{"id":15669,"date":"2026-05-03T20:41:52","date_gmt":"2026-05-03T13:41:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=15669"},"modified":"2026-05-03T20:41:52","modified_gmt":"2026-05-03T13:41:52","slug":"tu-do-hoc-thuat-cua-cac-dai-hoc-duc-hermann-von-helmholtz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tu-do-hoc-thuat-cua-cac-dai-hoc-duc-hermann-von-helmholtz\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c (Hermann von Helmholtz)"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u1ec1<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ef0 DO H\u1eccC THU\u1eacT<\/span><\/h1>\n

c\u1ee7a<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00c1C \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC \u0110\u1ee8C<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00dcBER DIE<\/span><\/p>\n

AKADEMISCHE FREIHEIT<\/span><\/p>\n

DER<\/span><\/p>\n

DEUTSCHEN UNIVERSIT\u00c4TEN<\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin (Humboldt)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 10, n\u0103m 1877<\/span><\/p>\n

Hermann von Helmholtz<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Mai L\u00fd<\/strong> v\u00e0<\/em> Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Hoa K\u1ef3 th\u1eddi gian ch\u01b0a l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Johns Hopkins, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khoa v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean cao h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn, ch\u00fang ta \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eadu n\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Grand Canyon cho du kh\u00e1ch t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.\u00a0[\u2026] Sau h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tham gia c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp khoa, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea v\u00ec anh ta hay c\u00f4 ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y gi\u1ecfi, m\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ecfi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Steven Weinberg, <\/strong>Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t M\u1ef9 gi\u1ea3i Nobel 1979<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) Credit Sheila Terry\/ Science Photo Library<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u0103ng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Charles W. Eliot c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard trong tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb<\/em> d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Hermann von Helmholtz b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt <\/em>c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> – nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 v\u1eabn n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. Charles Eliot v\u00ed T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em> (Lehrfreiheit v\u00e0 Lernfreiheit) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ph\u00fac \u00e2m<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i<\/em>.\u00a0 T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t powerful, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Galilei, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i xa x\u00f4i m\u00e0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung t\u1edbi. V\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, chi\u1ebfc vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin n\u0103m 1810, hay \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh n\u0103m 1919, hay \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo n\u0103m 1877. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Aristotle c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 (church father) h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c \u0111i t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c \u2013 t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt Minh Tr\u1ecb sau n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hy l\u1ea1p h\u00f3a. H\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch\u00a0 cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau khi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf La M\u00e3 tan r\u00e3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd tin.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (T\u00e2y) th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111am m\u00ea h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd t\u00ednh, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft an ph\u1eadn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin, th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tinh hoa khao kh\u00e1t tri th\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eefng b\u1ea9m t\u00ednh khao kh\u00e1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Einstein g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Hermann von Helmholtz c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX. Nay xin vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Hermann von Helmholtz l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111a n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t danh “Chancellor of Physics<\/em>“. T\u1eeb 1842 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1894, Helmholtz l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Heidelberg t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1858 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1871, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1i Berlin t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1871 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1894. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eadt l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u00e1t minh k\u00ednh soi \u0111\u00e1y m\u1eaft n\u0103m 1851 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong y h\u1ecdc, gi\u00fap ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi y h\u1ecdc l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng; t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, “V\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c”, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd-K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Ho\u00e0ng gia<\/em>, Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt<\/em>, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0, n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n song song c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111en \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Wien \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i, d\u1eabn Max Planck t\u1edbi \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng\u201d n\u0103m 1900 l\u00e0 chia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u2013 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 vinh danh \u00f4ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Max Planck l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1995, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c Helmholtz ra \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1edbn ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, g\u1ed3m 18 trung t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7n nay, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 6 t\u1ef7 Euro.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c gia, sau Alexander von Humboldt. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c sau khi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1871. Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 (Gr\u00fcnderjahre<\/em>). D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Berlin t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhanh, t\u1eeb 432. 000 n\u0103m 1849 l\u00ean 826.000 n\u0103m 1871, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1890 v\u1ee5t l\u00ean g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1t 1, 6 tri\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau n\u0103m 1871, Berlin nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860: n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7t danh \u201cTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d (\u201cElectropolis\u201d). N\u1ebfu Berlin nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1880, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Weltstadt<\/em>. (Xem th\u00eam N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 XIX)<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 Hertz, Planck. Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1700 b\u1edfi Frederick III c\u1ee7a Brandenburg, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vua Frederick I c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5. Vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Trong 24 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1871 \u0111\u1ebfn 1894, Helmholtz gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap bi\u1ebfn Berlin, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 London, Paris, Edinburgh v\u00e0 Rome, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc danh gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1873 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1892, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed b\u1ea3y c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Siemens, Kundt, Boltzmann v\u00e0 Planck. Boltzmann r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn Berlin. N\u0103m 1894, trong m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, Helmholtz \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed Planck, ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Helmholtz t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n cho di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Helmholtz t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Planck, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi du Bois\u2013Reymond \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n Kirchhoff t\u1eeb Heidelberg \u0111\u1ebfn Berlin v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n, gi\u00fap hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1889, Planck tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n V\u1eadt l\u00fd L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i quen bi\u1ebft Helmholtz c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. H\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Helmholtz l\u00e0m h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Helmholtz nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n li\u00eam khi\u1ebft, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, \u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u00f4ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i tim t\u00f4i. Khi \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn t\u00f4i trong cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eaft th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t, d\u00f2 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec7n \u00fd, t\u00f4i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00f4 b\u1edd b\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. T\u00f4i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng trao cho \u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong tr\u00e1i tim m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 khoan dung. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi khen ng\u1ee3i, t\u1eeb \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz d\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1871\u20131888, khi Helmholtz l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 Berlin \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i Max Planck, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Heinrich Kayser, Eugen Goldstein, Wilhelm Wien v\u00e0 Heinrich Hertz, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 t\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, nh\u01b0 Henry Rowland, A. A. Michelson, Michael Pupin. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Alexander Graham Bell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Bell Labs v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1ef9, Helmholtz \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi tinh hoa v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia non tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0ng kim (Gilded Age, 1870 -1900) sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Michelson l\u00e0 “nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh sau ti\u1ebfn s\u0129”. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n Berlin, Michelson, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giao thoa k\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ether. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 sau n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1907, Michelson \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Helmholtz \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i h\u00e8, \u0111\u1ea7u thu n\u0103m 1893, sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi, Helmholtz l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0110\u1ee9c tham d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0110i\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i Chicago, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1eebng Chrispoher Columbus \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 400 n\u0103m; v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m quen v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u01a1n xa c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean th\u0103m c\u1ee7a John Tyndall, William Thomson, T.H. Huxley v\u00e0 Alfred Russell Wallace. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m c\u1ee7a Marie Curie v\u00e0 Albert Einstein sau n\u00e0y (1921) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca ng\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a danh ti\u1ebfng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0ng kim sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 Helmholtz \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1c colleges M\u1ef9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c, cung c\u1ea5p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Clark v\u00e0 Chicago, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Harvard, Yale v\u00e0 Columbia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, hay s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 MIT. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u1eabn khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a M\u1ef9 hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa M\u1ef9 coi \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbp \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ebft m\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 Kulturtr\u00e4ger<\/em> v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i \u00f4ng \u1ea5y do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean. (David Cahan)<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i b\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda c\u1ee7a b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, Helmholtz \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p cho b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc n\u00e0y. Th\u01b0a qu\u00fd v\u1ecb, t\u00f4i xin n\u00e2ng ly ch\u00fac m\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 reo h\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u1ea1n ly tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi ch\u00fac t\u1ee5ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng coi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi tinh hoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Danh d\u1ef1 N\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hoa K\u1ef3, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean N\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i n\u0103m 1893, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn M\u1ef9 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n l\u1eddi m\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875, Henry Dewey Noyes, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e3n khoa Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York \u0111\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e3n khoa Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed do hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i chi tr\u1ea3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bnh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i: \u2013 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng m\u1eddi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. \u1ee6y ban tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec1m vui h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Trong chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u00e0y, t\u1edd Chicago Sunday Tribune<\/em> \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cHelmholtz s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y mai. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i\u201d k\u00e8m theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00ean n\u00e0o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng h\u01a1n trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00f3c b\u00faa\u201d. T\u1edd Chicago Daily News<\/em> c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p Thomas Edison, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0110i\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n Grand Pacific \u1edf Chicago, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Columbus. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3: m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Edison, Francis Upton, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi Helmholtz \u1edf Berlin.<\/p>\n

Helmhottz \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u2013 Chicago, Boston, Washington v\u00e0 New York, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh hai tu\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Philadelphia, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y d\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c gian tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i Alexander Graham Bell v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p William Thomson (Lord Kelvin). T\u1ea1i Baltimore, Helmholtz d\u0129 nhi\u00ean g\u1eb7p Daniel Coit Gilman, hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Johns Hopkins, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111i tham quan khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau Helmholtz \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh. Bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ch\u1eadt k\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 kho\u1ea3ng 600 \u0111\u1ebfn 800 sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd J. Willard Gibbs v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ed5 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Othniel Marsh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Yale, Peirce, Steinway, v\u00e0 Alexander Graham Bell, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Halifax.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a Alexander Graham Bell, n\u0103m 1917 (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

Bell \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi Helmholtz c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m tr\u1ea1m \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u00edn (AT&T) Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i. Bell t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 Helmholtz; trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u00e2m h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Helmholtz, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 “gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Helmholtz trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00e2m thanh, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i”.<\/p>\n

Helmholtz \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i t\u00e1m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, 1921, Einstein l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 mu\u1ed1n v\u1ee1 tung. N\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111ang r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, mu\u1ed1n l\u1eafng nghe, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cchuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri th\u1ee9c\u201d cho h\u1ecd. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Einstein, Planck c\u0169ng t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Columbia \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1909, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t t\u00e1m b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft Ernest Kempton Adams.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u1ef0 DO H\u1eccC THU\u1eacT<\/span><\/h1>\n

Hermann von Helmholtz<\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

K<\/span>hi \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7y vinh d\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng giao ph\u00f3, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00f4ng khai b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho t\u00f4i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u1edf trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n xa l\u1ea1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00eam nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n vui m\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong Khoa v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb (Senat).<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c qu\u00fd v\u1ecb b\u1ea7u t\u00f4i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y trong n\u0103m t\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y qu\u00fd v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng coi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, cho d\u00f9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u00e0 cho d\u00f9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 xa l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, cho d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb xa v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ee9ng minh trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Heidelberg (1862), m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc tinh th\u1ea7n (nh\u00e2n v\u0103n), nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u00f3, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c<\/em> b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kh\u00e1ch quan c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1eafc b\u00e9n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111ang d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng; b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n nh\u00e1nh; v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf danh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong ranh gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c m\u00ecnh; m\u1ecdi \u00e1nh m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd. Sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1ea5t, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111ang t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

——<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n danh d\u1ef1 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n ri\u00eang v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Sinh vi\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c ri\u00eang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft; tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau, sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang l\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nationes, bursae v\u00e0 collegia, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao c\u1ea5p, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 seniores, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay, huy hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 seniores t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u nationes c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong s\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bologna. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn v\u1eady t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u2018H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129\u2019 (\u2018College of Doctors\u2019) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vienna v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng colleges c\u1ee7a Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc (tri th\u1ee9c) \u2013 th\u1ea7y n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1eafp l\u00ean trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y theo ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng khoan dung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u200b\u200bkh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c phe thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i can thi\u1ec7p, ho\u1eb7c khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay si\u00eau h\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khoa y, m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 khoa y c\u1ee7a Paris l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng dung th\u1ee9 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0o so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd coi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Hippocrates. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, ho\u1eb7c tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Anh, Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t. Ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ngay c\u1ea3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o s\u0129, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, nay thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00f3i chung; h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1ebb. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau trong c\u00e1c colleges d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p (Fellows) c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, theo phong c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u1edf Anh. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ra ngo\u00e0i khi m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi trang ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c huy hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc trung h\u1ecdc n\u00e2ng cao, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho k\u1ef3 thi sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed9i dung s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, n\u00ean n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u00f4n t\u1eadp c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Th\u00e0nh t\u00edch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u2014C\u1eed nh\u00e2n, Th\u1ea1c s\u0129, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129\u2014\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gia s\u01b0 ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m sinh vi\u00ean thu\u00ea. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng colleges ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thi c\u1eed, trao b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 y khoa v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Fellows hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u Fellows hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung n\u00e0o v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1edbng s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu khoan dung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 gi\u1eef b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i. V\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Trong khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00edt kinh ph\u00ed cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u00edt \u1ecfi h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh (Fellowship). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Fellow, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ed7 \u1edf v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (200 shilling) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Oxford c\u00f3 557 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Cambridge c\u00f3 531. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c Fellow c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, l\u00e0m gia s\u01b0 (Tutors) cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ecd th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau kho\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef n\u00f3 v\u00f4 th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n. Ch\u1ec9 khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi m\u1ea5t t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng sinh vi\u00ean x\u01b0a, \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u1edd h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n chi ra c\u00f3 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c n\u00e0o, th\u00ec theo \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t \u00edt cho khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u01b0u t\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ecd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Oxford ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng Tory, Cambridge thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3ng Whig. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1edf hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng noi theo h\u1ecd. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ebb trung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n trau d\u1ed3i \u1edf sinh vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng khen ng\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i e r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 tho\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3ng, r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi b\u00e3i c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i kh\u01a1i d\u1eady s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, thanh ni\u00ean c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed3n. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh qu\u1ed1c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cho sinh vi\u00ean th\u00f3i quen l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi duy tr\u00ec cho h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Scotland v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf Anh c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 University College v\u00e0 King’s College \u1edf London, Owen’s College \u1edf Manchester, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p. Do xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy l\u00fd, c\u00e1c khoa c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 Coll\u00e8ge de France (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p), Jardin des Plantes (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt) v\u00e0 \u00c9cole des \u00e9tudes sup\u00e9rieures (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c khoa ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t nhau, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ho\u00e0i nghi hay bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khoa \u1edf t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i sai l\u1ea7m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u2018th\u1ec1 tu\u00e2n theo l\u1eddi th\u1ea7y\u2019 (in verba magistri<\/em>); \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 y\u00ean t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat nghi ng\u1edd. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. Ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, ho\u1ea1t b\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe. Sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c khoa c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p s\u1ebd ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed n\u00e0y, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi tr\u1ea3; nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m y\u00eau th\u00edch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ho\u1eb7c tham v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, sinh vi\u00ean Ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed hay t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o (esprit de corps<\/em>), h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean. Qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng tay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t uy t\u00edn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n b\u00e3o chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf suy t\u00e0n, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u0169 x\u01b0a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y, so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 so v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do trong gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 sinh vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u00ecm khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tuy\u1ec3n sinh cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, sinh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do di chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1eeb Dorpat \u0111\u1ebfn Zurich, Vienna v\u00e0 Graz. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c danh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, hay gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh ng\u1ea1ch, ho\u1eb7c Privatdozent (\u1ee9ng vi\u00ean gi\u00e1o s\u01b0). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u0129 nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec vi ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n ri\u00eang, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n sinh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa l\u1ea1, n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch \u1edf mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n. Tuy v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thanh nhi\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 y\u00ean \u1ed5n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xung \u0111\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ban qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh sinh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn, tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong gi\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb trong quy t\u1eafc danh d\u1ef1 sinh vi\u00ean (Codex); c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0n d\u01b0 trung c\u1ed5 trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf; nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, b\u1edfi ban \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u1ea5y; h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng sao hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng v\u00e0ng son c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi; v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edbi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ni\u1ec1m vui \u1ea5y trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0, trong ni\u1ec1m\u00a0 h\u00e2n hoan ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch xa l\u1ea1, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u00f9ng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f4, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Khi ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Johannes M\u00fcller \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Ai t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i<\/em>. (Nghi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. H\u00e3y g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, thanh l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trau chu\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u00ecn gi\u1eef n\u00f3, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng sinh vi\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u1ef1 do t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tai h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. \u0110\u1eebng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ngay c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Anh. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 sa ng\u00e3 do t\u1ef1 do mang l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng<\/em> nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do <\/em>(nghi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd, t\u1eeb s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u trong khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt; ch\u00fang t\u00f4i coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean. H\u1ecd coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e0i n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i Coll\u00e8ge de France, Jardin des Plantes, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa thanh l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1edd \u01a1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m hoa m\u1ef9 trong di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00edt n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3i, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 minh h\u1ecda sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i dung h\u01a1n trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n dung t\u00fang cho s\u1ef1 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1 v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1, n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ng\u1eadp ng\u1eebng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea7n t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe g\u1eafn b\u00f3, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebfu \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u1edf b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i sau b\u00e0i th\u1ee9 ba. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c t\u00edn (\u00dcberzeugung, conviction), v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u00f3 khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chinh ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi cho anh ta. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1ed1n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n uy nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y vinh d\u1ef1.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 x\u00e1c t\u00edn t\u1ef1 do (free conviction) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chinh ph\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n uy, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 di t\u00edch, ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea1ch cao, v.v. V\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, sinh l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m theo. T\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a hai vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn m\u1edbi d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c t\u00edn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o -t\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y (Lehrfreiheit<\/em>). Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, d\u00f9 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c hay \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p m\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng suy \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u2013 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh vi k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y (Lehrfreiheit<\/em>). Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Coll\u00e8ge de France, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Ernest Renan v\u1eabn b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Anh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t sinh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c duy tr\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. Theo ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, “Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y” hay “ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y “. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 n\u00e0o t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf l\u1edbp gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Theo th\u1eddi gian, \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm danh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u1ec9 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 (Ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Habilitation<\/em>, ND). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 (Ordinarien). \u1ede m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u01a1i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u00e1i h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi c\u1ee7a khoa, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u201ck\u1ef3 thi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d (K\u1ef3 thi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n\/th\u1ea1c s\u0129 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129, d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c lu\u1eadt s\u01b0. ND). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u00e2m l\u00fd. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. Do sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o m\u00e0 th\u00ed sinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng tham d\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hi\u1ebfm khi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng Privatdozent<\/em> (\u201cgi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u201d). H\u1ecd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ghen t\u1ecb khi th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi (t\u1eeb sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Honorar, ND) v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00e1 b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh. V\u00e0 x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c khoa d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 hi\u1ebfm hoi m\u1edbi nghe th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edd \u00e1m trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hegel gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin n\u0103m 1828. Photo F. Kugler. Nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Privatdozent c\u0169ng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch privatdozent t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bern, Einstein c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 hay 4 sinh vi\u00ean nghe. Hegel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng Privatdozent, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1ecb tr\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, n\u01a1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ed7 x\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao qua. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 m\u1edbi l\u00e0: Khoa \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ba \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i gay g\u1eaft, r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khoa b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 do d\u1ef1, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f4ng khai tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p khoa c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o khoa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u00f4ng minh; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i mong mu\u1ed1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khoa thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng minh c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 hay Privatdozent. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp si\u00eang n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p khoa kh\u00e1c. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00fa v\u1ecb, b\u1ed5 \u00edch v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u t\u00ednh kh\u00edch l\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t khoa t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea5n \u00e1t, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t khoa nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 b\u00f3ng ma c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecda d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec v\u1eabn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong hai h\u01b0\u1edbng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sao cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t. Hai gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ee9c h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t sinh vi\u00ean, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i chia nhau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u00edt nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lo ng\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a khoa khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n tai h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khoa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc, sinh vi\u00ean s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u00e0 khoa \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00ea li\u1ec7t trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t xem c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay ch\u1ebf gi\u1ec5u hay m\u1ec9a mai, r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u2018tri \u200b\u200btu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0\u2019. Nh\u00ecn sang Anh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Humphrey Davy, Faraday, Darwin v\u00e0 Grote, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Anh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00ec l\u00fd do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 David Strauss, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Alexander v\u00e0 Wilhelm von Humboldt, Leopold von Buch, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c… th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, trong khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf Anh s\u1ebd cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ho\u00e0ng gia London, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 Humphrey Davy v\u00e0 Faraday l\u00e0m di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed cao; r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c h\u00fat m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ee9c h\u00fat n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1ed1t, y\u00eau th\u00edch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh l\u1eafng nghe, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5m \u0111\u1eabm s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e1c t\u00edn t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ed1n in d\u1ea5u s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng Aryan g\u1ed1c R\u00f4man (La M\u00e3) v\u00e0 Celtic. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 duy t\u00ecm t\u00f2i kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, d\u00f9 cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n uy. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u1ef1 do theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5y, t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd can thi\u1ec7p th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u200b\u200bkh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean x\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m tin, r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u1eabm l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn. Ch\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y sinh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. So\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i h\u1ecdc k\u1ef3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i c\u0169 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean s\u1ebd s\u1edbm b\u1ecb n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tham d\u1ef1 cao c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. \u1ede t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh, r\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y chung c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn trong sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. \u0110a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chung, h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 sinh vi\u00ean \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m n\u1eefa, thu h\u00fat \u00e1nh nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111i theo h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd s\u1edbm t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Gymnasium (lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u01b0u t\u00fa. ND) \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. S\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt trong sinh vi\u00ean n\u00f3i chung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p suy gi\u1ea3m. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd lan tr\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eaft khe hay ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o. L\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu, v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd do b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u00e0n l\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khoa.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn, xin \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Di s\u1ea3n cao qu\u00fd m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i g\u00ecn gi\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i c\u0169ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec7t huy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c t\u00edn. T\u00f4i n\u00f3i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong x\u00e1c t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9. C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c t\u00edn thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 kim ch\u1ec9 nam t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u200b\u200bph\u00eda quy\u1ec1n uy. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c t\u00edn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u, v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi chung tay g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. (Nghi\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o)<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hermann von Helmholtz<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xerm th\u00eam:<\/p>\n