{"id":16184,"date":"2026-06-13T20:24:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T13:24:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=16184"},"modified":"2026-06-13T21:15:47","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T14:15:47","slug":"khoa-hoc-bien-gioi-vo-tan-vannevar-bush","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/khoa-hoc-bien-gioi-vo-tan-vannevar-bush\/","title":{"rendered":"Khoa h\u1ecdc – Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn (Vannevar Bush)"},"content":{"rendered":"

KHOA H\u1eccC \u2013 BI\u00caN GI\u1edaI V\u00d4 T\u1eacN<\/span><\/h1>\n

SCIENCE \u2013 THE ENDLESS FRONTIER <\/span>(1945)<\/span><\/h2>\n

hay l\u00e0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea0I SAO KHOA H\u1eccC C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N L\u1ea0I QUAN TR\u1eccNG?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Vannevar Bush<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a France A. C\u00f3rdova, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 14 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 NSF nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 70 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (1950\u20132020)<\/span><\/p>\n\"\"\n

“Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i khoa h\u1ecdc.”<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

“Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u2014v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3\u2014thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nhanh hay ch\u1eadm tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u00adph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n \u0111ang kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3<\/em>.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Vannevar Bush <\/strong>t\u1eeb The Endless Frontier<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vannevar Bush (11. 3. 1890\u2013 28. 6. 1974) \u1ea2nh c\u1ee7a NSF<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 “b\u00e0 m\u1eb9” c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 bao nhi\u00eau. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 tia X quang, GPS, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, transistor, chip cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i Pasteur, Koch, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Heisenberg, Schr\u00f6dinger, Dirac ch\u1ec9 k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu \u01a1n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u1edf chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt khi \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Berlin (1810) nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t minh h\u1ecda cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o “Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/em>” c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Vannevar Bush g\u1eedi cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Truman n\u0103m 1945. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n khoa h\u1ecdc cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 Roosevelt l\u00fac \u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, chi\u1ebfn tranh qua r\u1ed3i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn y t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Bush gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u “s\u1edb” mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2ng l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 cho th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1edb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0o quy m\u00f4, “hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i” \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00f2 l\u00e0: H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u00e3y l\u1eadp qu\u1ef9 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c tinh hoa tr\u1ebb. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 qu\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang<\/em>, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng n\u0103m Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim sau N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u1ed1n t\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c college th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng to l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, college truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 kinh qua g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00ean s\u1eb3n s\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a Vannevar Bush.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1950, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2014 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u1ec7t, Qu\u1ef9 Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia, National Science Foundation (NSF) ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Bush. Vi\u1ec7c Bush \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Humboldt. Ba b\u00ean h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i: Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, NSF v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9.\u00a0Trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng g\u1ea7n 16 tri\u1ec7u nam n\u1eef qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p khi chi\u1ebfn tranh k\u1ebft th\u00fac, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n n\u0103m 1929. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i C\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh (G.I. Bill of Rights) ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin Delano Roosevelt k\u00fd v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng F. D. Roosevelt k\u00fd G.I. Bill of Rights<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1, hay nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3n vay l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ea1o nh\u00e0 \u1edf, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cho c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh. Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, kho\u1ea3ng 14,5 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt GI (\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho Qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n n\u0103m 1944). Trong s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 16 tri\u1ec7u c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, 2,3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, trong khi 5,5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7.\u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1951, g\u1ea7n 8 tri\u1ec7u c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 2,4 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 13 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la ti\u1ec1n vay li\u00ean bang \u0111\u1ec3 mua nh\u00e0, trang tr\u1ea1i v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p.\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i C\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam; k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng V\u0169 trang.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt GI \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel. Leon Lederman l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd (1988) cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea1t neutrino. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao sau m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt giao \u0111\u1ea5t Morrill Land-Grant Acts\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 c\u1ef1u ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California Clark Kerr g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> (multiversity) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng UC.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ngo\u00e0i NSF ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) chuy\u00ean t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

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B\u1ea3n minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 iPod v\u00e0 iPad ra \u0111\u1eddi (DARPA: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; DoE: US Department of Energy; DoD: US Department of Defense; NIH: National Institutes of Health (USA); NSF: National Science Foundation (USA); CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva) (Mariana Mazzucato,\u00a0The Entrepreneurial<\/i>\u00a0State<\/em>, \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o\u201d, 109). Xem\u00a0Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (2018).<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hai ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u00ean phong c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/em> c\u00f3 t\u00ean SAIL do nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc John McCarthy c\u1ee7a M.I.T. l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/em>” (Augmentation Research Center, ARC), do Doug Engelbart l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb Pentagon th\u00f4ng qua c\u01a1 quan ARPA, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a DARPA sau n\u00e0y. SAIL \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n qua Xerox PARC. T\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 li\u00ean bang c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m. Ngo\u00e0i DAPRA, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam 3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c then ch\u1ed1t n\u1eefa: SBIR (Small Business Innovation Research) nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D), Orphan Drug Act (ODA) nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) nh\u1eb1m khu\u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. DAPRA c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ARPANET, ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Internet, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u201chuy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i\u201d v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. N\u0103m 1998 Bill Gates tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cNg\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p PC \u0111ang d\u1eabn d\u1eaft n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00fang ta b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 … Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u1edf M\u1ef9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 tham gia n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.\u201d K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 li\u00ean bang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (Xem m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Thung l\u0169ng Silicon s\u1eafp t\u1edbi)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1ecf, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi Doanh nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1ecf<\/strong> (SBIR, Small Business Innovation Research, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1982) v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Chuy\u1ec3n giao C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Doanh nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1ecf<\/strong> (STTR, Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1992). C\u1ea3 hai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean bang, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 H\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng<\/strong> c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (America’s Seed Fund<\/strong>). Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng shopkeepers. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>. Xem chi ti\u1ebft: \u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gia (Nguy\u1ec5n Trung D\u00e2n 2025)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

D<\/span>\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 France A. C\u00f3rdova, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 14 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 NSF v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Vannevar Bush trong th\u1eddi gian 70 n\u0103m, 1950\u20132020.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

20<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n

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France Anna-Dominic C\u00f3rdova (5. 8. 1947 \u2013 ), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. B\u00e0 t\u1eebng gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 11 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Purdue t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2012 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 14 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2014 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2020. Hi\u1ec7n b\u00e0 \u0111ang gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Science Philanthropy Alliance. B\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 13 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 danh d\u1ef1 (Doctor honoris causa).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201c…nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.\u201d<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/span>uy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0 n\u0103m 1945 khi Vannevar Bush vi\u1ebft n\u00f3 trong lu\u1eadn v\u0103n mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Khoa h\u1ecdc – Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/em> (Science – The Endless Frontier). Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Harry S. Truman, Bush \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Bush \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Khoa h\u1ecdc (Office of Scientific Research and Development) trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II:<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng khoa h\u1ecdc.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bush mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u00ad\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa sau chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u00d4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, college v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. \u00d4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm t\u00f2i<\/em> (freedom of inquiry, t\u1ef1 do truy v\u1ea5n) m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m khi l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i MIT. Bush ca ng\u1ee3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f2<\/em> m\u00f2<\/em> (curiosity-driven research) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean \u201cc\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 do ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn\u201d.<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng n\u00eau l\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u00adt\u00e0i n\u0103ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/em>. \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

\u201ckh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o, ngo\u00e0i ch\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tham v\u1ecdng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7… m\u1ed7i c\u1eadu b\u00e9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, th\u00ec b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp NSF (Q\u1ee7y khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia, National Science Foundation). Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Bush v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean bang kh\u00e1c\u2014\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, Vi\u1ec7n Y t\u1ebf Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n\u2014m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng danh m\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, NSF m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang nh\u01b0 Bush \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 Bush mong mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Ng\u00e0y nay, danh m\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a NSF tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c; s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a NSF \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng college v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc; v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Bush \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n vang v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, NSF, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a NSF \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch do ch\u00ednh NSF v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1 ra. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u1edf c\u1ea3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a NSF, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 Bush kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/h3>\n

Danh m\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi NSF \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean li\u00ean quan trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ea3y th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i n\u00eau b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n