{"id":17077,"date":"2026-09-20T20:37:44","date_gmt":"2026-09-20T13:37:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=17077"},"modified":"2026-09-20T20:48:51","modified_gmt":"2026-09-20T13:48:51","slug":"nuoi-duong-roi-thinh-vuong-ha-joon-chang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nuoi-duong-roi-thinh-vuong-ha-joon-chang\/","title":{"rendered":"Nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, R\u1ed3i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Ha-Joon Chang)"},"content":{"rendered":"

NU\u00d4I D\u01af\u1ee0NG, R\u1ed2I TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nurture, Then Prosper<\/span><\/h1>\n

Ha-Joon Chang<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0<\/span><\/strong> d\u1ecbch<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong> xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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Trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u2013 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u2013 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n thay, \u0111ang b\u1ecb h\u00fat v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u2018tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i\u2019 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, Marx, t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, Keynes, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u00c1o, Schumpeter, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c tranh \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Anh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u2013 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01a1n. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u2013 Ha-Joon Chang<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\"\"\n

Ha-Joon Chang (sinh t\u1ea1i Seoul, ng\u00e0y 7\/10, 1963, 63t)<\/div>\n
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D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ha-Joon Chang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y, chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.\u00a0T\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge trong su\u1ed1t 32 n\u0103m, hi\u1ec7n nay \u00f4ng \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i SOAS (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u Phi) thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc London.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch bao qu\u00e1t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, bao g\u1ed3m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n 17 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft (5 cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3) v\u00e0 11 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch do \u00f4ng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n (7 cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vang d\u1ed9i c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1eabn h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt; trong \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1n Kicking Away the Ladder:<\/em>\u00a0Development Strategy in Historical Perspective <\/em>(“\u0110\u1ea1p b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfc thang: Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed”, 2002) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Gunnar Myrdal v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Joseph Stiglitz \u2013 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u2013 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u0169ng qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, Chang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Wassily Leontief Prize (2005) cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua \u0110\u1ea1p b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfc thang<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m Amartya Sen, John Kenneth Galbraith, Albert Hirschman v\u00e0 Angus Deaton. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Prospect c\u0169ng x\u1ebfp Chang \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn trong cu\u1ed9c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn “Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2014” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m Economics: The User\u2019s Guide<\/em> (2014), Bad Samaritans <\/em>(2009) v\u00e0 23 Things They Don\u2019t Tell You About Capitalism<\/em> (2012) \u2013 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Edible Economics \u2013 A Hungry Economist Explains the World<\/em> (2022), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ha-Joon Chang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i 46 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi 45 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ed5ng doanh s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 2 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, Ha-Joon Chang t\u1eebng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng t\u1eebng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (World Bank), Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (ADB), Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (EIB) v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Oxfam.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (CDP) \u2013 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao Gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Wassily Leontief n\u0103m 2005, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

Ha-Joon Chang t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0nh Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Seoul tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng Th\u1ea1c s\u0129 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (MPhil) v\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge. Hi\u1ec7n \u00f4ng \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i London c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1eddi nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c Ha-Joon Chang, v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf Joel Mokyr \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 2025. Chang \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tra c\u1ee9u cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf. Chang \u0111i h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf v\u00ec l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a cha \u00f4ng: Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, 70, h\u00e3y \u0111i h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ha-Joon Chang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c tanh l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n Ha-Joon Chang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean International Monetary Fund, F&D magazine, th\u00e1ng 9, 2026. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n: Bruce Edwards<\/strong> l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Finance & Development. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m \u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u273a\u273a\u273a<\/span><\/p>\n

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Nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, R\u1ed3i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nurture, Then Prosper<\/span><\/h1>\n

L\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1ed1ng qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201cph\u00e9p m\u00e0u kinh t\u1ebf\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Ha-Joon Chang r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb. Khi nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ha-Joon Chang ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1963, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. \u201cTu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd trung b\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 53,\u201d t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Bruce Edwards c\u1ee7a Finance & Development trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. \u201cX\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, l\u1ebd ra t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft t\u1eeb 10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d Khi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o, s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u g\u1ea1o, c\u00e1 v\u00e0 rau qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 5 n\u0103m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean m\u1ee9c hai ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

L\u1edbn l\u00ean trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y, Chang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u00ecnh. \u201cT\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u cho ra l\u1ebd. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac? V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, Chang l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang SOAS University of London v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 17 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang 46 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n h\u01a1n 3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Edible Economics<\/em>: A Hungry Economist Explains the World<\/em>.<\/p>\n

F&D<\/strong>: Tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

HJC<\/strong>: Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y th\u1eddi gian. Khi t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Bad Samaritans<\/em>, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2006, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh s\u01a1 b\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn trong 43 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 150 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa v\u00e0 rau qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4, t\u00e0u bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00e9p. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

Cha t\u00f4i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i: \u201cN\u1ebfu con mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, con c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf.\u201d Ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f4i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong khi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u1ea5y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc thay th\u1ebf\u201d (alternative economics), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi Marx, Hirschman, Kuznets v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

F&D<\/strong>: Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

HJC<\/strong>: C\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1edfi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u2014 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay \u2014 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ha-Joon Chang trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1eddi thi\u1ec7u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Edible Economics<\/em> (“Kinh t\u1ebf \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”), b\u00e1o The Guardian<\/em>. Photograph: Stuart Simpson\/Penguin Random House.<\/p>\n

F&D<\/strong>: Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a thu\u1ebf quan, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u00d4ng v\u1eabn tin nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ee9?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

HJC<\/strong>: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn v\u1eady. Thu\u1ebf quan, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m sai khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u. Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00edch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u00f4i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 (th\u1eadt ra c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, ND). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Alexander Hamilton, B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong m\u1ed9t v\u1edf nh\u1ea1c k\u1ecbch hip-hop.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1791 v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (Report on Manufactures), Hamilton cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u2014 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thu\u1ebf quan (tariffs).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Hamilton c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf quan. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u2014 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf.T\u00f4i g\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u1ebfu \u0111i theo logic c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m, Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4i l\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u201cth\u1edf\u201d ban \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 40 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5.<\/p>\n

F&D<\/strong>: Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, n\u00f3i chung \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf M\u1ef9. \u00d4ng ngh\u0129 g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

HJC<\/strong>: Trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 40 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, hay kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980 \u0111\u1ebfn 2020, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea5m k\u1ef5. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u0103m 2019, hai nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a IMF \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cThe Return of the Policy That Shall Not Be Named\u201d \u2014 S\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p g\u1ecdi t\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1t th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 t\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, Mariana Mazzucato thu\u1ed9c University College London, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong iPhone \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u1ef9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u1ef9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 internet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u1ea7u N\u0103m G\u00f3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2014 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. (Xem\u00a0Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>)<\/a><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i-c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a (deindustrialization). H\u1ecd lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf M\u1ef9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. T\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cphi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e3o ni\u00ean (geriatric) c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p non tr\u1ebb\u201d.<\/p>\n

F&D<\/strong>: T\u00f4i t\u1eebng nghe \u00f4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

HJC<\/strong>: Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1ed3i! C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau. Thu\u1ebf su\u1ea5t thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u1ef9 trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau? 91%. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 khi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea tr\u1ebb em. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u1ee5c D\u1ef1 tr\u1eef Li\u00ean bang (Federal Reserve). C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u2014 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i theo c\u00e1ch Winston Churchill t\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u2014 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c.Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tin x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng tin t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y l\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady! H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd\u201d (managed trade).<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u. Nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

F&D<\/strong>: Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Edible Economics, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

HJC<\/strong>: T\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1edfi ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gia t\u0103ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u2014 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n. V\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a so\u1ea1n: Cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Truy c\u1eadp imf.org\/podcasts<\/a> \u0111\u1ec3 nghe to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

\u2013 H\u1ebft \u2013<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf:<\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu Adam Smith 300 n\u0103m (1723-2023) ra m\u1eaft (2025)<\/a><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

NU\u00d4I D\u01af\u1ee0NG, R\u1ed2I TH\u1ecaNH V\u01af\u1ee2NG Nurture, Then Prosper Ha-Joon Chang \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u1ecb Thu Tr\u00e0 d\u1ecbch Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh xem l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u   Trong khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh) m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u2013 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc \u2013 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17077"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17077"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17094,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17077\/revisions\/17094"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}