QUAN TR\u1eccNG<\/span><\/h1>\nFukuzawa Yukichi<\/span><\/h2>\n(Lam Anh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef)<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\nFukuzawa Yukichi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/i>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u201cLu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (Moral code<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Anh), c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Fukuzawa Yukichi. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea5t r\u00fat, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh<\/i>, V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/i>, Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/i>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp thu Bunmei-kaika<\/i> (V\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng) tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura (1871-73) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm khai minh cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c keim\u014d, <\/i>nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u2018ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu\u2019 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e9t \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u2019 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ra s\u1ee9c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh hoa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb (1882-1912). \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n vinh l\u00ean l\u00fac 14 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m gia s\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o xung quanh \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Motoda Eifu (1818-1891). V\u1ecb gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d 1879 v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 trung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb then ch\u1ed1t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Xin xem th\u00eam D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u2018bom t\u1ea5n\u2019 v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <\/i>c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n ti tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean-d\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u1ea1nh-y\u1ebfu, vua-t\u00f4i, ch\u1ed3ng-v\u1ee3, trung qu\u00e2n, hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con, nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u00ednh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi-v\u00e0-ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, ngay c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bao dung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay s\u00e1t sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201ctheo s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Hay nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n
Fukuzawa v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trai tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7y tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 y\u00eau l\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n uy n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n uy t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Hoa c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua lan h\u1ecdc<\/i> (Dutch studies) t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tekijuku c\u1ee7a Ogata K\u014dan \u1edf Osaka n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 samurai. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan, sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Fukuzawa kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Trung Hoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c s\u00e1ng cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n khuy\u00ean n\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hay Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o t\u00f4i\u201d.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\u2019 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u2018t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u2018\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n\u2019 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh: independence of mind. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Fukuzawa ca ng\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Keio d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 khai s\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy. C\u00f2n \u2018t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\u2019 (self-respect) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t m\u00ecnh v\u00ec th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m hay m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, \u1edf t\u1ea7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. Kh\u00f4ng xin x\u1ecf, c\u1ea7u c\u1eadn ai, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/i> c\u1ee7a Samuel Smiles v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n ra c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng danh d\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa v\u00e0 suy ngh\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n
Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> n\u00e0y, hay Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh<\/i> (Shushin yoryo<\/i>), ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u00e1ng 9, 1898, Fukuzawa b\u1ecb tai bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Vua, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 g\u1ed3m r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi th\u0103m h\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1ea1m h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1899, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecd n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng duy\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.(1)<\/sup> \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n<\/i> (dokuritsu jison). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Fukuzawa, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh, khai minh, t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i>. \u201cM\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec sau khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 12).<\/p>\nKhi Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 2, 1901, b\u00e1o Japan Weekly Mail<\/i> vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; [\u00f4ng l\u00e0] con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n khai ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.\u201d V\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1eedi l\u1eddi chia bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cNg\u00e0i Fukuzawa Yukichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i c\u1ed7 xe ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\u201d(2)<\/sup><\/p>\nCh\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u00e1m \u01a1n Lam Anh, khoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa. C\u00e1m \u01a1n Lam Anh, v\u00e0 xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/i><\/p>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n
\u272c<\/span>\u272c<\/span>\u272c<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nPh\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111ang trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd trong x\u1eed th\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0103n minh, r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tham v\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Fukuzawa ti\u00ean sinh, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 giao cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o ra b\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd, d\u1ef1a theo l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean sinh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ed3i sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean sinh ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 1900(3)<\/sup><\/p>\nBan bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Keio (Kh\u00e1nh \u1ee8ng ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c)<\/p>\n
![\"Image](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/Image20result20for20fukuzawa20yukichi.jpeg?resize=212%2C248&ssl=1\")
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)<\/p><\/div>\n
![\"Moral](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/10\/Moral20Code20by20Yukichi20Fukuzawa20in20Modern20Japanese20Japanese20Edition20by205BYukichi20Fukuzawa5D.jpeg?resize=198%2C318&ssl=1\")
Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh (1900)<\/p><\/div>\n
N\u1ed9i dung<\/i> Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c:<\/strong><\/p>\nM\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nam ph\u1ee5 l\u00e3o \u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia – v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n qua su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng nam n\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, tuy r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 1: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trau d\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u01a1n cao r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nam n\u1eef ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, lu\u00f4n kh\u1eafc ghi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 2: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 3: G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 lo v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 4: Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh m\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 5: H\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ban cho. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ra sao, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 6: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu d\u0169ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 7: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 8: Tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Th\u1eddi v\u0103n minh th\u00ec nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00f9ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 9: H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nhau su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nhau trong tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 10: Con c\u00e1i sinh ra trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cha m\u1ed9t m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft. Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 11: Khi con c\u00e1i c\u00f2n trong tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb th\u01a1, cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c con tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghe theo l\u1eddi m\u1eb9 cha d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec3 khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap \u00edch cho \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 12: M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec sau khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 13: X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 14: M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 15: \u00d4m h\u1eadn, tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ed7i h\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh vinh quang.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 16: M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c trong tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3y may l\u01a1 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn hay vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng hay vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 17: Giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin. Ta tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tin ta. C\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 18: C\u01b0 x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn. V\u1eady n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3y may l\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 19: C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf l\u00f2ng bao dung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 20: Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay s\u00e1t sinh v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 21: N\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 22: C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 23: M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 24: C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 25: Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 26: Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00ean khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p cao t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 27: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 28: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 29: Mong r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
H\u1ebft<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em>:
\n(1)<\/sup>Kitaoka Shinichi, 308-314
\n(2)<\/sup>Carmen Blacker, 138-39
\n(3)<\/sup>N\u0103m 1900 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 1890 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh ghi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u0103m 1898 Fukuzawa b\u1ecb tai bi\u1ebfn (l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t, 1901, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 66 tu\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng ghi n\u0103m Meiji 33, t\u00ednh ra T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1900.<\/p>\nTham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>:
\n[1] Marleen Kassel, Tokugawa Confucian Education. The Kangien Academy of Hirose Tans\u014d<\/em>. State University of New York Press, 1996.
\n[2] Kitaoka Shinichi, Self-Respect and Independence of Mind<\/em>. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2017.
\n[3] Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment.<\/em> Cambridge University Press, 1969.
\n[4] Fukuzawa\u2019s Moral code (1), ti\u1ebfng Anh:
\nhttps:\/\/opensiuc.lib.siu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/www.google.com\/&httpsredir=1&article=2114&context=ocj
\n[5] Fukuzawa\u2019s Moral code (2), ti\u1ebfng Anh: http:\/\/www.kf.keio.ac.jp\/english\/moral.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" NH\u1eeeNG NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ea0O L\u00dd QUAN TR\u1eccNG Fukuzawa Yukichi (Lam Anh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Fukuzawa Yukichi D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[81,12],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1723"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4562,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723\/revisions\/4562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
(Lam Anh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef)<\/span><\/h3>\n <\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\nFukuzawa Yukichi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\nD\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/i>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u201cLu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (Moral code<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Anh), c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Fukuzawa Yukichi. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea5t r\u00fat, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh<\/i>, V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/i>, Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/i>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp thu Bunmei-kaika<\/i> (V\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng) tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura (1871-73) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm khai minh cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c keim\u014d, <\/i>nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u2018ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu\u2019 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e9t \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u2019 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ra s\u1ee9c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh hoa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb (1882-1912). \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n vinh l\u00ean l\u00fac 14 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m gia s\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o xung quanh \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Motoda Eifu (1818-1891). V\u1ecb gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d 1879 v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 trung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb then ch\u1ed1t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Xin xem th\u00eam D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u2018bom t\u1ea5n\u2019 v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <\/i>c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n ti tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean-d\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u1ea1nh-y\u1ebfu, vua-t\u00f4i, ch\u1ed3ng-v\u1ee3, trung qu\u00e2n, hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con, nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u00ednh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi-v\u00e0-ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, ngay c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bao dung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay s\u00e1t sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201ctheo s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Hay nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n
Fukuzawa v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trai tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7y tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 y\u00eau l\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n uy n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n uy t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Hoa c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua lan h\u1ecdc<\/i> (Dutch studies) t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tekijuku c\u1ee7a Ogata K\u014dan \u1edf Osaka n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 samurai. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan, sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Fukuzawa kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Trung Hoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c s\u00e1ng cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n khuy\u00ean n\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hay Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o t\u00f4i\u201d.<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\u2019 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u2018t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u2018\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n\u2019 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh: independence of mind. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Fukuzawa ca ng\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Keio d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 khai s\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy. C\u00f2n \u2018t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\u2019 (self-respect) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t m\u00ecnh v\u00ec th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m hay m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, \u1edf t\u1ea7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. Kh\u00f4ng xin x\u1ecf, c\u1ea7u c\u1eadn ai, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/i> c\u1ee7a Samuel Smiles v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n ra c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng danh d\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa v\u00e0 suy ngh\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n
Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> n\u00e0y, hay Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh<\/i> (Shushin yoryo<\/i>), ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u00e1ng 9, 1898, Fukuzawa b\u1ecb tai bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Vua, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 g\u1ed3m r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi th\u0103m h\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1ea1m h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1899, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecd n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng duy\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.(1)<\/sup> \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n<\/i> (dokuritsu jison). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Fukuzawa, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh, khai minh, t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i>. \u201cM\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec sau khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 12).<\/p>\nKhi Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 2, 1901, b\u00e1o Japan Weekly Mail<\/i> vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; [\u00f4ng l\u00e0] con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n khai ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.\u201d V\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1eedi l\u1eddi chia bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cNg\u00e0i Fukuzawa Yukichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i c\u1ed7 xe ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\u201d(2)<\/sup><\/p>\nCh\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u00e1m \u01a1n Lam Anh, khoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa. C\u00e1m \u01a1n Lam Anh, v\u00e0 xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
\u00a0 <\/i><\/p>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n
\u272c<\/span>\u272c<\/span>\u272c<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\nPh\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111ang trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd trong x\u1eed th\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0103n minh, r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tham v\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Fukuzawa ti\u00ean sinh, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 giao cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o ra b\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd, d\u1ef1a theo l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean sinh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ed3i sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean sinh ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 1900(3)<\/sup><\/p>\nBan bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Keio (Kh\u00e1nh \u1ee8ng ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c)<\/p>\n
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)<\/p><\/div>\n
Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh (1900)<\/p><\/div>\n
N\u1ed9i dung<\/i> Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c:<\/strong><\/p>\nM\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nam ph\u1ee5 l\u00e3o \u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia – v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n qua su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng nam n\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, tuy r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 1: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trau d\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u01a1n cao r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nam n\u1eef ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, lu\u00f4n kh\u1eafc ghi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 2: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 3: G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 lo v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 4: Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh m\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 5: H\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ban cho. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ra sao, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 6: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu d\u0169ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 7: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 8: Tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Th\u1eddi v\u0103n minh th\u00ec nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00f9ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 9: H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nhau su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nhau trong tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 10: Con c\u00e1i sinh ra trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cha m\u1ed9t m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft. Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 11: Khi con c\u00e1i c\u00f2n trong tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb th\u01a1, cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c con tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghe theo l\u1eddi m\u1eb9 cha d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec3 khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap \u00edch cho \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 12: M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec sau khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 13: X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 14: M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 15: \u00d4m h\u1eadn, tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ed7i h\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh vinh quang.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 16: M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c trong tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3y may l\u01a1 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn hay vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng hay vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 17: Giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin. Ta tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tin ta. C\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 18: C\u01b0 x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn. V\u1eady n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3y may l\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 19: C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf l\u00f2ng bao dung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 20: Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay s\u00e1t sinh v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 21: N\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 22: C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 23: M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 24: C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 25: Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 26: Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00ean khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p cao t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 27: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 28: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u 29: Mong r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
H\u1ebft<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em>:
\n(1)<\/sup>Kitaoka Shinichi, 308-314
\n(2)<\/sup>Carmen Blacker, 138-39
\n(3)<\/sup>N\u0103m 1900 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 1890 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh ghi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u0103m 1898 Fukuzawa b\u1ecb tai bi\u1ebfn (l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t, 1901, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 66 tu\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng ghi n\u0103m Meiji 33, t\u00ednh ra T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1900.<\/p>\nTham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>:
\n[1] Marleen Kassel, Tokugawa Confucian Education. The Kangien Academy of Hirose Tans\u014d<\/em>. State University of New York Press, 1996.
\n[2] Kitaoka Shinichi, Self-Respect and Independence of Mind<\/em>. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2017.
\n[3] Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment.<\/em> Cambridge University Press, 1969.
\n[4] Fukuzawa\u2019s Moral code (1), ti\u1ebfng Anh:
\nhttps:\/\/opensiuc.lib.siu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/www.google.com\/&httpsredir=1&article=2114&context=ocj
\n[5] Fukuzawa\u2019s Moral code (2), ti\u1ebfng Anh: http:\/\/www.kf.keio.ac.jp\/english\/moral.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" NH\u1eeeNG NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ea0O L\u00dd QUAN TR\u1eccNG Fukuzawa Yukichi (Lam Anh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Fukuzawa Yukichi D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[81,12],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1723"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4562,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723\/revisions\/4562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/i>. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u201cLu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (Moral code<\/i>, ti\u1ebfng Anh), c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb Fukuzawa Yukichi. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra g\u1ea5t r\u00fat, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh<\/i>, V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/i>, Khuy\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc<\/i>, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp thu Bunmei-kaika<\/i> (V\u0103n minh v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng) tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n \u201c\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng\u201d. H\u1ecd h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i Iwakura (1871-73) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm khai minh cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c keim\u014d, <\/i>nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u2018ch\u1ed7 y\u1ebfu\u2019 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m m\u00e9t \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u2019 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ra s\u1ee9c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef n\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tinh hoa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb (1882-1912). \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n vinh l\u00ean l\u00fac 14 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m gia s\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o xung quanh \u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Motoda Eifu (1818-1891). V\u1ecb gia s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 \u201c\u00dd ch\u00ed \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d 1879 v\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 trung qu\u00e2n, \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb then ch\u1ed1t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Xin xem th\u00eam D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u2018bom t\u1ea5n\u2019 v\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Minh Tr\u1ecb s\u1eafp ra m\u1eaft k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 150 n\u0103m Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c <\/i>c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa \u0111i xa h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n ti tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean-d\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u1ea1nh-y\u1ebfu, vua-t\u00f4i, ch\u1ed3ng-v\u1ee3, trung qu\u00e2n, hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con, nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u00ednh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi-v\u00e0-ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nhau, v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m, ngay c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 bao dung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay s\u00e1t sinh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201ctheo s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d nh\u01b0 Fukuzawa n\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. Hay nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ngay t\u1eeb\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o\u00a0\u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n Fukuzawa v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trai tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7y tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 y\u00eau l\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n uy n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n uy t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung Hoa c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y qua lan h\u1ecdc<\/i> (Dutch studies) t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Tekijuku c\u1ee7a Ogata K\u014dan \u1edf Osaka n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 samurai. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, sau khi h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng H\u00e0 Lan, sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00fac s\u00fang, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Fukuzawa kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t Trung Hoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c s\u00e1ng cho tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111ang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n khuy\u00ean n\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hay Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m d\u1ecbu l\u1ea1i tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o t\u00f4i\u201d.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\u2019 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa: \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u2018t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u2018\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n\u2019 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh: independence of mind. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Fukuzawa ca ng\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3, m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng Keio d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 khai s\u00e1ng tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 duy. C\u00f2n \u2018t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng\u2019 (self-respect) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f5 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t m\u00ecnh v\u00ec th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m hay m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, \u1edf t\u1ea7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean ngang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. Kh\u00f4ng xin x\u1ecf, c\u1ea7u c\u1eadn ai, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/i> c\u1ee7a Samuel Smiles v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n ra c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng danh d\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa v\u00e0 suy ngh\u1eabm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> n\u00e0y, hay Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh<\/i> (Shushin yoryo<\/i>), ra \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u00e1ng 9, 1898, Fukuzawa b\u1ecb tai bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. Vua, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 g\u1ed3m r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi th\u0103m h\u1ecfi, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1ea1m h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1899, \u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc cho h\u1ecd n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u00f4ng duy\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i>, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.(1)<\/sup> \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n<\/i> (dokuritsu jison). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Fukuzawa, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n minh, khai minh, t\u00ecm tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i>. \u201cM\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec sau khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 12).<\/p>\n Khi Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 2, 1901, b\u00e1o Japan Weekly Mail<\/i> vi\u1ebft: \u201c\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; [\u00f4ng l\u00e0] con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n khai ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.\u201d V\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n g\u1eedi l\u1eddi chia bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cNg\u00e0i Fukuzawa Yukichi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i c\u1ed7 xe ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\u201d(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u00e1m \u01a1n Lam Anh, khoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Fukuzawa. C\u00e1m \u01a1n Lam Anh, v\u00e0 xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n \u00a0 <\/i><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean \u0111ang trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd trong x\u1eed th\u1ebf \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u0103n minh, r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tham v\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Fukuzawa ti\u00ean sinh, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 giao cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o ra b\u1ea3n y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd, d\u1ef1a theo l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ti\u00ean sinh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1ed3i sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean sinh ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng\u201d, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng Hai n\u0103m 1900(3)<\/sup><\/p>\n Ban bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Keio (Kh\u00e1nh \u1ee8ng ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5c)<\/p>\n Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901)<\/p><\/div>\n Tu th\u00e2n y\u1ebfu l\u0129nh (1900)<\/p><\/div>\n N\u1ed9i dung<\/i> Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c:<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nam ph\u1ee5 l\u00e3o \u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ecdng \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia – v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd truy\u1ec1n qua su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1eb1ng nam n\u1eef ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, tuy r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 1: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trau d\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u01a1n cao r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Nam n\u1eef ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, lu\u00f4n kh\u1eafc ghi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 2: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 3: G\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 lo v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 4: Gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh m\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 5: H\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a ban cho. T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u00f9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ra sao, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 6: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u00fang theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu d\u0169ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 7: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 8: Tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef l\u00e0 th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. Th\u1eddi v\u0103n minh th\u00ec nam n\u1eef b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00f9ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, m\u1ed7i gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 9: H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i \u0111a. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nhau su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nhau trong tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 10: Con c\u00e1i sinh ra trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cha m\u1ed9t m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft. Tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 11: Khi con c\u00e1i c\u00f2n trong tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb th\u01a1, cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c con tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m con th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghe theo l\u1eddi m\u1eb9 cha d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u, \u0111\u1ec3 khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap \u00edch cho \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 12: M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec sau khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 13: X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00f2ng t\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 14: M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 15: \u00d4m h\u1eadn, tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f3i t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. Nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ed7i h\u1ed5 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh vinh quang.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 16: M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c trong tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3y may l\u01a1 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn hay vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c n\u1eb7ng hay vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eb9.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 17: Giao thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tin. Ta tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tin ta. C\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng \u1edf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 18: C\u01b0 x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn. V\u1eady n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea3y may l\u01a1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 19: C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf l\u00f2ng bao dung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xung quanh, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 20: Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hay s\u00e1t sinh v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 21: N\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng kh\u1edfi tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00eam h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 22: C\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. Do \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 23: M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 24: C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nam n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 25: Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 26: Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00ean khi \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p cao t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 27: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 28: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u 29: Mong r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u00e1t c\u00e1nh c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.<\/p>\n H\u1ebft<\/p>\n C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em>: Tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em>: NH\u1eeeNG NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC \u0110\u1ea0O L\u00dd QUAN TR\u1eccNG Fukuzawa Yukichi (Lam Anh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trong c\u1ea3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Fukuzawa Yukichi D\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[81,12],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1723"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4562,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1723\/revisions\/4562"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\u272c<\/span>\u272c<\/span>\u272c<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n
\n(1)<\/sup>Kitaoka Shinichi, 308-314
\n(2)<\/sup>Carmen Blacker, 138-39
\n(3)<\/sup>N\u0103m 1900 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 1890 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh ghi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u0103m 1898 Fukuzawa b\u1ecb tai bi\u1ebfn (l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Cho n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau Fukuzawa m\u1ea5t, 1901, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 66 tu\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng ghi n\u0103m Meiji 33, t\u00ednh ra T\u00e2y l\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1900.<\/p>\n
\n[1] Marleen Kassel, Tokugawa Confucian Education. The Kangien Academy of Hirose Tans\u014d<\/em>. State University of New York Press, 1996.
\n[2] Kitaoka Shinichi, Self-Respect and Independence of Mind<\/em>. Japan Publishing Industry Foundation for Culture, 2017.
\n[3] Carmen Blacker, The Japanese Enlightenment.<\/em> Cambridge University Press, 1969.
\n[4] Fukuzawa\u2019s Moral code (1), ti\u1ebfng Anh:
\nhttps:\/\/opensiuc.lib.siu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https:\/\/www.google.com\/&httpsredir=1&article=2114&context=ocj
\n[5] Fukuzawa\u2019s Moral code (2), ti\u1ebfng Anh: http:\/\/www.kf.keio.ac.jp\/english\/moral.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"