{"id":16110,"date":"2026-06-07T18:00:33","date_gmt":"2026-06-07T11:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=16110"},"modified":"2026-06-07T20:41:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T13:41:41","slug":"claude-shannon-nha-khoa-hoc-dat-nen-mong-cho-thoi-dai-so-nguyen-trung-dan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/claude-shannon-nha-khoa-hoc-dat-nen-mong-cho-thoi-dai-so-nguyen-trung-dan\/","title":{"rendered":"Claude Shannon: Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 (Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n)"},"content":{"rendered":"

CLAUDE SHANNON<\/span><\/h1>\n

NH\u00c0 KHOA H\u1eccC \u0110\u1eb6T N\u1ec0N M\u00d3NG CHO TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I S\u1ed0<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft L\u1eddi b\u1ea1t<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Claude Shannon (30. 4, 1916 – 24. 2, 2001, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd age 84 tu\u1ed5i), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n\"\"\n

N\u1eeda trang \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a Claude Shannon n\u0103m 1948, \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean “The Bell System Technical Journal”, Volume XXVII, s\u1ed1 3, Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, 1948.<\/p>\n

M<\/span>\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n g\u1eedi tin nh\u1eafn tr\u00ean Zalo, xem video tr\u00ean YouTube, nghe nh\u1ea1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn hay l\u01b0u \u1ea3nh trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ra \u0111\u1eddi \u00a0t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd m\u00e0 Shannon \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng g\u1ea7n 80 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/h3>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, b\u1ed9 phim, tin nh\u1eafn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y s\u1ed1 0 v\u00e0 1?<\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u0103c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Claude Shannon. \u00d4ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (IEEE) danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Shannon, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vinh danh \u00f4ng \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21\u201d[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Shannon sinh n\u0103m 1916 t\u1ea1i Gaylord, Michigan. T\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Michigan hai chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u0103m 1936 Shannon \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts (MIT). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, sau cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a Bell Labs, Shannon \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n th\u1ea1c s\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n (do nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh George Boole ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1800) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 Boolean, l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 0 v\u00e0 1, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang\/sai, ho\u1eb7c on\/off. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n (trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n) c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1eadt\/t\u1eaft n\u00ean Shannon nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ea1ch k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin<\/span><\/h3>\n

Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n th\u1ea1c s\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng trai 21 tu\u1ed5i sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 “c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n th\u1ea1c s\u0129 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt”, nh\u01b0ng Shannon khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. “Ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c quen thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 Boolean v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1948 Shannon \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh “M\u1ed9t L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft To\u00e1n v\u1ec1 Th\u00f4ng tin\u201d. \u00a0\u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin sau n\u00e0y. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i dung th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111i. \u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018bit\u2019 (c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 0 v\u00e0 1 trong \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n). Bit tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, Shannon \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn “th\u00f4ng tin”, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec Shannon \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bt\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb con s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, \u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ec1 h\u00e9 r\u0103ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a Shannon l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 g\u00ec – m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c giao h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim th\u00ec c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bit \u20180 v\u00e0 1\u2019 r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i, thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u2018bit\u2019, v\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft, tr\u1edf n\u00ean si\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Shannon \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, \u00f4ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 so s\u00e1nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i: \u201cT\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf,” \u00f4ng than th\u1edf, “l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.\u201d<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Shannon, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh Shannon khi m\u1edbi 21 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong “lu\u1eadn \u00e1n th\u1ea1c s\u0129 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u2018bit\u2019 0 v\u00e0 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch logic. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng logic (logic gates AND, OR, NOT v\u00e0 CNOT\u2026) l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a IEEE, GS Solomon Golomb th\u00ec \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Shannon v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin “Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u1eady”[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Quote: \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Shannon v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

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Claude Shannon v\u1eabn t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m to\u00e1n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Bell Labs. \u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a IEEE Spectrum [3]<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c e th\u1eb9n khi ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh<\/span><\/h3>\n

Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u1edf MIT, n\u0103m 1940 Shannon \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Cao c\u1ea5p \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton. Shannon nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u00f4ng \u0111ang tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Einstein b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp. Einstein nh\u00ecn Shannon, th\u00ec th\u1ea7m n\u00f3i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 r\u1eddi \u0111i. Sau b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Shannon v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kia v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi xem Einstein \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh. H\u00f3a ra nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi “tr\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u”, Shannon k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eadt c\u01b0\u1eddi. Shannon k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau v\u1edbi v\u1ebb th\u00edch th\u00fa, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t minh h\u1ecda cho t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Shannon gia nh\u1eadp Bell Labs v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1941. Trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Roosevelt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0m xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Churchill. Shannon \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c b\u00ed m\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u00e0i 114 trang, \u2018M\u1ed9t L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft To\u00e1n H\u1ecdc C\u1ee7a M\u1eadt M\u00e3\u2019 n\u0103m 1945. B\u00e0i b\u00e1o ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o t\u1ed1i m\u1eadt, qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

Shannon cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 – v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chip b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd cao – c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khai th\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a Shannon gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eadt m\u00e3, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef gi\u1eef li\u1ec7u, x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/span><\/h3>\n

N\u0103m 1950, Shannon c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Scientific American m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u01a1i c\u1edd vua. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 bit c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb v\u00e0 chia nh\u1ecf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh con. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm. Shannon \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 10 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u00f4 s\u01a1.<\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh bi\u1ebft ch\u01a1i c\u1edd vua Shannon \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111am m\u00ea ch\u01a1i c\u1edd ngay t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean lo l\u1eafng”. Shannon h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 vui v\u1ebb n\u00f3i \u201cT\u00f4i lu\u00f4n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 \u00edch\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y ch\u01a1i c\u1edd. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955, Arthur Samuel, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a IBM, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1eed c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a IBM tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi giao ch\u00fang cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u01a1i c\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Shannon. N\u0103m 1959 Samuel \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Shannon v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “machine learning (m\u00e1y h\u1ecdc)”, m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 AI ng\u00e0y nay. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Deep Blue c\u1ee7a IBM \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i ki\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1edd vua Garry Kasparov n\u0103m 1997.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u1edd n\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0n c\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Hex[4]<\/a>. Th\u1ef1c ra, Shannon \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i b\u00e0n c\u1edd l\u00e0m cho b\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00f4 h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u1eb9o tinh vi kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y ch\u01a1i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Shannon \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 k\u1ef3 th\u1ee7 tham gia thi \u0111\u1ea5u. Andrew Gleason, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi Gleason, sau khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i t\u01a1i t\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5u, Shannon m\u1edbi ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

Shannon \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 xa v\u1eddi. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “H\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p”. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “suy ngh\u0129” hay kh\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: ” T\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u suy ngh\u0129, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?”<\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, Shannon l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eabn “ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 \u00a0n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng “v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 tr\u1edf \u0111i, Shannon c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1985 \u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1edf Brighton, Anh. Khi tin t\u1ee9c lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u00f3c tr\u1eafng v\u1edbi n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi e th\u1eb9n, \u0111i ra \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdp kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Claude Shannon, \u00a0m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Shannon ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eed t\u1ecda. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1n,\u00a0 b\u00e8n r\u00fat ba qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00fai v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tung h\u1ee9ng. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi reo h\u00f2 v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 xin ch\u1eef k\u00fd. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 McEliece, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb cho bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u201cGi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Newton xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eady\u201d.<\/p>\n

Shannon \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cao qu\u00ed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 National Medal of Science (gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng danh gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1ecf M\u1ef9); Kyoto Prize (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i Nobel c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n); v\u00e0 Medal of Honor c\u1ee7a IEEE (gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt). \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 2001.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bang New York, 19\/05\/2026<\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/celebrating-claude-shannon<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> S\u00e1ch \u201cA Mind at Play: How Claude Shannon Invented the Information Age\u201d (Simon & Schuster, 2017)<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/spectrum.ieee.org\/claude-shannon-tinkerer-prankster-and-father-of-information-theory<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Jon Gertner \u2018The Idea Factory – Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation\u2019, THE PENGUIN PRESS, New York 2012<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u1eddi b\u1ea1t<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

\u201c(Bit) M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng tin\u201d<\/span><\/h1>\n

\u2014 Claude Shannon<\/span><\/p>\n

“It from bit”<\/span><\/h1>\n

“N\u00f3 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m) t\u1eeb bit”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 John Archibald Wheeler<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

John A. Wheeler (sinh 9 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1911 \u2013<\/span> m\u1ea5t 13 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 2008) gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i “thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 “V\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian” t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Missouri n\u0103m 1981.<\/p>\n

C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “It from bit<\/strong>” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd M\u1ef9 John Archibald Wheeler <\/span>ph\u00e1t minh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “N\u00f3 t\u1eeb bit”, ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Wheeler c\u00f3 “bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i” ph\u00e1t minh nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 “l\u1ed7 \u0111en”, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. “N\u00f3” c\u1ee7a Wheeler l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, c\u00f2n bit l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a “binary digit” ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 0 ho\u1eb7c 1. v\u00e0 bit l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Wheeler \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd: “M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t”, “M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (fields)” v\u00e0 “M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin”. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 suy ng\u1eabm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf: “S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?” V\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t hay (v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1989, c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 “It t\u1eeb bit<\/strong>“:<\/p>\n

“N\u00f3 t\u1eeb bit t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t – \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p; r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3-kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i do thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra; t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia (participatory universe).” ( trong Autobiography Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam<\/em>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t electron kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Copenhagen c\u1ee7a Niels Bohr v\u00e0 Werner Heisenberg.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o m\u00e0 Wheeler tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Santa Fe n\u0103m 1989, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 – m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1t, m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 continuum kh\u00f4ng gian-th\u1eddi gian – \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n – ngay c\u1ea3 khi trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u2013 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi do thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n, c\u00e1c bit,” t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bit th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00c0I N\u0102NG v\u00e0 THI\u00caN T\u00c0I<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00c0I N\u0102NG (talent) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ai gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

THI\u00caN T\u00c0I (genius) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Arthur Schopenhauer<\/strong>, Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

N\u0103m nay k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 110 n\u0103m sinh nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 25 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Claude Shannon. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00f4m nay v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa \u0111ang bao tr\u00f9m n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 “bit” c\u1ee7a Claude Shannon t\u1ea1i Bell Labs n\u0103m 1948 th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4i, Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c: chi\u1ebfc transistor. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 16 th\u00e1ng 12 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd John Bardeen, Walter Brattain v\u00e0 William Shockley (gi\u1ea3i Nobel sau \u0111\u00f3). Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u00e1n d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng nhau, bit v\u00e0 transistor l\u00e0 hai ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn lao l\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Khi Alan Turing \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Bell Labs v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1943 \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin, \u00f4ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0103n tr\u01b0a v\u1edbi Shannon trong c\u0103ng tin v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai trao \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft mang t\u00ednh suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c (sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o) v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 do h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a transistor \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh \u1edf Bell Labs, 23 th\u00e1ng 12, 1947<\/p>\n

Shannon cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 “chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t” c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin\u201d, v\u1eady m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao tr\u00f9m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 James Gleick n\u00f3i, \u201cnh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u201d, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a “th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7”. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. James Gleick l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i “kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n”: The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Xin c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a anh Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n. B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1o Tia S\u00e1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n <\/em>c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n TS.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Robot (Martin Ford)\u00a0<\/a>1 Th\u00e1ng Hai, 2026<\/span><\/h3>\n

Anthropic v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n\u00a0<\/a>16 Th\u00e1ng N\u0103m, 2026<\/span><\/h3>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin khoa h\u1ecdc thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (Joel Mokyr, Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf 2025)<\/a>\u00a03 Th\u00e1ng T\u01b0, 2026<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

V\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1 \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/a>\u00a029 Th\u00e1ng Ba, 2026<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Albert Einstein (1906)<\/a>\u00a016 Th\u00e1ng Ba, 2026<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

John Wheeler vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Albert Einstein<\/a> 18 Th\u00e1ng M\u1ed9t, 2023<\/span><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

CLAUDE SHANNON NH\u00c0 KHOA H\u1eccC \u0110\u1eb6T N\u1ec0N M\u00d3NG CHO TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I S\u1ed0 Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft L\u1eddi b\u1ea1t   Claude Shannon (30. 4, 1916 – 24. 2, 2001, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd age 84 tu\u1ed5i), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16110"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16110"}],"version-history":[{"count":33,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16110\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16152,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16110\/revisions\/16152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16110"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}