{"id":1664,"date":"2018-09-24T12:17:15","date_gmt":"2018-09-24T05:17:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=1664"},"modified":"2023-01-31T20:31:41","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T13:31:41","slug":"ky-niem-100-nam-dinh-ly-emmy-noether","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/ky-niem-100-nam-dinh-ly-emmy-noether\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Emmy Noether"},"content":{"rendered":"

100 N\u0102M \u0110\u1ecaNH L\u00dd EMMY NOETHER<\/span><\/h1>\n

M\u1ed8T N\u1eee THI\u00caN T\u00c0I TO\u00c1N H\u1eccC <\/span>T\u1eeaNG B\u1eca B\u1ece QU\u00caN<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Fr\u00e4ulein<\/i> Noether l\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb l\u00fac gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t minh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ecf ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n h\u00f4m nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n 1935<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Pi (\u03c0)<\/em> c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Too\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam do GS Ng\u00f4 B\u1ea3o Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n

ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec s\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2018 v\u1eeba \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 26, th\u00e1ng 7, 2018 v\u1eeba qua, t\u1ee9c hai th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (th\u1eadt ra hai) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u00e3y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn: \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, hay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd: gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng (symmetry) hay b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (invariance) trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n (conservation) ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i Emmy Noether c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.(1)<\/sup>\u00a0M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t\u201d, theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Richard Feynman, m\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p\u201d.<\/p>\n

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Emmy Noether (1882-1935) kho\u1ea3ng 1915<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 26, th\u00e1ng 7, n\u0103m 1918 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u201cC\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n bi\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u201d (Invariante Variationsprobleme), m\u1ed9t trong hai \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y (th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/i>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian hay v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p quay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e9p t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn trong kh\u00f4ng gian. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Noether, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (momentum) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng t\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng gian. V\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n m\u00f4men quay (angular momentum) t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng quay. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00e9o hai tay v\u00e0o g\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh quay. B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn chu\u1ea9n\u201d (gauge invariance). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u201ct\u00edch\u201d b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1eafc t\u00edch\u201d c\u1ee7a quark (quark color), hay isopin y\u1ebfu, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cinternal degrees of freedom\u201d. \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Emmy Noether li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Einstein. Xem tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Dwight E. Neuenschwander \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd GS \u0110\u00e0m Thanh S\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Emmy Noether \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y 26\/7\/2018 tr\u00ean blog c\u1ee7a anh:<\/p>\n

\u201c\u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o\u00a0to\u00e0n\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n<\/a><\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau, ng\u00e0y 21\/8 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a TS L\u00ea Quang \u00c1nh chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n:<\/p>\n

\u201cEmmy Noether \u2013 nh\u00e0 To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u1eef v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/a>\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

\u2212\u2055\u2055\u2055\u2212<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Emmy Noether l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t gian tru\u00e2n. B\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e0i n\u0103ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u1edf tu\u1ed5i l\u00ean 30. B\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc G\u00f6ttingen khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c David Hilbert v\u00e0 Felix Klein m\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng Einstein. N\u0103m 1915, b\u00e0 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i habilitation<\/i> (quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, venia legendi<\/i>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u) c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh privatdozent<\/i>, \u2018gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u01b0\u2019 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Edmund Husserl. Hilbert gi\u1eadn qu\u00e1 n\u00f3i: \u201cAber meine Herren, eine Universit\u00e4t ist doch keine Badeanstalt! \u201d \u2212 \u201cNh\u01b0ng th\u01b0a qu\u00fd ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng!\u201d X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n\u00a0\u00f4ng. B\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n nghe b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00e9p\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec. B\u00e0 Lise Meitner c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00e9p Max Planck m\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o gi\u1ea3ng\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cInvariante Variationsprobleme\u201d c\u1ee7a Emmy Noether, Einstein vi\u1ebft cho nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Felix Klein \u1edf G\u00f6ttingen ng\u00e0y 27, th\u00e1ng 12, 1918: \u201cKhi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 Noether, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i venia legendi<\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00f4. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh, r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf B\u1ed9\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Klein v\u00e0 Hilbert kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m sau, Klein ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Einstein, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho b\u00e0. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thua tr\u1eadn n\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ‘c\u1edfi m\u1edf’ h\u01a1n. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n habilitation ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 \u201cInvariante Variationsprobleme\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u2018v\u00f4 danh\u2019 l\u1eafm. H\u1ed9i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1932 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Zurich \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m, b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Ackermann-Teubner danh gi\u00e1 trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 li\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc qua loa, lip service, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd M\u1ef9 Eugene Wigner nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. Wolfgang Pauli trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i<\/i> vi\u1ebft cho Encyklop\u00e4die der Mathematischen Wissenschaften<\/i> n\u0103m 1921 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u00fd. Hermann Weyl trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cKh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d n\u0103m 1918 c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 khi v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Noether c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1971, c\u1ee7a Morton A. Tavel, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn khi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Emmy Noether. Gi\u1edd th\u00ec t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec sao d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u00e0 21\u201d, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Frank Wilczek n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

\"Image<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920<\/p>\n

\"Hilbert.jpg\"\u00a0\"\"<\/p>\n

David Hilbert (tr\u00e1i) v\u00e0 Felix Klein n\u0103m 1912<\/p>\n

\u2212\u2055\u2055\u2055\u2212<\/p>\n

Emmy Noether m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 4, n\u0103m 1935, t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bryn Mawr, m\u1ed9t college \u01b0u t\u00fa d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a bang Pennsyvania, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 53 tu\u1ed5i, trong cu\u1ed9c song tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nazis, r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cman r\u1ee3\u201d. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 do bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Bryn Mawr \u0111\u00fang 18 th\u00e1ng. Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p Princeton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1935, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 l\u1ea1i Einstein, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap b\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i Bryn Mawr, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb bi\u1ebft bao. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u dang d\u1edf. Tro c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mai t\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Martha Carey Thomas c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 vinh d\u1ef1 cho b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1o The New York Times<\/i> c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n cho b\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng Einstein \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y \u2018t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng\u2019 qu\u00e1, ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i qu\u00e1. B\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n kh\u00e1c g\u1eedi cho ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat t\u1edd b\u00e1o, ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 5, 1935, trong \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0:<\/p>\n

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To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng thi ca trong c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m logic. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00f4gic. V\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00f4gic, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 ra, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o t\u00ednh quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Albert Einstein<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n Einstein nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft d\u00e0nh cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a b\u00e0:<\/p>\n

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Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau pha v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho mi\u1ebfng \u0103n h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ai, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 may m\u1eafn, hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n tr\u1eddi cho, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn h\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. D\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gian th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng mong m\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t; nh\u01b0ng may m\u1eafn thay, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1edf ra cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ri\u00eang c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, hay nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 di\u1ec5n ra \u00e2m th\u1ea7m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p qu\u00fd b\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Einstein, c\u00f2n b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc d\u00e0nh cho b\u00e0, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hermann Weyl, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi b\u00e0, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y 26, th\u00e1ng 4, 1935 t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m b\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bryn Mawr. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

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B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi \u00f3c h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e0 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0; \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y b\u1edfi kinh nghi\u1ec7m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o; b\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u0103m h\u1edf lao v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u1edbi. V\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u2212 th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh \u2013 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 im b\u1eb7t, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. […]<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh [c\u1ee7a b\u00e0] n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c thao t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con-x\u1ebfp (concept). […] B\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 xa nh\u1ea5t; b\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a (unification). […]<\/p>\n

Khi, trong gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u00e0, th\u00ec hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ngay t\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u00f4i. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 ch\u00edn, n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1eadt tung ra kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. B\u00e0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ee9a cho s\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tri th\u1ee9c d\u00e2ng l\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong b\u00e0. B\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafn n\u00f3t h\u00e0i h\u00f2a b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 b\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, tr\u00e1i tim b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00e1c t\u00e2m; b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u00e1c \u2013 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u00f9a h\u00e8 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng nhau tr\u1ea3i qua \u1edf G\u00f6ttingen, m\u00f9a h\u00e8 gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 1933.\u00a0Gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3n h\u1eadn th\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, bu\u1ed3n n\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng \u2013 b\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7n, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p sinh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 b\u00e0. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n s\u1ecdt n\u00e2u (c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng Hitler) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n; kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y b\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i tim r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, b\u00e0 \u0111i ti\u1ebfp con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng th\u00f9 h\u1eadn m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi xin l\u1ed7i; nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n

B\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t t\u00f4i tin ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 t\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Norbert Wiener c\u1ee7a MIT vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

C\u00f4 Noether l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn; nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecdc n\u1eef v\u0129\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3\u00a0\u0111\u1ea5t; nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eef v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3\u00a0\u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u1edbi B\u00e0 Marie Curie. B\u1ecf ra ngo\u00e0i gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, c\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc Bartel van der Waerden c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 b\u00e0, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2, vi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n kh\u00e1c: \u201cB\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng con-x\u1ebfp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.\u201d(4)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd Emmy Noether n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 H\u1ea1t Higgs, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u201cH\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d n\u0103m 2014, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jim Baggott \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20:<\/p>\n\"\"\n

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Hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Emmy Noether Gymnasium mang t\u00ean b\u00e0 \u1edf Berlin v\u00e0 Erlangen, n\u01a1i b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra, \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh b\u00e0. N\u0103m 1980 H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (Association for Women in Mathematics) cho ra \u0111\u1eddi Emmy Noether Lecture h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cvinh danh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n\u201d. Qu\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c DFG c\u00f3 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t “Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Emmy Noether” nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1ebb t\u00e0i n\u0103ng\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e3nh\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u1ebb \u0111ang l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n 6 n\u0103m: http:\/\/www.dfg.de\/foerderung\/programme\/einzelfoerderung\/emmy_noether\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh cay \u0111\u1eafng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ai \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Neuenschwander vi\u1ebft trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Lisa Randall c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a\u00a0\u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd\u00a0\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng “\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\u00a0\u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed t\u00f4i, k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng.” Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Marie Curie. Nay n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng Emmy Noether.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 3, 2015, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 133 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0, Google \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t Doodle v\u1ec1 b\u00e0:<\/p>\n

\u201cNew Google Doodle Honors Revolutionary Mathematician Emmy Noether\u201d <\/b><\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/timedotcom.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/03\/screen-shot-2015-03-23-at-11-07-37-am.png\"<\/p>\n

(https:\/\/www.google.com\/doodles\/emmy-noethers-133rd-birthday?doodle=18510956&domain_name=google.com&hl=en<\/a>)<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1993, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u0103m 1955 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u00e0. B\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u00ec sao ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng.\/.<\/p>\n

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——————————<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch <\/em>(1)-(4):<\/p>\n

(1)<\/sup>Xem \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd n\u00e0y b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: https:\/\/de.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Invariante_Variationsprobleme<\/p>\n

(2)<\/sup>Trong \u0110i\u1ebfu v\u0103n<\/em> c\u1ee7a Weyl<\/p>\n

(3)<\/sup>M.B.W. Tent, tr. 126 tr\u1edf \u0111i<\/p>\n

(4)<\/sup>Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean<\/p>\n

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Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ScienceNews June 12, 2018: In her short life, mathematician Emmy Noether changed the face of physics:<\/i>\n

    https:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/article\/emmy-noether-theorem-legacy-physics-math<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. Cordula Tollmien, Hundert Jahre Noether-Theoreme. \u201eInvariantentheorie ist jetzt hier Trumpf\u201c: <\/i>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/piuz.201801513<\/a><\/li>\n
  3. \u0110i\u1ebfu v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Hermann Weyl:\n

    http:\/\/www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk\/Extras\/Weyl_Noether.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. M.B.W. Tent, Emmy Noether. The Mother of Modern Algebra. A. K. Peters, Ltd., 2008.<\/i><\/i><\/li>\n
  5. Dwight E. Neuenschwander, Emmy Noether’s Wonderful Theorem. Johns Hopkins University Press; revised and updated edition edition (March 6, 2017)<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Th\u00e1ng 9, 2018<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    100 N\u0102M \u0110\u1ecaNH L\u00dd EMMY NOETHER M\u1ed8T N\u1eee THI\u00caN T\u00c0I TO\u00c1N H\u1eccC T\u1eeaNG B\u1eca B\u1ece QU\u00caN Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   Trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Fr\u00e4ulein Noether l\u00e0 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb l\u00fac gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[80,65],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1664"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1664"}],"version-history":[{"count":45,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1664\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8806,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1664\/revisions\/8806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1664"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1664"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1664"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}