{"id":16302,"date":"2026-06-21T16:30:37","date_gmt":"2026-06-21T09:30:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=16302"},"modified":"2026-06-21T16:30:37","modified_gmt":"2026-06-21T09:30:37","slug":"rene-descartes-ve-su-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/rene-descartes-ve-su-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Ren\u00e9 Descartes v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

REN\u00c9 DESCARTES<\/span><\/h1>\n

v\u1ec1 <\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

S\u1ef0 H\u1eccC (LEARNING)<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

 <\/p>\n\"\"\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (\u00fd n\u00f3i Latin, Hy L\u1ea1p, ND) h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a; r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, trong khi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 trong s\u1eed s\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u00e0i gi\u0169a ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng; r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 hay nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; r\u1eb1ng h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00f4 song; r\u1eb1ng th\u01a1 ca c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o quy\u1ebfn r\u0169; r\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t tinh t\u1ebf, v\u1eeba gi\u00fap th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2, v\u1eeba th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh; r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng; r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o v\u00e0 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt h\u1ecdc; r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c mang l\u1ea1i vinh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trau d\u1ed3i ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 n\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb ch\u00fang l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014 Descartes,<\/strong> t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/em>, Discourse on the Method\u00a0<\/em>(1637)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596 \u1edf La Haye-en-Touraine, Ph\u00e1p-1650 \u1edf Stockholm, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, \u223c 54t). \u1ea2nh: Leonard de Selva\/Corbis<\/p>\n

Descartes g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft: “T\u00f4i t\u01b0 duy, v\u1eady t\u00f4i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i” (Cogito, ergo sum<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ngo\u00e0i \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Descartes \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n tr\u00ean \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 Cartesian (la tinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Descartes) v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong chi ti\u1ebft, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thuy\u1ebft v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kant, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels<\/em> (1755) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Descartes l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc (t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Ren\u00e9 Descartes, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. \u00d4ng sinh ra cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eafp s\u1eeda chi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 b\u1edfi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u duy l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau, trong khi tr\u00e1i tim v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa Galilei v\u00e0 Newton, \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0o tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u0111ang d\u00e2ng l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5. L\u00fd t\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. Alfred North Whitehead cho r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc (t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng sai. L\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy logic l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i trong m\u00ea cung.<\/p>\n

Descartes l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng D\u00f2ng T\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf La Fr\u00e8che. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i, khi h\u1ecdc xong, khi c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi con m\u1eaft trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1ch quan” trong tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i to\u00e0n m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng quan ni\u1ec7m. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p (Discourse on Method)<\/strong>:<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec th\u00eam, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c khi t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi t\u00f4i xem x\u00e9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200btr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, trong khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00f4i coi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c ch\u00fang vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lung lay nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u1ea3 danh v\u1ecdng l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i gia t\u0103ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p; v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng vinh quang, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Cynic, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p vinh quang m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1eeba b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim thu\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam tinh, nh\u1eefng m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o thu\u1eadt gia hay nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp v\u00e0 khoe khoang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eaft \u00f4ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Aristotle v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0i nghi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Cartesian doubt<\/em> (ho\u00e0i nghi c\u1ee7a Descartes). N\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Trong “Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/strong>“, Principles of Philosophy<\/em><\/strong>, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Descartes (1644), t\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Cartesian<\/em>, ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec7n, “duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc”. Descartes vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd \u00f4ng, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t gi\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Xa h\u01a1n, Descartes c\u00f3 l\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u1eddi sau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII.<\/p>\n

    Descartes \u1ee7ng h\u00f4 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Copernice nh\u01b0 Galilei l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn Galilei b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Le Monde<\/em> (Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

    Descartes \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc sau \u00f4ng. Nicolas Malebranche<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 sinh ra m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Oratory. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t ‘th\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng’ cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Trait\u00e9 de L\u2019Homme (Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) <\/em>c\u1ee7a Descartes. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, Malebranche \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u00ec sao, say m\u00ea nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Descartes v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng minh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

    Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Malebranche t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Descartes \u2013 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u2013 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4, gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Newton, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i tim m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft Tr\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ra sao<\/em>, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean Tr\u1eddi<\/em> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

    Malebranche r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau, r\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n bi\u1ebft “nh\u00ecn (m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9) trong Ch\u00faa” (“Vision in God”) nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, th\u00ec m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Malebranche, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Augustine, m\u1ecdi tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i<\/em> (revelation).<\/p>\n

    \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Descartes l\u00ean t\u01b0 duy tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Descartes \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp “b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p” (French intellectual character) \u1edf t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c gia. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb Descartes cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1890 t\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ebft gia Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u Descartes \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (material) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng (extension) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Descartes l\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau: Kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, g\u1ea7n ba tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a Einstein x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t theo. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian r\u1ed7ng. V\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Cartesian<\/em> c\u1ee7a Descartes \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng xa l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi “Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Einstein” qua c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: “\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecfi” (Wichtig ist, dass man nicht aufh\u00f6rt zu fragen.) \u0110\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, hay tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. Einstein r\u1ea5t y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Cartesian, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, m\u00e0 d\u00e1m xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i khi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00eam khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

    Tuy m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xo\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbc (vortex) kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111ang quay xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi k\u00e9o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc l\u00e1 trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. L\u1edbn l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ednh kinh vi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Weltanschauung<\/em> \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e0u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i tim m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

    Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, critique, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng, Bacon, Galilei, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1i di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng \u0111ong g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, Immanuel Kant l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y quy m\u00f4 h\u01a1n, mu\u1ed1n x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh, Vernunft<\/em>. “Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng”,<\/em> \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/em>. (Xem H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Immanuel Kant 300 n\u0103m\/)<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. Hegel g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u1edf m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, Descartes kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ban cho \u00f4ng l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m cao c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu danh hi\u1ec7u anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, th\u00ec Descartes ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    \u2014 Lucien L\u00e9vy-Bruhl<\/strong><\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Descartes, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII c\u1ee7a Trung c\u1ed5 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean n\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, Genius, c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa l\u00fac ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    M\u1eddi anh ch\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3n xem th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i “Ren\u00e9 Descartes m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng”<\/strong><\/em> s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Xin xem th\u00eam hai b\u00e0i g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

    Steve Jobs, Thi\u1ec1n, Tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/a><\/em>\u00a0(c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung<\/strong><\/span>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0Khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 t\u1eadn<\/em> (Vannevar Bush)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    REN\u00c9 DESCARTES v\u1ec1 S\u1ef0 H\u1eccC (LEARNING)   Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (\u00fd n\u00f3i Latin, Hy L\u1ea1p, ND) h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a; r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16302"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16302"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16343,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16302\/revisions\/16343"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}