{"id":1866,"date":"2018-11-30T22:13:16","date_gmt":"2018-11-30T15:13:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=1866"},"modified":"2021-03-25T19:03:21","modified_gmt":"2021-03-25T12:03:21","slug":"emile-zola-jaccuse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/emile-zola-jaccuse\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c9mile Zola: J\u2019accuse!<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

J\u2019ACCUSE!<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

T\u00d4I T\u1ed0 C\u00c1O!<\/b><\/span><\/h1>\n

\u00c9MILE ZOLA<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/70\/Zola_signature.svg\/160px-Zola_signature.svg.png\"<\/p>\n

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T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea khai s\u00e1ng, nh\u00e2n danh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau g\u00e0o c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i.<\/b><\/p>\n

(Je n\u2019ai qu\u2019une passion, celle de la lumi\u00e8re, au nom de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 qui a tant souffert et qui a droit au bonheur. Ma protestation enflamm\u00e9e n\u2019est que le cri de mon \u00e2me.)<\/p>\n

\u2015 \u00c9mile Zola, J’accuse!<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam:<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f2n b\u1ecb k\u1ec1m gi\u1eef trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i<\/i>, nh\u00e2n danh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau g\u00e0o c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

(\u201cI have but one passion: to enlighten those who have been kept in the dark, in the name of humanity which has suffered so much and is entitled to happiness. My fiery protest is simply the cry of my very soul.\u201d)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Ph\u00e1p \u00c9mile Zola (1840-1902) t\u1eebng d\u1ea5y l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 L\u2019Aurore<\/i> (H\u1eebng \u0111\u00f4ng) ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1898, t\u1ee9c h\u01a1n 120 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p t\u00ean Alfred Dreyfus, x\u1eed \u00f4ng chung th\u00e2n n\u0103m 1894 t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf Rennes, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0y \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea3o Qu\u1ef7 thu\u1ed9c Guyane Ph\u00e1p, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c nh\u01b0 C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i gi\u1edd sau khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, h\u01a1n hai tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o L\u2019Aurore \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n h\u1ebft. J\u2019accuse <\/i>m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb g\u1eedi cho T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p F\u00e9lix Faure.<\/p>\n

Zola ngay nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a J\u2019accuse<\/i> c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o: T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u00e0m nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n b\u1edfi v\u1ee5 \u00e1n Dreyfus, s\u1ef1 tha b\u1ed5ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c Esterh\u00e1zy, b\u1edfi l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n x\u1eed, b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tra t\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m. \u00d4ng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u201cT\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p khi ph\u00e1n x\u1eed m\u1ed9t b\u1ecb can tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb gi\u1eef k\u00edn; v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1eeb l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 che ch\u1edf h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u00fd tha b\u1ed5ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i.\u201d T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u201cm\u1eadt\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 tay (c\u00f3 t\u00ean Bordereau<\/i>) g\u1eedi ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 b\u00ed m\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ee9c Schwartzkoppen m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ed1 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p cho Dreyfus, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Esterh\u00e1zy!<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o, Zola vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m:<\/p>\n

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Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00e3y b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a t\u00f4i ra t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn!<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\"Zola<\/p>\n

\u00c9mile Zola (1902)<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00f4i t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u201cn\u1ed5 tung b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho v\u1ee5 \u00e1n Dreyfus tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre<\/i> th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Zola \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i. V\u1ee5 Alfred Dreyfus, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Zola g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L’affaire<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 chia r\u1ebd n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, gi\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed h\u1eefu, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i<\/i>, v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, phe t\u1ea3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1edd b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Dreyfus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dreyfusard<\/i>, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 Sarah Bernhardt, Anatole France, Henri Poincar\u00e9 v\u00e0 Georges Clemenceau. Danh t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/i> (intellectual) l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi Clemenceau. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 b\u00fat c\u1ee7a t\u1edd L\u2019Aurore<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i J\u2019accuse<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ee5 Dreyfus ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Clemenceau sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0m Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb 1906-09.<\/p>\n

Zola l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 vinh danh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu vinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi J\u2019accuse<\/i> xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0ng sau J\u2019accuse<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ai trong H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n d\u00e1m b\u1ea7u \u00f4ng n\u1eefa. V\u1edbi J\u2019accus<\/i>e, \u00f4ng lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y hi\u1ec3m nguy cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0y, tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh d\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 vu kh\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00e9p t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c cho Dreyfus b\u00e1n th\u00f4ng tin b\u00ed m\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho \u0110\u1ee9c, h\u00f2ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u00f4ng, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i. B\u1ea3n \u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kinh ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ph\u00e1p. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a Zola v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, trung th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ec7 tam C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb nh\u01a1 nhu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/49\/J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg\/800px-J%E2%80%99accuse.jpg\"<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i b\u00e1o J\u2019accuse!<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00c9mile Zola<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nghi ng\u1edd t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u00e1n Rennes n\u0103m 1894 c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Dreyfus, trong \u0111\u00f3 trung t\u00e1 Georges Picquart, m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Th\u00e1ng 3, 1896, Picquart b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1eadt (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 le petit bleu<\/i>), m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Schwartzkoppen g\u1eedi cho Esterh\u00e1zy. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111em so s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a Esterh\u00e1zy v\u1edbi l\u00e1 th\u01b0 Bordereau<\/i>, th\u1ea5y hai ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fac! \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt: ch\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 Ferdinand Walsin Esterh\u00e1zy m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Dreyfus. Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0i nghi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0u ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tung h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0 La Libre Parole, Le Petit Journal, L’\u00c9clair, La Patrie, L’Intransigeant, La Croix<\/i>. T\u1edd sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 15. 1. 1898, t\u1edd Le Temps<\/i> c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n th\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u00e9t x\u1eed l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 \u00e1n. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u1eef k\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 \u00c9mile Zola, Anatole France, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7n Pasteur \u00c9mile Duclaux, danh h\u1ecda Claude Monet, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Marcel Proust, nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u00c9mile Durkheim v\u00e0 s\u1eed gia Gabriel Monod. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u1ea5y v\u1eabn b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m ng\u01a1.<\/p>\n

Picquart, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy S\u1edf t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean can thi\u1ec7p, v\u1eabn \u00e2m th\u1ea7m \u0111i\u1ec1u tra khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 Dreyfus v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 vi\u00ean s\u0129 quan qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Esterh\u00e1zy m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u00e1n Dreyfus n\u0103m 1894, nh\u01b0ng B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng tham m\u01b0u l\u00e0m ng\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf B\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng Picquart \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 phe Dreyfus, \u00f4ng b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a “c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n Do Th\u00e1i”, n\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi Deuxi\u00e8me Bureau<\/i>, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1896 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i sang Tunisia thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u0103m d\u1ecda t\u1ea9y chay cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Paris 1900, n\u0103m 1899 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n Dreyfus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i th\u1ea9m, Dreyfus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Paris \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eafng \u00e1n, m\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u00e1n m\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n\u201d l\u00e0 10 n\u0103m t\u00f9. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u201c\u00e2n x\u00e1\u201d sau \u0111\u00f3. M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1906 t\u00f2a \u00e1n t\u1ed1i cao m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Dreyfus ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eafng \u00e1n. Trong khi t\u00ean ph\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c Esterh\u00e1zy \u0111\u00e3 cao bay xa ch\u1ea1y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh cho tr\u1eafng \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh an to\u00e0n t\u1ea1i Anh s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean \u1ed5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. Dreyfus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng l\u00ean thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n ng\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, Picquart c\u0169ng l\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e1. Dreyfus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00c9cole Militaire<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng Hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u b\u1ed9i tinh. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1eebng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n h\u00e0m v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\"Alfred<\/p>\n

Alfred Dreyfus\u00a0(1859-1935)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, Zola, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng Dreyfusard tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m t\u00f9, v\u00e0 do d\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 h\u00e3y l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n sang Anh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i Paris. N\u0103m 1902 Zola m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e3ng x\u1eb9t, v\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u1ed9p kh\u00f3i b\u1edfi \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 62 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hai n\u0103m li\u1ec1n 1901 v\u00e0 1902, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 vinh danh cao qu\u00fd d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mai t\u00e1ng t\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a trang Montmartre. Anatole France, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong v\u1ee5 Dreyfus, \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ebfu v\u0103n ch\u00ednh. Dreyfus v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb h\u0103m d\u1ecda kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00f4ng v\u00e0 Picquart \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb b\u1eafn tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1908, h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a Zola \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n Pantheon. T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u1ef1c h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng Dreyfus. K\u1ebb \u00e1m s\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha b\u1ed5ng, v\u1edbi l\u00fd do anh ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec \u201c\u0111am m\u00ea\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec c\u1ed1 \u00fd?!<\/p>\n

Tuy danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Dreyfus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft. Lu\u1eadt ban h\u00e0nh th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c cho Picquart \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Dreyfus, th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i 12 n\u0103m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn!<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, Dreyfus \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Picquart, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng chi\u1ebfn tranh trong n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Clemenceau. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nhau tranh \u0111\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi Dreyfus n\u00f3i l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Picquart, l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n xin Picquart t\u00ednh l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian \u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1i, th\u00ec Picquart l\u00e0m m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1nh. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc! Dreyfus hi\u1ec3u ngay, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e3 t\u1eeb. \u00d4ng ch\u00fac m\u1eebng Picquart \u1edf c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. Picquart \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd Dreyfus. Nh\u01b0ng Dreyfus l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2u, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00f4i.\u201d<\/p>\n

Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n ng\u0169, Dreyfus th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh n\u1eefa, b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng l\u1ee9a nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m l\u1edbn c\u1ea3. N\u0103m sau \u00f4ng xin ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u. Nh\u01b0ng trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Dreyfus tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn Verdun, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng \u201cHu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u b\u1ed9i tinh” (L\u00e9gion d’honneur) n\u0103m 1918, hu\u00e2n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Napoleon Bonaparte l\u1eadp ra n\u0103m 1802. Con \u00f4ng Pierre c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong to\u00e0n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cChi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1ed9i tinh\u201d (Croix de guerre).<\/p>\n

Dreyfus m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 12 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1935, th\u1ecd 75 tu\u1ed5i. Hai ng\u00e0y sau, \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1m tang \u0111i ngang qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Concorde \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m Ng\u00e0y Bastille. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i Ngh\u0129a trang Montparnasse.<\/p>\n

Affair\/Der Fall Dreyfus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 \u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngay c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ancient regime<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c “\u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1eafng thay \u0111en” v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n \u00e1n Rennes 1894 d\u00e0nh cho Dreyfus, h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Alfred Dreyfus \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cam ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady, l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. C\u00e1m \u01a1n l\u00e0m sao nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00ea b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. C\u00e1m \u01a1n v\u1ee3 hi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Dreyfus, Lucie, c\u00e1m \u01a1n anh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Mathieu, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n oan \u1ee9c ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft, b\u1ea3n \u00e1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd quy\u1ebft k\u00eau \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng. V\u00e0 c\u00e1m \u01a1n \u00c9mile Zola, Anatole France v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c<\/em> kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p k\u00eau \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 thao t\u00fang c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Dreyfus l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean, m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng t\u1eaft, trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u00f2ng \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ee5 Dreyfus c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u01a1n. Ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Adolf Hitler th\u00f4i. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, sau 100 n\u0103m k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m b\u00e0i b\u00e1o J\u2019accuse<\/i>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i l\u1eddi xin l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd La Croix<\/i> v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/ca\/Cathay_Circle_Theater.jpg\/1280px-Cathay_Circle_Theater.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Quang c\u1ea3nh ra m\u1eaft phim Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a<\/i> Emile Zola<\/i><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u can tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00c9mile Zola cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, Hollywood \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m phim Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Emile Zola<\/i>, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Zola and His Times<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1937 t\u1ea1i The Carthay Circle Theatre<\/i>, California, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 chi\u1ebfu phim n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Hollywood. N\u0103m 2000, phim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o khu b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n phim qu\u1ed1c gia trong Library Congress nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 phim \u201cquan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m n\u0103m sau, 2006, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y b\u1ea3n \u00e1n Dreyfus, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p Jacques Chirac c\u00f3 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i \u00c9cole Militaire<\/i>, n\u01a1i t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n xua tan b\u00f3ng ma c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 \u00e1n Dreyfus c\u00f2n l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, Dreyfus kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng vinh danh Dreyfus nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00e0<\/p>\n

m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1edbi \u00f4ng: S\u1ef1 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u0129 quan n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au trong h\u1ed3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Cho n\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1eafc \u00f4ng m\u00f3n n\u1ee3, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vinh danh \u00f4ng h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. May thay, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. May thay, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. H\u1ecd tranh \u0111\u1ea5u cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd<\/i> c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh v\u1ee5 Dreyfus c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. \u00d4ng t\u00ean Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c Do Th\u00e1i. Sinh ra \u1edf Budapest, l\u1edbn l\u00ean \u1edf Vienna. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0 Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Arthur Schitzler, v\u00e0 Stefan Zweig, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i di\u1ec5n ra xung quanh. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i n\u00ean h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i khi \u0111\u1ebfn Paris \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed3ng phong b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i trong v\u1ee5 Dreyfus. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m Paris \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c (Zionist). Ngay n\u0103m sau, 1895, t\u1ea1i Vienna, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng, nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ecb d\u00e2n b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i Karl Lueger l\u00ean n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 gh\u1ebf \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o cho \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd Herzl cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00d4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, n\u0103m 1904, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 44, t\u1ea1i \u00c1o. \u0110\u00e1m tang \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4ng n\u1ea3y n\u1edf v\u00e0 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea3o Qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 giam Guant\u00e1namo. T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, trong di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec5 nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Barack Obama c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng George W. Bush v\u00e0 Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Richard B. Cheney, nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafn g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn hai \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

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Trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eef an ninh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh dung h\u1ebft n\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mang l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec t\u00ednh ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111i nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Sau khi nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Obama l\u00e0m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 Guant\u00e1namo giam gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb t\u00ecnh nghi l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Obama mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 Dreyfus v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i trong Guant\u00e1namo, v\u00e0 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 bi \u0111\u00e1t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ebft v\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 11, 2018. C\u00f3 d\u1ecbp ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

[1] Louis Begley, Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters<\/i>. Yale University Press, 2009. B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: Der Fall Dreyfus<\/i>. Teufelinsel \u2212Guat\u00e1namo \u2212 Alptraum der Geschichte<\/i>. Nxb Suhrkamp, 2009. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi khen ng\u1ee3i. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y b\u00fat n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Ba Lan, \u0111o\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng danh gi\u00e1, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i V\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ef9 Konrad Adenauer<\/i> \u0110\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i V\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a American Academy of Letters<\/i> Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

[2] Peter Watson, The Modern Mind. An Intellectual History of the 20th Century<\/i>. Perennial, 2000.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  J\u2019ACCUSE! T\u00d4I T\u1ed0 C\u00c1O! \u00c9MILE ZOLA T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea khai s\u00e1ng, nh\u00e2n danh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau g\u00e0o c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1866"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1866"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1866\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5571,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1866\/revisions\/5571"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1866"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1866"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1866"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}