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Khai s\u00e1ng bao g\u1ed3m hai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u201cnh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (Vernunft) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Mokyr, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf. Trong ba d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khoan dung, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 \u2018l\u1eadp d\u1ecb\u2019 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb quy l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Anh, l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Immanuel Kant m\u1edbi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khai s\u00e1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng. B\u00f3ng m\u00e2y c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n uy v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u01a1 l\u1eefng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c, quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c n\u00e0y sang g\u00f3c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 h\u1eadu th\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.”<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Joel Mokyr<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Mokyr \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cKhai s\u00e1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>\u201d (Industrial Enlightenment) nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Khai s\u00e1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra song song. Khai s\u00e1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n \u0111i ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua \u201cc\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch\u201d (useful arts) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u00ean b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n

Trong n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf ra ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh<\/em> (rent-seeking), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Anh, \u201cchuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u201d Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng (mercantilism) nh\u01b0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Adam Smith l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Bacon, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u00f4ng th\u00e1i\u201d, virtuosi<\/em>. V\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e9o tay v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c (apprentice) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp ch\u00ednh quy. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5. \u1ede l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. M\u1ed9t \u201ck\u1ef9 s\u01b0\u201d \u1edf Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n. \u1ede Anh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: \u1edf Anh, nh\u01b0 Mokyr tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00ednh \u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u2018tinkerer\u2019 m\u00f2 m\u1eabm \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n giao t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y sang qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh quy \u1edf Anh tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1850, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta coi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc phi-ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, n\u01a1i d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y d\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o phi-ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 Scotland, n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Anh n\u0103m 1707. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p \u1edf Scotland k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00f4n ti\u1ebfng La tinh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Scotland l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a James Watt. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Scotland, Mokyr vi\u1ebft. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang sang Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tin l\u00e0nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n sau n\u0103m 1660, m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa sau Li\u00ean minh 1707. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Edinburgh, v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1700, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i Adam Smith t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/a>[1]<\/a>\u00a0Scotland th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb. Hyundai c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u \u1edf Clydeside, Glasgow.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo Smith vs<\/em> theo Schumpeter<\/span><\/h3>\n

Mokyr n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo ki\u1ec3u Smith v\u00e0 Schumpeter l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng tin ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong khi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo ki\u1ec3u Schumpeter d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

Adam Smith v\u00e0 Joseph Schumpeter<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, hay “c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao tr\u00f9m” (inclusive institutions) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Daron Acemoglu v\u00e0 James Robinson, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i”, cho ph\u00e9p “m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf” m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Hai \u00f4ng v\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2024.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Joseph A. Schumpeter (1880-1950), ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/em>, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho lo\u1ea1i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi<\/em> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng doanh nh\u00e2n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Schumpeter g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u201d (creative destruction), s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 \u201cthay ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7\u201d n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng? Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf c\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, t\u00f2 m\u00f2, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Mokyr l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda 200 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 y nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u0169. Nh\u1eadt t\u1eebng c\u00f3 s\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, nh\u01b0ng sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII h\u1ecd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u00fang n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Perry xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecbnh Tokyo v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn \u0111en, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt nh\u1eadn ra: \u201cTh\u00ec ra ngo\u00e0i kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xa trong khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean – v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u1ed5n ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111i theo v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd th\u00f4i\u201d. V\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i. Mokyr cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e9p k\u00edn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edf: trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Cardwell v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi; nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edf, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3.<\/em> Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i xa. C\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o ph\u00e9p m\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc, giao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh cho th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1eady. H\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII. V\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i l\u00ean t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3.<\/em> Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Tin l\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00ean ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ecd \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c hai ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean A. Kling v\u00e0 N. Schulz c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch From Poverty to Prosperity<\/em> (T\u1eeb ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ed3n vinh<\/em>) h\u1ecfi, Mokyr s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ebb hi\u1ec7n nay, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

V\u00e2ng, c\u00f2n g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, Daron Acemoglu. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u1ea5y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecdc [l\u1ecbch s\u1eed], suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng minh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean l\u00e0m.\u00a0H\u1ecd n\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, Ch\u00faa c\u1ea5m, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng nguy c\u01a1 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Mokyr c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. T\u00f4i cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng\u201d, hay \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\u201d, m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y tr\u1ec5 l\u1eafm t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy m\u00f4 \u1edf to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cho n\u00f3 th\u00eam \u201cx\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbt\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh khai ph\u00f3ng\u201d cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi b\u1ea1t<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

NH\u00c2N T\u1ed0 T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O, \u00dd TH\u1ee8C H\u1ec6 HAY\u00a0TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i sao t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 Mokyr \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch From Poverty to Prosperity<\/em>. N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.\u00a0Mokyr n\u00f3i, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta b\u00e1m gi\u1eef v\u00e0o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 k\u1ef9, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u2019 (rebel) hay \u2018b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n\u2019. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trung c\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Galileo Galilei, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 “nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean”, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n ng\u1ea7m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: \u2018Nh\u00ecn xem, c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 cha t\u00f4i, \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\u2019 \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, Mokyr n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong 1.500 n\u0103m qua, t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ph\u00e1t minh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n. H\u1ecd tham gia s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 hay nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ea3. (Mokyr, nt<\/em>, 131)<\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, Mokyr n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Khai s\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u h\u1ecd, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i Aristotle, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai trong gi\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n (canon) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang ta (ng\u00e0y nay, ND) h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u00e2u xa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. \u2026 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phanh h\u00e3m. V\u00e0 phanh h\u00e3m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu; t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y nay. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. (Mokyr, nt<\/em>, 131)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Ngh\u0129 r\u1ed9ng ra, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Mokyr cho th\u1ea5y, m\u1ecdi \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. N\u1eef gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf Deirdre McCloskey, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mokyr tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do (liberal ideas) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khoan dung, c\u1edfi m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh doanh, nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Anh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoan dung, t\u1ef1 do cao. Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch “Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n: T\u1ea1i sao kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2010, b\u00e0 McCloskey l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 20, t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u00f4 la b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y l\u00ean h\u01a1n 100 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em> (Innovation) d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (Liberalism) ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf T\u00e2y B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1eb1n s\u00e2u trong l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p-phong ki\u1ebfn, s\u1ee9c \u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Tokugawa ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mokyr d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00eam \u1ea3, l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

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THUNG L\u0168NG SILICON<\/span><\/h3>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y: Thung l\u0169ng Silicon. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em>, r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh. Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, trung t\u00e2m hi-tech l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, transistor, chip, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n kinh doanh, entrepreneurship, r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf M\u1ef9 sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp (counterculture), m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, m\u1ed9t state-of-mind, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t people.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Steve Jobs, John Sculley, v\u00e0 Steve Wozniak, 1984.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi anh c\u1ea3\u201d, t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty nh\u01b0 IBM, DEC, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1edbn (mainframe machines), nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat lui \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em> h\u1ecd m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 trao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u2013 power to the people \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh th\u00edch. Mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec \u201cH\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u201cnh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Stewart Brand, quan ni\u1ec7m. Brand l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf San Francisco (87t) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf x\u00edu t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng v\u1ecbnh San Francisco, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Prometheus \u0111em ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda m\u1edbi lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho thanh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp h\u00e0nh tinh, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ni\u1ec1m tin ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cphi\u00eau l\u01b0u\u201d nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Thung l\u0169ng Silicon trong nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u00c0N QU\u1ed0C<\/span><\/h3>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Park Chung Hee, gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em>, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Trong hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1960 v\u1ea3 1970 Park v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 k\u1ef9 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh sau \u0111\u00f3. Trong v\u00f2ng 40 n\u0103m \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb $100 n\u0103m 1961 l\u00ean t\u1edbi x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 $20.000 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau 45 n\u0103m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a0. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Park Chung Hee c\u00f2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, d\u00f9 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, khu li\u00ean h\u1ee3p gang th\u00e9p POSCO, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt vi\u00ean r\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. K\u1ef3 t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng g\u1eafng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, mentality x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh mentality hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

VI\u1ec6T NAM<\/span><\/h3>\n

C<\/span>h\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam xem c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc (practical learning) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1eebng c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Sirhak<\/strong>. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Park Chung Hee, th\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 tinh luy\u1ec7n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. M\u1eddi anh ch\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n xem D<\/em><\/strong>\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong> cho m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean<\/em><\/strong><\/span> s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Xin b\u00e0n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1eadp trung n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o th\u01a1 v\u0103n, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, th\u00edch suy di\u1ec5n, tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy logic, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 chi ph\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m suy lu\u1eadn. Khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u01a1 v\u0103n, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Hy l\u1ea1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy, c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh. Trong khi t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u00e3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho khoa khoa h\u1ecdc sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ti\u1ebfp thu h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u xem c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u1ea5p vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u0129 m\u00f4, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. L\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p qua \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, xem s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 th\u1edd kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh tin<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9c tin tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, theo nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t l\u1edbn, Hy l\u1ea1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi “chuy\u1ec3n pha” t\u1eeb thi ca v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Homer v\u00e0 Hesiod v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e1 b\u1ea3y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean sang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n xu\u00f4i v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai m\u00e0o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c “nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd” \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Ionia. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy duy l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb “D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng” sang qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n Hy l\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa, \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9, n\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, ngay c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m \u1edf Trung Hoa n\u1eefa m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng v\u1eabn t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ef3 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. V\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t ki\u1ec3u Mokyr, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c theo c\u00f9ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, trong khi Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ef3 dai d\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m nay, l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 100 ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh<\/strong>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o? S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Nh\u1eadt th\u1eafng Nga trong ch\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn 1904-05 l\u00e0 tin s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh. C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00eam s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt. Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng: \u201cT\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n sang \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh (Tokyo) cho bi\u1ebft r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngay.\u201d V\u00e0 n\u0103m 1906 C\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n. Sau khi quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Phan B\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a: \u201cTr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cao nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea5y\u2026\u201d Sau chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n 1906, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi C\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a canh t\u00e2n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong v\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u0111i v\u00e0o tim c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5, v\u00e0 C\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n, c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n bushido<\/i>, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng cao “tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n” th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee5 Phan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u. H\u1eadu du\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e1n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e1n. B\u1ee9c tranh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Osaka n\u0103m 1929. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/em> \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ngo\u00e0i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc so v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. V\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3? T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, b\u1ee9c tranh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta suy ng\u1eabm.\u00a0N\u0103m 2022 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Hoa K\u1ef3 sau cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 C\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea9u s\u1ed1 chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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Giao th\u00f4ng t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Osaka n\u0103m 1929. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Osaka \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft ng\u1ea7m, do s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Hajime Seki (1873-1935). Xem \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

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Ga Osaka \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn khu ph\u1ed1 Umeda th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m giao th\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kyoto, Kobe v\u00e0 S\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Kansai.<\/p>\n

\u0110<\/span>\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh, c\u00e1c h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 “khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, ch\u1ea5n d\u00e2n kh\u00ed, h\u1eadu d\u00e2n sinh”? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a<\/em> khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a C\u1ee5. Ch\u1eafc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i khai s\u00e1ng, khai s\u00e1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, khai s\u00e1ng kinh t\u1ebf Adam Smith, Schumpeter, Mokyr, khai s\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi “s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y” c\u1ee7a Kant, d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft, d\u00e1m l\u00e0m, khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, khai s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khai s\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, khai s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, khai s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean khai s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi khai s\u00e1ng Humboldt, v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c khai s\u00e1ng bao tr\u00f9m v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u canh t\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n tham gia s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ee9c ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam<\/em><\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c \u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i><\/a><\/h3>\n

24 Th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ed9t, 2019<\/p>\n

V\u00e0<\/em><\/span>:<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb Adam Smith \u0111\u1ebfn Ludwig Erhard (Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi A. Smith ph\u1ea7n III)<\/em><\/a><\/h3>\n

7 Th\u00e1ng Ch\u00edn, 2025<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong>, 4 th\u00e1ng 11, 2025<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a>[1]<\/a> Xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft Khai s\u00e1ng Scotland<\/em> <\/strong>c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith<\/em><\/strong>, do Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c H\u00f9ng, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, PhanBook, 2025.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NI\u1ec0M TIN KHOA H\u1eccC THAY \u0110\u1ed4I TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG \u0110\u00c3 \u0110\u01afA JOEL MOKYR \u0110\u1ebeN GI\u1ea2I NOBEL KINH T\u1ebe 2025 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y   Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15410"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15410"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15410\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15459,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15410\/revisions\/15459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15410"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15410"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}