{"id":195,"date":"2012-10-22T15:36:05","date_gmt":"2012-10-22T15:36:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/dien-van-nam-hoc-moi\/"},"modified":"2024-07-30T17:57:18","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T10:57:18","slug":"dien-van-nam-hoc-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/dien-van-nam-hoc-moi\/","title":{"rendered":"Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u0103m h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"

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KHOA H\u1eccC, \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC <\/span><\/h1>\n

v\u00e0<\/em> <\/span><\/h1>\n

L\u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG TU\u1ed4I TR\u1eba(1)<\/sup><\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \"\"<\/p>\n

\n

B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.
\nB\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin.
\nB\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1.
\nB\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i.
\nB\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh.
\nB\u1ea1n sinh ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f2, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf.
\nB\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh.
\nH\u00e3y h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 bay.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rumi<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4m nay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Ba t\u01b0 Rumi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 13, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 to l\u1edbn, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u1eafm nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00f9 m\u00f9 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh? \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o? Charles William Eliot, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn Harvard t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng college t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u0103m 1876 (m\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Daniel C. Gilman c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Johns Hopkins) c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, thu nh\u1eadp, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, hoa m\u00e0u hay h\u00e0ng ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; \u1edf s\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf thi ca, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra, \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. C\u00e1c <\/em>\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00ecu d\u1eaft kh\u00f4n ngoan, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1ed1n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n tr\u1ebb, tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u c\u1ee7a ham mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1 l\u1eebng l\u1eaby \u2013 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129, tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng m\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1i r\u00f3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c l\u00ean; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean t\u00e0i ch\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1c lo\u00e9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hoan h\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a thanh ni\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c.<\/em> (Charles W. Eliot, 1876)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Eliot ch\u01b0a l\u00e2u l\u1eafm. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111ang lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 4 th\u00e1ng 7 v\u1eeba qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin \u2018ho\u1ea3 t\u1ed1c\u2019, r\u1eb1ng trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n CERN \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Thu\u1ef5 S\u0129 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra h\u1ea1t Higgs. Cu\u1ed9c s\u0103n l\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ea1t Higgs, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ea1n h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f9n b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111i trong \u0111\u00f3. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f9n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1t Higgs, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n nh\u1edb: C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n h\u01a1n 3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, Newton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng: kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/em>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1915, t\u1ee9c sau h\u01a1n 200 n\u0103m, Einstein m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng vinh quang t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 lu\u00f4n (H\u1ea1t Higgs).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u1eddi s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em sinh \u0111\u00f4i, kh\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n nghi nh\u01b0 iPhone, iPad, xe h\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb GPS\u2026<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y nghe nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc C. P. Snow, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em> ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, con c\u00e1i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh), nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed1i h\u1ea3 lao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd.<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 ra sao? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e2y h\u00f4m nay, \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec7n nghi tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia xem b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 Thales, Anaximander, Anaximanes<\/em> c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Miletos, Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2, quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00ea t\u00edn. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cosmos<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon, Ai C\u1eadp bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tinh t\u00fa v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Thales \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi Khai minh Ionia<\/em>, v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 khai ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba danh Ionia<\/em> ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n nh\u1edb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, L\u00e3o T\u1eed v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed<\/em> \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i chia tay d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 TCN sau khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i, sau Plato, Aristote d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh<\/em>. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 SCN, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinian c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Byzantin (La M\u00e3 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Constantinople, nay Istanbul, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3) \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Athen v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc La M\u00e3 quan tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Boethius c\u0169ng b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed (Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i: S\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em>, Consolation of Philosophy, n\u0103m 524). Hai s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00fac giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i\u201d (Dark Ages<\/em>).<\/p>\n

M\u00e3i ng\u00f3t 2.000 n\u0103m sau, t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 17, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi Galilei, Kepler, Descartes v\u00e0 Newton<\/em>. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh quan tr\u1ecdng<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u0103m 1543 Copernicus<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u201cV\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3<\/em>\u201d, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay<\/em>, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi quay xung quanh n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00e1m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, v\u00ec s\u1ee3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, cosmos, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3. Ai mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay <\/em>c\u1ee7a Copernicus, Galilei, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Columbus tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi, d\u00e1m tranh \u0111\u1ea5u quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t cho thuy\u1ebft Copernicus sau khi \u00f4ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi qua vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ee9c x\u00fac nh\u1ea5t. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 24 n\u0103m r\u1ea5t gian tru\u00e2n, v\u1edbi cao \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Dialogue, \u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1632, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac ngay sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n \u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd b\u1eaft \u00f4ng th\u1ec1 b\u1ecf t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft. Trong tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n k\u1ecbp vi\u1ebft th\u00eam t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn Discorci<\/em> (Ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9ng minh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Hai khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>), l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Galilei l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111a t\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1ng v\u0103n tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khai s\u00e1ng<\/em> t\u1ea1i b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Galilei ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i Pisa, Padua, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u n\u0103m, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Thales \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u 2.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Miletos.<\/p>\n

Ngay sau b\u1ea3n \u00e1n, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Dialogue <\/em>v\u00e0 Discorsi<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, truy\u1ec1n \u0111i c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1. Isaac Newton l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang \u1edf tu\u1ed5i thanh ni\u00ean. Khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1eebng l\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 sau c\u01a1n ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng 2.000 n\u0103m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00eda b\u1eafc d\u00e3y n\u00fai Alps, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 Lan, Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c. Trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p chuy\u1ec3n qua \u00dd, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u1ea3 200 n\u0103m sau b\u1ea3n \u00e1n Galilei, bu\u1ed3n thay n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd \u2018kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m\u2019 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1687, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 45 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Galilei, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Principia<\/em> c\u1ee7a Newton ra \u0111\u1eddi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t ho\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Galilei v\u00e0 Kepler th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, khi hai d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c \u201c\u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>\u201d h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, episteme<\/em>, v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, techne<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Galilei, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 8,9 \u0111\u1ebfn 15, 16 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111a n\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi, tuy kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. H\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Leonardo da Vinci<\/em> (1452-1519), m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, khoa h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kinh vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, y khoa, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp, th\u00f4ng qua cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 13, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, tuy c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra sai l\u1ea7m t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Aristote v\u00e0 kinh th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn: s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Galilei<\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 Einstein & Infeld n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Joseph Needham<\/em>, nh\u00e0 Trung Hoa h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao hai d\u00f2ng th\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i. Joseph Needham<\/em> t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, ph\u00e9p quy n\u1ea1p, th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, s\u1ef1 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3; r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng (mercantile) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p quan li\u00eau kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xem nh\u01b0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 tr\u1edf \u0111i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee9t \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3<\/em> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm cho nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111ang theo h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 v\u00e0 12 th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 universitas<\/em>, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i n\u00f4i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bologna, Paris, Oxford v\u00e0 Cambridge ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111en t\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ra kh\u1ecfi tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u lan to\u1ea3 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c, mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n, k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb trao v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n hay cho th\u1ea7n linh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p: \u201cC\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ra th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ma qu\u1ef7. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0m ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (W. Jaeger), \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Hy L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 Aristote, Euclid, Hippocrates, Galen, Ptolemy v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp nh\u01b0 Alhazen (Quang h\u1ecdc), al-Khawarizmi (\u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ed1). Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh l\u00fd t\u00ednh, l\u00f4 g\u00edch, khoa h\u1ecdc xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tinh vi nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 sinh, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0Khai minh Ionia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Trung Hoa, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, phong tr\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng d\u1eady c\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u00e2n-Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o, Chu Hy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch T\u1ee9 th\u01b0, Ng\u0169 kinh d\u00f9ng cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 thi ho\u00e0ng gia ch\u1ecdn nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Trung Hoa thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean 80 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay. Anh qu\u1ed1c, ngo\u00e0i Oxford, Cambridge c\u00f3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow, St. Andrew, Aberdeen. B\u1eafc \u00c2u c\u00f3 Copenhagen, Uppsala. Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u00dd, T\u00e2y Ban Nha c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Trong th\u1eddi gian 1350-1500 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 750.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ghi danh, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 di\u1ec5n ra th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201ctr\u1edb tr\u00eau\u201d c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed! Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi, n\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n, hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra trong khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh b\u1edfi tinh th\u1ea7n kinh vi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 xem th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/em> (experiment). Mu\u1ed1n cho khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt<\/em> v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19.<\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc y\u1ebfu<\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt<\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u1ebfu v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e1, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a minh tri\u1ebft<\/em> th\u00ec 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c theo tinh th\u1ea7n Humboldt, khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc cao. Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 Islam hay Trung Hoa, tuy t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, t\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt <\/em>sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1810, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau: \u00ab\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc qui t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.\u00bb (Werry) Hai c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u <\/em>v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0n l\u00e2m<\/em>, bao h\u00e0m t\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ed1ng (Wissenschaft als Lebensform<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (Bildung durch Wissenschaft<\/em>).<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Wilhelm von Humboldt<\/em>, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecd, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Humboldt, mang s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169 k\u1ef9 v\u1eeba b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Napoleon \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ef1c d\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u201cl\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d. Humboldt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y xa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin ra \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh<\/em> gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 di\u1ec5n ra. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Tinh th\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u1edf nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc sau khi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i \u0111\u00fang m\u1ea1ch tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00edch t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Kepler, Galilei, Descartes v\u00e0 Newton, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e0 m\u1eb9<\/em>, alma mater, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u00ean kia b\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1i t\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c. Khoa h\u1ecdc b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 v\u0169 b\u00e3o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ai tr\u1ecb v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba \u0111i\u1ec3m qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 gi\u1eefa 19 v\u00e0 20 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 Stephen Hawking nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u00e3o t\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em>\u201d g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng r\u00fat ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n d\u00e2n, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Anh n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 Alfred North Whitehead<\/em> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb Alexander \u0111\u1ebfn Caesar, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Caesar \u0111\u1ebfn Napoleon, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y r\u00fat l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy t\u1eeb Thales \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00f2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u00ec sao? V\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm mang \u0111\u1eadm nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n k\u1ef3<\/em> (divergence, chia tay) Hai l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy trong h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng T\u00e2y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Hy L\u1ea1p ho\u00e1 (Hellenistic) \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, kho\u1ea3ng hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau (hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef H !). M\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc chu\u1ed9ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, y khoa, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n, t\u0129nh h\u1ecdc; m\u1ed9t b\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t, y khoa v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu. Trong khi c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00f4 g\u00edch, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, th\u00ec c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ea3 b\u00e0i, theo ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Plato tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n \u00f4ng \u201cAi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>\u201d minh ho\u1ea1 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m n\u00e9t khoa h\u1ecdc cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p: Thales, Pythagoras, Zeno, Democritos, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristote, Euclid, Aristarchos, Archimedes, Ptolemy v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Galilei \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng xem Archimedes l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Archimedes c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a hai qu\u1ed1c gia Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/em>khi khoa h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Hoa kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, theo ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c cha D\u00f2ng T\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng vua quan Trung Hoa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, kinh d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch qui chi\u1ebfu<\/em> t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong di s\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa r\u1ed3i. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 xem ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ecbch, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0u chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u “Trung h\u1ecdc vi th\u1ec3, T\u00e2y h\u1ecdc vi d\u1ee5ng” (S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1i h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Chi \u0110\u00f4ng (Zhang Zhidong), 1898, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u0111\u1ea7u 19, vua C\u00e0n Long c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i bang giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111ang xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 sang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u0111ang l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u2018\u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1eb7n\u201d. Trung Hoa th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111ang ch\u1ebft l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng<\/em> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00ec sao? H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a n\u1eef th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tha th\u1ee9 cho k\u1ebb l\u1ea1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau khi Copernicus xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay <\/em>\u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n mang theo nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y khoa. Nh\u01b0ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ebft h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1eeba m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng Nagasaki v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ec3 nghe ng\u00f3ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

M\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1853 khi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111en c\u1ee7a Commodore Perry b\u1eafn v\u00e0o Tokyo \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p samurai t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9. H\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n: ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm khai s\u00e1ng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd thu\u00ea c\u1ea3 m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n chuy\u00ean gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecd, r\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 30 n\u0103m sau Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n 1868, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng vang d\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 Thanh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Nh\u1eadt-Thanh 1894-95. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng lu\u00f4n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Nga ho\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c samurai \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp qu\u1eadt ng\u00e3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 mang \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec sao<\/em> Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch<\/em> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00f2 m\u00f2. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do<\/em>, T\u1ef1-l\u1ef1c<\/em>, b\u00e1n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n b\u1ea3n, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy T\u00e2n b\u00e1n l\u00ean c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n; hay nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa Yukichi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt m\u00ea cu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch<\/em> th\u1eddi m\u1edf c\u1eeda. T\u1ea1i sao? Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia theo Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ngay trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda Tokugawa 1600-1868. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Minh Tr\u1ecb, 40-50% t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con trai Nh\u1eadt, v\u00e0 15% con g\u00e1i Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i gia \u0111\u00ecnh. (Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u00f9 ch\u1eef ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1877 r\u1eb1ng \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5\u2026Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong h\u01a1n hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh g\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em> t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch v\u1edf H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n nguy hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh<\/em>. Cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n samurai, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai minh, khai tr\u00ed<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khai sinh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ee3 ngu mu\u1ed9i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa. M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m sau h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. C\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u00ednh n\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3<\/em> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa Sen n\u0103m nay c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>, do th\u1ea7y Ho\u00e0ng Anh Tu\u1ea5n Ki\u1ec7t ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch. T\u00f4i xin nhi\u1ec7t li\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn,<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang. Sau c\u00f9ng, t\u00f4i xin m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ea5y l\u1eddi t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Abraham Lincoln<\/em> trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc Springfield bang Illinois n\u0103m 1838, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u1ebft cho bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n h\u00f4m nay. Abraham Lincoln n\u00f3i, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng vinh quang c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gieo tr\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5y. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y vinh quang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u0103ng? Ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng khao kh\u00e1t g\u00ec xa h\u01a1n m\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfc gh\u1ebf trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, hay trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng s\u01b0 t\u1eed, hay h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng<\/em>. Sao, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t Alexander, m\u1ed9t Caesar, hay Napoleon ch\u0103ng? Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd. Thi\u00ean t\u00e0i cao ng\u1ea5t xem th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd khai ph\u00e1. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/em> trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t hai chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 vinh quang. H\u1ecd gh\u00e9t b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. H\u1ecd khao kh\u00e1t ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng trang l\u1ecbch s\u1eed oai h\u00f9ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111i qua, phai nh\u1ea1t trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec tr\u1ecdng ph\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 im b\u1eb7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y s\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eadn cu\u1ed3ng phong kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e0n qua, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n c\u00e2y tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ee5i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00e0u xanh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n th\u00ec th\u1ea7m trong v\u00e0i c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 nh\u1eb9, chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh nh\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb qu\u00e8 qu\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd v\u00e0i tr\u1eadn b\u1ea3o l\u1edbn n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ecm \u0111i v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 do, Abraham Lincoln<\/em> n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00fang \u0111ang b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 \u0111i, to\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u1eadu sinh, cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?, – t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 r\u1eafn ch\u1eaft c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/em> t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t (passion) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nguy hi\u1ec3m trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. L\u00fd t\u00ednh (reason), l\u00fd t\u00ednh t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t, s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y hun \u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7<\/em> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd trong s\u00e1ng<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1eabm l\u00ean hay b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 ch\u1ed7 an ngh\u1ec9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng li\u1ec7t s\u0129 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, hay \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd d\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Abraham Lincoln: Ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed<\/i><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n Gettysburg<\/i> c\u1ee7a Abraham Lincoln<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Abraham Lincoln<\/em> v\u1ec1 Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u00f4m nay(2)<\/sup>. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb l\u00fac ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi 28 tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00f4m nay bao nhi\u00eau. Tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Abraham Lincoln \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn<\/em>, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n!<\/p>\n

Xin ch\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n tr\u1ebb h\u00e3y g\u00ecn gi\u1eef l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cl\u1ea5y ng\u1eafn nu\u00f4i d\u00e0i\u201d nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i \u201cl\u1ea5y d\u00e0i, l\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao c\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Rumi!<\/p>\n

Xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n!<\/em><\/p>\n

TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2012<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1. B\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa Sen ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 2012 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp n\u0103m h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

2. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Abraham Lincoln<\/em> v\u00e0o ngo\u1eb7c k\u00e9p \u201c…\u201d nh\u01b0 theo th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u01a1i, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u2018tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c\u2019 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Lincoln (22.10.2012).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  KHOA H\u1eccC, \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC v\u00e0 L\u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG TU\u1ed4I TR\u1eba(1) Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi t\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tin. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[27,19,28,29],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=195"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11817,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/195\/revisions\/11817"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=195"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}