{"id":17061,"date":"2026-09-13T17:12:05","date_gmt":"2026-09-13T10:12:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=17061"},"modified":"2026-09-13T17:47:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T10:47:40","slug":"tolstoy-coi-lincoln-la-nguoi-hung-vi-dai-nhat-the-gioi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/tolstoy-coi-lincoln-la-nguoi-hung-vi-dai-nhat-the-gioi\/","title":{"rendered":"Tolstoy coi Lincoln l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

LEO TOLSTOY COI ABRAHAM LINCOLN<\/span><\/h1>\n

L\u00c0 NG\u01af\u1edcI H\u00d9NG V\u0128 \u0110\u1ea0I NH\u1ea4T TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/span><\/h1>\n

<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111au x\u00f3t hay b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, khi m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3) \u0111ang tr\u00e0o d\u00e2ng bao c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u1ecbnh h\u00f3t\u2014nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y, n\u0103m n\u00e0y qua n\u0103m kh\u00e1c, mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n Sisyphus l\u00e0 m\u01b0u toan gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Abraham Lincoln v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u2014gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eefng s\u1edd tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111ua nhau r\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3a hoa ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb l\u00ean ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u00f2n \u0111ang m\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh hay say s\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y v\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn trong t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd quay \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i; kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n \u0111i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tung h\u00f4 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng khi s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft dung h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ea5m \u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu, soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng khung c\u1ea3nh u t\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u1eadn d\u1eef b\u1eb1ng n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f3m h\u1ec9nh; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb cai tr\u1ecb “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eddi ban” th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u1ebb ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00e0o nho\u00e1ng. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfm hoi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu n\u00e0y l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn ra \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng sau khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2014 Karl Marx<\/strong>, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1865, g\u1eedi T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Andrew Johnson, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng sau cu\u1ed9c \u00e1m s\u00e1t Lincoln<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Abraham Lincoln 9 th\u00e1ng 2, 1864 trong th\u1eddi gian n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft. C\u1ee7a Congress Libriary.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a Leo Tolstoy (1828\u20131910)\u00a0n\u0103m 1887 (H\u1ecda s\u1ef9 Ilya Yefimovich)<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3:<\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, Leo Tolstoy \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1edd New York World<\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n, khi \u0111ang \u0111i du ngo\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Caucasus,” \u00f4ng k\u1ec3, “t\u00f4i t\u00ecnh c\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Circassia. S\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ed1n n\u00fai r\u1eebng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n minh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t s\u01a1 s\u00e0i v\u00e0 ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi \u00f4ng hay b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng thung l\u0169ng qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n m\u1ecbt m\u1edd.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Tolstoy k\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd nghe v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 khi chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn binh, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi kh\u01a1i d\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 cao l\u1edbn v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 r\u00e2u x\u00e1m b\u1ea1c \u1ea5y. “H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat,” v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh n\u00f3i. “T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c con trai c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng nghe \u00f4ng n\u00f3i.”<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, \u00f4ng quay l\u1ea1i,” Tolstoy k\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp, “c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i k\u1ef5 s\u0129 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i hoang d\u00e3… v\u00e0… nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con c\u1ee7a n\u00fai r\u1eebng hoang d\u00e3 \u1ea5y ng\u1ed3i v\u00e2y quanh t\u00f4i tr\u00ean s\u00e0n nh\u00e0, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nh\u00ecn t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang khao kh\u00e1t tri th\u1ee9c. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c Sa ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; sau \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Napoleon cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft: ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i tay \u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng ra sao, \u00f4ng cao bao nhi\u00eau, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u00fang ng\u1eafn cho \u00f4ng, hay m\u00e0u l\u00f4ng con ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecd th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi Tolstoy d\u1ee9t l\u1eddi, v\u1ecb th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh gi\u01a1 tay l\u00ean. “Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghe d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi,” \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi v\u1ebb nghi\u00eam trang. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng. Gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng vang r\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ea5m; ti\u1ebfng c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 t\u1ef1a b\u00ecnh minh, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00ec v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa h\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai b\u00e0 s\u1eafp sinh ra s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0129 nh\u00e2n l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tha th\u1ee9 cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 b\u1eaft tay th\u00e2n m\u1eadt nh\u01b0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1eebng \u00e2m m\u01b0u h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh. T\u00ean \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Lincoln v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9\u2014m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i xa x\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng l\u00e3o. H\u00e3y k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghe v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cXin h\u00e3y k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nghe,\u201d m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m reo l\u00ean, \u201cv\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd t\u1eb7ng \u00f4ng con ng\u1ef1a t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd,\u201d Tolstoy k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, \u201cv\u00e0 th\u1ea5y g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t h\u1ecd b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft r\u1ef1c l\u00ean nh\u01b0 ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng… T\u00f4i k\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd nghe v\u1ec1 Lincoln v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ni\u00ean thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i c\u00e2u t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e2u kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u00f3i quen, t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Lincoln tr\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi k\u1ec3 h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft, Tolstoy n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Lincoln. \u00d4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1i ng\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb. \u00d4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 trao n\u00f3 cho anh ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb,\u201d Tolstoy n\u00f3i, \u201ckhi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bv\u1ebb nghi\u00eam trang tr\u00ean g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i tay run r\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a anh \u1ea5y l\u00fac nh\u1eadn m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Anh \u1ea5y l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn t\u1ea5m \u1ea3nh su\u1ed1t v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 \u0111ang th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n; \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft anh \u0111\u1eabm l\u1ec7. Anh \u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao anh l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e0ng trai tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201c\u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng,\u201d anh \u1ea5y n\u00f3i, \u201ckhi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u00f4ng \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i m\u00f4i mang n\u00e9t bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i ni\u1ec1m th\u1ea7m k\u00edn?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi b\u1ea1t<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u1ede Abraham Lincoln, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng song h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft khen ng\u1ee3i \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5i \u0111au, u s\u1ea7u, tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u00f4ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi . C\u1ea3 hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n nhau l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. \u0110au kh\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp humus nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Lincoln nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y. Lincoln l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ckh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m tr\u1ea7n, v\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1eafc m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf John Quincy Adams, Charles Darwin, Emily Dickinson, Benjamin Disraeli, William James, William Tecumseh Sherman, Robert Schumann, Leo Tolstoy, N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi “m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n” (\u201cmentally ill\u201d) \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 ch\u0103m ch\u0103m v\u00e0o c\u00e1i nh\u00e3n d\u00e1n n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u201ckh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n\u201d tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft k\u1ecbch Eugene O\u2019Neill t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 mang trong m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0n g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y. V\u00e0 \u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t keo g\u1eafn k\u1ebft!\u201d Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m linh; \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n h\u1ed3i k\u00fd L\u1eddi th\u00fa t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em> (My Confession hay Meine Beichte, 1882) c\u1ee7a Leo Tolstoy, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. (Joshua W. Shenk)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Willie \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 11, \u0111\u1ee9a con th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 mang nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng Licoln nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Lincoln, di\u1ec5n ra ngay trong th\u1eddi gian N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, th\u00e1ng 2, 1862. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu b\u00e9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1n tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y. “Th\u1eadt \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn bi\u1ebft bao khi con ra \u0111i,” \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, gi\u1ecdng ngh\u1eb9n ng\u00e0o trong ti\u1ebfng n\u1ea5c. “\u00d4ng g\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o hai b\u00e0n tay, th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh cao l\u1edbn run l\u00ean v\u00ec x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf cu\u1ed1i gi\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1eaft \u0111\u1eabm l\u1ec7, l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd d\u00f5i theo \u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh n\u1ec3. N\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng suy s\u1ee5p, bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c.” (Elizabeth Keckly)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u00fac Lincoln t\u1eebng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c su\u00fdt n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh; khi \u1ea5y, Joshua Speed \u200b\u200b\u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n lu\u00f4n lo l\u1eafng cho \u00f4ng \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i v\u1ef1c d\u1eady tinh th\u1ea7n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ebft. Lincoln \u0111\u00e1p r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e2m t\u00e2m \u00f4ng v\u1eabn “khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng” \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng N\u00f4 l\u1ec7, Lincoln b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch: “T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng tha thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.” \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 theo l\u1eddi chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Speed, “hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 ai s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.”<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch quen thu\u1ed9c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca. \u00d4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ng\u00e2m nga b\u00e0i th\u01a1 m\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00edch: \u201c\u00d4i, c\u1edb sao linh h\u1ed3n k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m tr\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf.\u201d Nh\u1eefng v\u1edf bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Shakespeare c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n, trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n u s\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng rung chu\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi th\u01b0 k\u00fd mang \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Thomas Hood. \u201cKhi t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u1edbi,\u201d O. H. Browning k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, \u201c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc cho t\u00f4i nghe v\u00e0i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, \u0111\u1ea7y bi c\u1ea3m \u1ea5y\u2014c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng r\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 ra v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng vui t\u01b0\u01a1i; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang x\u00f4n xao ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 b\u1ea7y ong, ch\u1ef1c ch\u1edd \u00f9a v\u00e0o ngay khi t\u00f4i r\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n li\u1ec1u cao, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u01a1i b\u1edbt n\u1ed7i \u0111au, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 sinh l\u1ef1c (energy). N\u1ebfu ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cho m\u1ed9t guru t\u00e2m linh hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c\u2014d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p hay \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u00f4i mi\u00ean t\u00e0i ba\u2014c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n; song c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u: kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c cho kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 u s\u1ea7u, Lincoln v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 song h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i:<\/p>\n

\u201cHy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au,\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u00f2a quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau trong n\u1eafng \u1ea5m v\u00e0 m\u01b0a gi\u00f4ng\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

nh\u01b0 hai c\u00e2u th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland William Knox trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 Mortality <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (1882).<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft “Tolstoy coi Lincoln l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1edbc S. Stakelberg th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho t\u1edd New York World<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a Abraham Lincoln. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 7 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1909. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i trong t\u1eadpThe Lincoln Anthology: Great Writers on His Life and Legacy from 1860 to Now<\/em> n\u0103m 2008\/9, d\u00e0y 964 trang, c\u1ee7a Library of America, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in l\u1ea1i trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Lincoln’s Melancholy<\/em> n\u0103m 2005 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Joshua W. Shenk.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/p>\n