{"id":16969,"date":"2026-08-30T21:12:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-30T14:12:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=16969"},"modified":"2026-08-30T22:50:05","modified_gmt":"2026-08-30T15:50:05","slug":"dai-hoc-va-van-hoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/dai-hoc-va-van-hoa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC v\u00e0<\/span><\/em> V\u0102N H\u00d3A<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi, ban cho ch\u00fang ta \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 Isaac Barrow<\/strong> (1630 -1652, th\u1ea7y to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Newton)<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em><\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft qui m\u00f4 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1eeba “t\u1ea1o sinh” g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1: To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc n\u1eb1m trong c\u1ee5m m\u00f4n khai ph\u00f3ng quadrivium<\/em>, trong khi Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n khoa h\u1ecdc Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7n cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 200 n\u0103m c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy l\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i b\u1edfi l\u00fd do thi\u1ebfu khoa h\u1ecdc. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ebf t\u1eaft k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp theo, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX Wilhelm von Humboldt \u0111\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, Wissenschaft<\/em>, l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0o n\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c college nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, khai ph\u00f3ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, c\u0169ng ‘l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng”, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u1ea5y Wissenschaft l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f2i gian, n\u00ean b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111ang b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/span><\/p>\n

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To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i… nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013\u00a0Pascal<\/strong> (1623-1662)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n c\u00f4ng khai (public discourse), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a critical thinking, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u201ctri th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u\u201d hay \u201ctri th\u1ee9c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh\u201d. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t (universality) cho c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi Minh, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 vua ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5. C\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng am hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean mang nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Nho gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u1ea3o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd “kh\u00e1ch quan” v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u2018nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch\u2019. (McNeely\/Wolverton)<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf, linh ho\u1ea1t, khoan dung, nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n minh nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, Bildung<\/em>, hay paideia<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng Hy l\u1ea1p), hay humanitas<\/em> (ti\u1ebfng La tinh). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh “con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n” – trau d\u1ed3i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. (Xem b\u00e0i Paideia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Werner Jaeger trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/em>)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, paideia<\/em> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/em> (liberal education) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u1ea3 hai tri\u1ebft l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, xem tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u. Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng paideia v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Learning v\u00e0 Education<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111a-\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> (multi-university, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Clark Kerr) kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u201ccu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt\u201d (\u201cthe academic revolution\u201d) nh\u01b0 t\u00ean quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1968 c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Harvard Christopher Jencks v\u00e0 David Riesman. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng cho ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec1u nhu c\u1ea7u chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u1eafm v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Coi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u00e2n v\u0103n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eaft: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hy sinh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (paideia). N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 learning<\/em>, h\u1ecdc cho ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p (professions) m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i ph\u1ea7n education<\/em>, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n theo tinh th\u1ea7n paideia<\/em>, hay Bildung<\/em>, th\u00ec c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho v\u0103n h\u00f3a. (William J. Bouwsma)<\/p>\n

Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00ec (l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb) n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d (Bertrand Russell). Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh. \u201cC\u1ea3m x\u00fac,\u201d b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00ecm n\u01a1i tr\u00fa \u1ea9n trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed (Christopher Lasch). Ch\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 m\u00e0 Pascal \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng n\u00f3i hay sao? Bao l\u00e2u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (ti\u1ebfp<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u1edbi t\u00e2m th\u1ebf m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cth\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, thay v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. V\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/em> v\u00e0 l\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n<\/em> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n s\u1eafc\u201d, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t. Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. C\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia tuy c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c khu v\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nho gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Qu\u1ed1c ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y sau n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nho gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau? \u1ede ba qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u, \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nho gi\u00e1o\u201d (Wang Hui) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 Trung c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 sau \u0111\u00f3, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u201cph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh\u201d, \u201ct\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00edt b\u1ecb \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d chi ph\u1ed1i. N\u00f3i chung, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c trong tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1-ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta b\u1edbt b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ecbu m\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng ma t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u00e1m \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a vinh quang hay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. (William Theodore de Bary)<\/p>\n

Trung Qu\u1ed1c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3ng khung v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, b\u1edfi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb l\u00e2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i chua cay m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

***<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n “M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Arnold Toynbee l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh khi h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4n ngoan<\/em> v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>.\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sinh s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, Athens c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e1nh xe ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd tr\u1eadt ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ee5c khi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ng\u1eebng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Sau nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn tranh Peloponnese, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Athens kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Macedonia, v\u00e0 Athens kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u1eefa. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd suy t\u00e0n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Toynbee l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>\u2014m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t”. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2014gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ee7ng long hay chim dodo \u2014 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ebf, zeitgeist<\/em>. Ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Toynbee, nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Jared Diamond m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Viking \u1edf Greenland \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00f3i quen v\u0103n h\u00f3a khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eebng n\u1edf r\u1ed9. L\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m tri th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec s\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. (Joseph E. Aoun)<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o? Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea1nh tranh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 hai<\/em> mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c paideia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Vannevar Bush \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1946, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin l\u1edbn v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em> trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch cho h\u1ecdc sinh; h\u1ecd c\u00f2n coi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 Plato \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: “N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, hay theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thomas Jefferson, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra “m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh” \u0111\u1ec3 “h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o h\u1ecd.” Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Francis Wayland c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Brown \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u00f4ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX) khi \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: “M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.” (Derek Bok)<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Daniel Bell \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Bell coi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai: “C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1eddi khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m n\u0103m qua, v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1edbi v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c.” \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1<\/em> hay b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, hay gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p g\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201ch\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec\u201d m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d nh\u01b0 Friedrich Schiller g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u0103n h\u00f3a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt (Wissenschaft) m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00ec \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hoa K\u1ef3 di\u1ec5n ra trong hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn Hoa K\u1ef3 (1861-65). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1850, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, s\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t \u00edt c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u00edt h\u1ecdc, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng (college) thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, chuy\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i m\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng y John Henry Newman, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khai ph\u00f3ng\u201d, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c colleges M\u1ef9 t\u1eeb 1636 c\u1ee7a Harvard \u0111\u1ebfn 1850, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 214 n\u0103m, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd \u00f4ng<\/em> th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1eafp t\u1edbi s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Gi\u1eefa l\u00fac cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn c\u00f2n t\u00e0n ph\u00e1, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Morrill<\/strong> n\u0103m 1862, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef phi-c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Thay v\u00ec gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1830, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn sang n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho tr\u1ebb em trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 Horace Mann \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1840, Mann \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1ed5 \u201cphi \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p\u201d n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 Wilhelm von Humboldt \u0111\u1ebfn Massachusetts, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c K-12 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. H\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t colleges c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Johns Hopkins, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago, Stanford, Clark, Yale, Columbia, Princeton. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, hay nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c. Khi Johns Hopkins khai gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (1876), to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ban gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 nh\u00ecn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 \u00edch n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta l\u1eafng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c college h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb Harvard 1636 hay c\u00e1c college m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng kho\u1ea3ng ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Wilhelm von Humboldt (22 th\u00e1ng 6, 1767 \u2013 8 th\u00e1ng 4, 1835)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp ra m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng? Humboldt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u00e0 l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e2ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean, m\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 do trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mang l\u1ea1i cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Friedrich Schelling, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u1eddi Hegel \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1; nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 do nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, s\u1ebd b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: \u201cch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng qua khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa ngay khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n<\/em> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00ec ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3. (Schelling, trong Vorlesungen \u00fcber die M\u00e9thode des akademischcn Studiums<\/em>, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 hai. Xem th\u00eam \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC)<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 79 tri\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 16 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng: Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois v\u00e0 California. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c college: Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton v\u00e0 Pennsyvania. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt giao \u0111\u1ea5t: MIT, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Stanford v\u00e0 Chicago. Hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 262 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec1m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt (2010-1810), Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Robert J. Zimmer c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2009, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t Chicago v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1810, t\u1ee9c 600 n\u0103m sau khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Bologna, Paris, Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, … \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt. \u00d4ng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Friedrich Schleiermacher. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Humboldt, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi, theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ba \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean t\u01b0 duy, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1; th\u1ee9 hai, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ea7n lan t\u1ecfa \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Morrill<\/strong> n\u0103m 1862 ra \u0111\u1eddi trong l\u00fac chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t: \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt G.I.<\/strong>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1944, khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u00e1c li\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n Omaha trong Ng\u00e0y-D (6\/6\/1944) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Minh \u1edf Normandy nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ng\u0169 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed sinh ho\u1ea1t cho vi\u1ec7c theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1860. C\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o, nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n 50% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1956, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt G.I. \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u01a1n 2,2 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 theo h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u bang, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi: tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>. (Joseph E. Aoun)<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi \u0110\u1ee9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1940, Vannevar Bush, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Vi\u1ec7n Carnegie, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Franklin D. Roosevelt v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trang gi\u1ea5y, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/em> v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em>, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch huy \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: S\u1ef1 can d\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng m\u1edf ra ngu\u1ed3n ti\u1ec1n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 li\u00ean bang. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts M.I.T., Caltech, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California t\u1ea1i Berkeley v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Clark Kerr (1911- 2003)<\/p>\n

\n

(Hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California, Berkeley, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California. Nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3; xem th\u00eam trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Manhattan, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. Trong su\u1ed1t Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Bush l\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 li\u00ean bang chi\u1ebfm 73% ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2021, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng 54%, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00ean t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 50 t\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f4 la m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. H\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (Joseph E. Aoun)<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a sinh t\u1ed3n<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin. Mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a sau nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 xa l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o, Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Nietzsche \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o Matin\u00e9e ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 “Wilhelm von Humboldt \u2013 M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i” th\u00e1ng 11, 2017 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m sinh nh\u1eadt th\u1ee9 250 c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Frank-Walter Steinmeier \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

Humboldt tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng: “Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh.” \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Bildung<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft, d\u00e1m th\u1eed nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro. N\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Wilhelm von Humboldt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Steinmeier c\u0169ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 Humboldt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c: n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o “tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i”, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00e0o “t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng”, v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Wilhelm von Humboldt c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Jacobin \u1edf Paris.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 mang t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c paideia hay sao?<\/p>\n

Thay l\u1eddi k\u1ebft<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ec1 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, kho\u00e1ng 5.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edfp n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u00e3 mang g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec1 n\u00e0o trong l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh. […] Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f9a ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00f9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f9a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111ang r\u0169 b\u1ecf ch\u00f9 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t n\u00f3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd dang tr\u1edd n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edfi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/em> n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f9a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi<\/em> t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014\u00a0Arnold J. Toynbee<\/strong> (1889-1975)<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 2027, Newton s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u00f4m nay: C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n khai s\u00e1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng g\u00ec, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o? C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng? Joel Mokyr, Gi\u1ea3i Nobel kinh t\u1ebf 2025, l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean tr\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed3n vinh, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra trong \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a Adam Smith li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1ch quan, impartial spectator<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Newton n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp: Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh to l\u1edbn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u01b0 Plato, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan s\u00e1t, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 Aristotle. H\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, tranh lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh v\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho \u0111\u1eddi sau. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a theo \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 Alexandria l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton l\u00ean Adam Smith<\/em> s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khai s\u00e1ng s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, l\u1ea5y khoa h\u1ecdc Isaac Newton l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a X\u1ee9 s\u1edf bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m theo kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7n sapere aude<\/em> \u2013 d\u00e1m bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 d\u00e1m l\u00e0m \u2013 c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau. H\u1ecd r\u1ea5t can \u0111\u1ea3m, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 say m\u00ea khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f3 Principia<\/em>, khi b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed1i s\u1ea7m m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 ban ng\u00e0y – nh\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Isaac Newton.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u00ean quan:<\/p>\n

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