{"id":15546,"date":"2026-04-18T17:38:04","date_gmt":"2026-04-18T10:38:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=15546"},"modified":"2026-04-18T18:25:28","modified_gmt":"2026-04-18T11:25:28","slug":"ky-niem-100-nam-ngay-mat-cua-charles-w-eliot-harvard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ky-niem-100-nam-ngay-mat-cua-charles-w-eliot-harvard\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Charles W. Eliot (Harvard)"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u1ef6 NI\u1ec6M 100 N\u0102M NG\u00c0Y M\u1ea4T C\u1ee6A CHARLES W. ELIOT (1926-2026)<\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

V\u00e0<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

PH\u00c1T BI\u1ec2U C\u1ee6A \u00d4NG T\u1ea0I L\u1ec4 NH\u1eacM CH\u1ee8C C\u1ee6A DANIEL C. GILMAN (JOHNS HOPKINS)<\/span><\/h2>\n

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Th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1edfi m\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n l\u00f2ng khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Charles Eliot,<\/strong> Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard 1869<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 lo c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea3.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Thomas Edision<\/span><\/strong>, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh thi\u00ean t\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Charles William Eliot (20 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1834 \u2013 22 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1926). Theodore Roosevelt g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ghen t\u1ecb.”<\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Anh ch\u1ecb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn<\/em>,<\/p>\n

N<\/span>\u0103m nay k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang 100 ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u M\u1ef9: Charles W. Eliot<\/strong>. L\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng thay n\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u0103m nay c\u0169ng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 390 ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard (1636).\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ecb hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng l\u00e8o l\u00e1i, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n<\/em> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u anh ch\u1ecb, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Daniel Coit Gilman, hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1876 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c (Humboldt). B\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang 150 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n hay nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Eliot.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i ao \u01b0\u1edbc, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC n\u0103m 2018. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc to\u00e1t l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, sinh vi\u00ean. L\u1ea7n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Eliot \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i n\u1eb1m trong Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u0103m h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi 2012<\/a><\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, thu nh\u1eadp, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, hoa m\u00e0u hay h\u00e0ng ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; \u1edf s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf thi ca, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. C\u00e1c <\/em>\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00ecu d\u1eaft kh\u00f4n ngoan, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1ed1n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n tr\u1ebb, tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u c\u1ee7a ham mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u1eebng l\u1eaby \u2013 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1i r\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c l\u00ean; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c lo\u00e9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hoan h\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c.<\/em>\u00a0(Charles W. Eliot, 1876)<\/p>\n

m\u00e0 qu\u00fd anh ch\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i trong b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n m\u1eebng Daniel Gilman<\/em> h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu 200 N\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt, r\u1ed3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, quy\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3:\u00a0T\u1eeb H\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ebfn Ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/i><\/a> Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. V\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay xin g\u1eedi ti\u1ebfp qu\u00fd anh ch\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi m\u00e0 t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui. N\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Charles W. Eliot, nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c colleges nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i (denominational collges) th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 do d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c (Humboldt). Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho b\u00e1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00f4 gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf M\u1ef9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang 100 n\u0103m sau khi Hoa K\u1ef3 gi\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. L\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gilman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u “\u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3.” M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Daniel Coit Gilman \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0 \u201ckhuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i; v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01a1i h\u1ecd sinh s\u1ed1ng.<\/em>\u201d \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Hopkins \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd th\u1eddi gian<\/em> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (graduate) nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho h\u1ecd trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt; v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u2014 James J. Sylvester, Henry A. Rowland, Herbert B. Adams, Henry C. Adams, Josiah Royce, Thorstein Veblen, Woodrow Wilson, Richard T. Ely, John Dewey \u2014 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed l\u00e0 G\u00f6ttingen<\/strong> \u1edf Baltimore b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 53 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u0103m 1884, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn (x\u00eamina) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1eafn k\u1ebft gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u1ecdc (graduate) c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi khoa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c\u2014r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh, phi th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. (Walter P. Metzger)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Daniel Coit Gilman (6 th\u00e1ng 7, 1831 \u2013 13, th\u00e1ng 10, 1908), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Charles Eliot.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n trong Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Daniel Gilman:<\/p>\n

“M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i r\u1edfm, nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho sinh vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u00eam sinh l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp sinh vi\u00ean g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00ecu d\u1eaft minh tri\u1ebft, suy ngh\u0129 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia.”<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX h\u01a1n ch\u00edn ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 theo h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Wanderjahre<\/em>, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i du l\u1ecbch ng\u1eafn ng\u00e0y, hay qua nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng college M\u1ef9, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o M\u1ef9. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n v\u00e0 khoan dung h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. G. Stanley Hall (1844\u20131924), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ti\u00ean phong, t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Berlin, Bonn v\u00e0 Heidelberg (1868\u20131871), sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Wilhelm Wundt \u1edf Leipzig (1878\u20131880), \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eb3n t\u00f4i\u201d;\u00a0 \u201cn\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u2026 T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.\u201d\u00a0Hall c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u201cs\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00f4 h\u1ed3n, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh gi\u00e1o\u201d.<\/p>\n

Theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Ri\u00eang tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Harvard c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Eliot, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 ho\u00e0i nghi, ng\u1eef v\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u, c\u00f2n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00ec qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf cho c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2014ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n\u2014th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i m\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

C<\/span>\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00f3i chung t\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ganh \u0111ua. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c. Ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1871, c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cng\u0103n s\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m ch\u1ee3\u201d v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf quan, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c cho ph\u00e9p. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh quy. Ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Kant s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb 1724 \u0111\u1ebfn 1804 t\u1ea1i K\u00f6nigsberg, \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u1ed5. V\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Trong khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e1ch khoa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o Khai s\u00e1ng Anh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1ea1i G\u00f6ttingen ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (1737), t\u1ea1i Halle sau khi Christian Wolff \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Frederick \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1740, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i K\u00f6nigsberg trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant (1755\u20131797). R\u1ea5t l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Fichte v\u00e0 Schelling \u1edf Jena, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf Berlin v\u1edbi Fichte, Hegel v\u00e0 Schelling, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin th\u1eddi Humboldt. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 trong khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Anh, t\u1eeb Bacon \u0111\u1ebfn John Stuart Mill, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. T\u1eeb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 vinh quang c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Anh l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c. (Walter Metzger)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Schelling \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin n\u0103m 1841 thay th\u1ebf Hegel, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho phong tr\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111ang d\u00e2ng l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Alexander von Humboldt, nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 em c\u1ee7a Wilhelm, \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u. (Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c thay ca<\/em> th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, di\u1ec5n ra b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1820-30, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. “D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng” b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao.<\/p>\n

M<\/span>\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em> (academic freedom), g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc, Lernfreiheit<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y, Lehrfreiheit<\/em>. James Morgan Hart, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft, \u201cTheo t\u01b0 duy ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, th\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u2026 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>.\u201d Charles W. Eliot trong b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c<\/em> n\u0103m 1869 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc h\u1ecda \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3; v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 do. L\u00e0n gi\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do trong l\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ed5i qua m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i bay l\u00faa m\u00ec (\u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch tr\u1ea5u ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ea1t). B\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u01a1i th\u1edf b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y khao kh\u00e1t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao qu\u00fd; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Jefferson, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o ca ng\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Jefferson ca ng\u1ee3i \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u2014 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y. Gilman, trong l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 do cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. William Rainey Harper, hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Chicago, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

Khi v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec, trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 khoa n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, khi c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. . . . C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. (University of Chicago, President’s Reports<\/em>, 1892-1902, p. xxiii)<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Eliot di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u am hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat; m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc hay b\u1ebf t\u1eafc \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gang tay, \u0111\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean th\u1ee7ng m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 b\u00ed \u1ea9n bao quanh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u01a1i t\u00ecm t\u00f2i si\u00eang n\u0103ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. (Eliot, Aims of Higher Education<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng xem t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 “Ph\u00fac \u00e2m” (Gospel), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra Ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9. Trong khi sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 khi\u1ebfn cho s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang \u2013 gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u2013 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn M\u1ef9, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd m\u1ea5y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c t\u00f2a \u00e1n. H\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (general will), ki\u1ec3u Rousseau. H\u1ecd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng “t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c hay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n; r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng.”<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Wilhelm von Humboldt (22 th\u00e1ng 6, 1767 \u2013 8 th\u00e1ng 4, 1835)<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi li\u00ean bang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1819 tr\u1edf \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ean\u00a0Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, (C\u00e1c \u1ee7y vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Dartmouth college ki\u1ec7n Woodward). <\/em>Xem d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Ngay trong t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Eliot, trong b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt M\u1ef9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh c\u00e3i, s\u1ef1 trung l\u1eadp c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh; ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 khuy\u00ean h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0. Sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb trong nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n nay. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb “gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c” \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u. Quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ed9t tu vi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn trung h\u1ecdc. (Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec1m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt (2010-1810), Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Robert J. Zimmer c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2009, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t Chicago v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1810, t\u1ee9c 600 n\u0103m sau khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Bologna, Paris, Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, … \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt. \u00d4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Friedrich Schleiermacher. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Humboldt, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ba \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean t\u01b0 duy, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1; th\u1ee9 hai, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ea7n lan t\u1ecfa \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. (The Rise of the University<\/em>)<\/p>\n

S<\/span>inh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh danh gi\u00e1 \u1edf Boston v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1834, Eliot v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc Harvard n\u0103m 1849 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 15. Sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1853, Eliot nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gia s\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1858 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, n\u0103m 1863, Eliot t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i du l\u1ecbch ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1865 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. N\u0103m 1869, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 35, Eliot \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Harvard.<\/p>\n

Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Eliot kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c. Trong g\u1ea7n hai n\u0103m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Eliot t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u0129 tr\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Merrimack \u1edf Massachusetts, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 5000 \u0111\u00f4 la (c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea) l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng sau khi suy ngh\u0129 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tri th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 Johns Hopkins, Chicago v\u00e0 Clark, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean cam k\u1ebft nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 lu\u00f4n coi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. N\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ef9 Carnegie v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Rockefeller \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u – tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Harvard.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c \u1edf B\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Harvard, n\u01a1i Charles Eliot, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1869 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1909, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t Eliot coi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng y v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tuy\u1ec3n sinh cao h\u01a1n (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc), \u00f4ng c\u0169ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u0103m lo m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch coi tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng.<\/em><\/p>\n

Eliot<\/span><\/span> sinh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n \u00edt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. R\u1ea5t \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u1eb7c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2014 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i g\u1eedi con m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec, ho\u1eb7c quy\u00ean g\u00f3p ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Khoa h\u1ecdc Lawrence (1847) c\u1ee7a Harvard, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Khoa h\u1ecdc Sheffield (1847) c\u1ee7a Yale v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts (1861) m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, s\u1eafp khai gi\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1865. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bb\u1ecf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Boston, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean Harvard, \u0111ang th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u2014 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Humboldt ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. (Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh Harvard college n\u0103m 1874<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1869, Eliot, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai n\u0103m, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o hai ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 “N\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi<\/em>” (The New Education<\/em>) \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean The Atlantic Monthly<\/em>, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. “Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng hoang d\u00e3, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c,”<\/em> Eliot tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, “v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb<\/em>.” Eliot \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc sang m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p khoa h\u1ecdc, ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn (elective system). \u00d4ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Morrill<\/strong> land-grant-colleges n\u0103m 1862 n\u1eb1m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Harvard b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng vang m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb Harvard. Ngay sau khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1869, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 35, Eliot \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 21 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m l\u00e1i cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Th\u00e1ng 10, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Harvard v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t college. Trong b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp ni\u00ean c\u1ea7m l\u00e1i, Eliot \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf M\u1ef9. Xa h\u01a1n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00e2m s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Eliot v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh h\u01a1n cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n sinh t\u1ea1i Harvard \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Eliot v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng, khi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi. Eliot hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng lo \u00e2u t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn.Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y; n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trung t\u00e2m trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Eliot \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ed5i s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xa r\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111e d\u1ecda to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ednh entrepreneurial<\/em>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian kho\u1ea3ng 3 th\u1eadp ni\u00ean trong n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nh\u1eefng college t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1ed3 \u1ea1t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1865 \u0111\u1ebfn 1890. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn<\/em> \u2013 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (graduate), c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng “dinh th\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 dinh th\u1ef1 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn”, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea1i Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Clark, Stanford v\u00e0 Chicago; nh\u1eefng “t\u00f2a th\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o Harvard, Columbia, Yale v\u00e0 Princeton, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Wisconsin, Michigan v\u00e0 Illinois”. (Metzger & Hofstadter) Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1861, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1890, c\u00f3 164 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao; n\u0103m 1900, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i. N\u0103m 1871, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 198; \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1890, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 2.872.<\/p>\n

N<\/span>\u1ebfu 1876 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t M\u1ef9, th\u00ec n\u0103m sau 1877 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u1ebfp thu khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c cho b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, trong m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, t\u1ea1i Tokyo v\u00e0 Kyoto. Kyoto l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Yukawa v\u00e0 Tomonoga. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1922 trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. (Xem chi ti\u1ebft trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: S\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/em>). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1865-1875, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Minh Tr\u1ecb (1868), v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 phong ki\u1ebfn M\u1ea1c ph\u1ee7, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m thanh ni\u00ean samurai b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p hi\u1ec3m nguy t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf New Brunswick, New Jersey, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc \u1edf Rutgers College. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, TS. David Murray t\u00ecnh c\u1edd g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean samurai trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cs\u1ef1 nhanh nh\u1ea1y, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh Murray \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m sinh ho\u1ea1t cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n xa nh\u00e0. \u00d4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1, nhanh nh\u1eb9n v\u00e0 si\u00eang n\u0103ng\u201d. Sau n\u00e0y Murray \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n thu\u00ea l\u00e0m “Superintendent”, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n cho B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1873 \u0111\u1ebfn 1879 nh\u1eb1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

TS. Guido Verbeck (23 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1830 \u2013 10 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1898) v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m 1868.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

TS. David Murray (15 th\u00e1ng 10, 1830 \u2013 6 th\u00e1ng 3, 1905)<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Murray, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, TS. Guido Verbeck. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c H\u00e0 Lan, d\u1ea1y ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y\u014dgakusho (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y) \u1edf Nagasaki, t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1864. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m h\u1ecdc sinh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u014ckuma Shigenobu, It\u014d Hirobumi, \u014ckubo Toshimichi, Sagara Tomoyasu v\u00e0 Soejima Taneomi. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Minh Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb. Th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1871, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 Verbeck tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1872 v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Tuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1873. Verbeck c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Minh Tr\u1ecb chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00f4 \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t tai h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1, r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u0169, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo theo c\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t? V\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thua ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 logic ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee5 Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1906. Khai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed<\/em> l\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, chi b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u0169ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. T\u00f4i e s\u1ebd ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebf t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Humboldt, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Bildung<\/em>, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o<\/em> con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00ean sau ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Napoleon, h\u00e0n g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao, m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i<\/em>\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong Tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc cao \u1edf Berlin<\/em><\/strong>. (Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC) V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> (Wissenschaft) theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p l\u1ef1c<\/em> trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp ngang h\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Nietzsche l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (Bildung) mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho n\u00f3, trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a xung quanh \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn nhanh nh\u01b0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m (contemplate) n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1872, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi Ph\u1ed5 th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, Nietzsche tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i n\u0103m b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Basel, c\u00f3 t\u00ean “\u00dcber die Zukunft unserer Bildungsanstalten” – V\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. <\/em>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng “ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n”, v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nietzsche li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2018\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp\u2019 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt: v\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ai c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd t\u00f4n vinh n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch uy nghi v\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ngai v\u00e0ng xa x\u00f4i, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n logic, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng xung l\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> (nghi\u00eang \u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o) \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c danh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ng\u1eef v\u0103n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ng\u1eef v\u0103n cho h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u2013 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u00f3a. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p (ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u00ec qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng thang n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 leo l\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a? N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng leo l\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1edbi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean vai qu\u00fd v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb bay cao.<\/p>\n

Wilhelm von Humboldt l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n-nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII t\u1eebng l\u1ea5y Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 v\u00ed m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi La m\u00e3 (chi\u1ebfn chinh), m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n g\u1ee7i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hy l\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trong qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hy l\u1ea1p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u00e3y h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Hy l\u1ea1p! Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c gia. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con r\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do. (Xem N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7<\/em> XIX). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nietzsche, v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y tri th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng “thi\u00ean t\u00e0i”, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Anh, th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt nguy c\u01a1 sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh t\u00fay t\u1eeb d\u00f2ng s\u1eefa m\u1eb9 Hy L\u1ea1p, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch hay lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n: t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u0103n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

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V\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng xa c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd xuy\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u1ebfu, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c t\u00edm mang nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gian s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o cho nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/div>\n
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Magnus Egerstedt, hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Carolina, Chapel Hill v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 robot, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1edbi Forbes, r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng “\u0111ang d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i sinh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/em>. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng [trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i AI] li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, t\u00ednh t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.\u201d Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hy L\u1ea1p. V\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng.<\/div>\n
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H\u00f4m nay, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Charles Eliot, ch\u00fang ta mong ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Daniel Gilman, hai nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t, m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam n\u00ean m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e1ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n n\u0103m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/div>\n
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Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi<\/p>\n

Khai s\u00e1ng Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a David Hilbert,<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong>,\u00a0th\u00e1ng T\u01b0, 2026<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Charles W. Eliot<\/span><\/em><\/h1>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 hoan ngh\u00eanh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u2014 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng minh m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin ch\u00fac m\u1eebng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins, v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cao c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi d\u00e0i c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khai ph\u00f3ng. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 trong khi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c khoa kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt chung c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 theo th\u1eddi gian; nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9, may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kho\u1ea3n th\u00f9 lao n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu \u00edch. Tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb qu\u00fd v\u1ecb s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n trung th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, ho\u1eb7c trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Mong r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 qu\u00fd v\u1ecb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Johns Hopkins ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 mang t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u bang m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khoan dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n danh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n; nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n h\u01a1n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. S\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, d\u1eabn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh Ch\u00faa. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e2ng cao, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e2m linh; n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a:<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean; d\u00f9 Ng\u00e0i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i n\u1eefa,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho ta khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0\u01a1i vui v\u00e0 an \u1ee7i.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tu\u00e2n theo t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, hay \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o; nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 v\u1eady \u2014 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u00eam n\u1eefa \u2014 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gieo v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng; tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i tim h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 danh d\u1ef1, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin ch\u00fac m\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Baltimore, th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng, r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh dinh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi th\u1edbi gian s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp theo n\u1ea3y sinh. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. V\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean t\u0129nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb d\u00e0nh cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, thay v\u00ec theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tinh luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u00fac m\u1eebng ti\u1ec3u bang Maryland, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ban vinh d\u1ef1 cho h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 do. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu ch\u00fang. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong ti\u1ec3u bang, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 y khoa, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch to l\u1edbn cho Maryland v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang l\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n sinh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin c\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang trong Li\u00ean bang, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng ta. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thanh ni\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cao cho b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Gilman, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fac ng\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed9c h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. T\u00f4i ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gian kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. Trong d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh; b\u1edfi v\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7; nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 “nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c dang d\u1edf s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n”, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m cho ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n to l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 khi trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1; th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n khi th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 thanh ni\u00ean n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn sinh t\u1ed3n, tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a; nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u1edbn lao khi c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng cao c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, “kh\u00f4ng mong ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eefa”. V\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo toan v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f4i ch\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n vui m\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao v\u00e0 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, doanh thu, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, hay h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n hay phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; \u1edf s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf thi ca, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra, \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00ecu d\u1eaft kh\u00f4n ngoan, s\u1ebd t\u00edch l\u0169y v\u1ed1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng vui m\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o (piety) x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n tr\u1ebb trung, tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u1eebng l\u1eaby – c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1i r\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng kho t\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00ean; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng v\u0129 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c;\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c lo\u00e9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hoan h\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Charles William Eliot<\/strong>, 1876<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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M\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y<\/em><\/strong><\/span>:<\/div>\n
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