{"id":1964,"date":"2019-01-18T22:54:42","date_gmt":"2019-01-18T15:54:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=1964"},"modified":"2025-02-16T20:54:22","modified_gmt":"2025-02-16T13:54:22","slug":"gioi-thieu-sach-dai-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/gioi-thieu-sach-dai-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/span><\/h1>\n

c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt: Xem b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao GI\u1ea2I S\u00c1CH HAY 2019:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay 2019 <\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

GS. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ee5 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o DOANHNHANPLUS 2019:<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc y\u1ebfu<\/em><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Nagai Michio<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nguy\u00ean B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u00f3a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1edbi trong thanh ni\u00ean, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Friedrich Schleiermacher<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Wilhelm von Humboldt<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khoa h\u1ecdc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, t\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe th\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (ph\u1ea3i) di\u1ec5n ra, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u0103m lo cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111em l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 (thu\u1ed9c) nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tinh th\u1ea7n. [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ai mang trong m\u00ecnh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang theo s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Ai kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y\u2026 B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i trang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Karl Jaspers<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u00f4ng cha ta. Bernard \u1edf Chartres th\u01b0\u1eddng so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00f9n b\u00e9 b\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean vai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o hay chi\u1ec1u cao l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng cao tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014JOHN \u1edf Salisbury<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, linh m\u1ee5c Anh \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Chartres, Ph\u00e1p (1176), trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Metalogicon b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft hay nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi n\u00f3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kho b\u00e1u m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa, l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang v\u1ec1 cho ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n<\/em> s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111i l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 th\u1eafm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7! V\u00e0 ai trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u00e2m th\u1ea7m tr\u1ea3 m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/em>, m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 m\u00e0 anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9? M\u1ed9t khao kh\u00e1t cao qu\u00fd ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em> l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o di s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp di s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 xa h\u01a1n, cho gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t t\u1eed x\u00e2u l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3! M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed m\u1edf ra, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 gi\u1ee5c gi\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi, ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2014Friedrich Schiller<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c trong b\u00e0i B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cNgh\u0129a l\u00e0 sao v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi?\u201d ng\u00e0y 26, th\u00e1ng 5, n\u0103m 1789 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena. <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

[1]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng<\/i> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o Trung c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sau \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0a t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4gic, khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0m b\u1ec7 ph\u00f3ng tinh th\u1ea7n cho khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, r\u1ed3i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng innovation<\/i> then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mang trong m\u00ecnh d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i> nh\u01b0 l\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018ch\u00e2u \u00c1\u2019, nh\u01b0 Nietzsche v\u00e0 Max Weber t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Trong ba lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n: V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n, Th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed quy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec V\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, Th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Tr\u00ed quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1eeb nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. \u201cCh\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kinh qua s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p; ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc\u201d (Charles W. Eliot).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u201cnh\u1eadp vai\u201d nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 universitas<\/i>, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c cao, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 \u201cph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i\u201d ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0n l\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a th\u1ea7y, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7y c\u00f9ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00ecnh th\u00edch. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris t\u1eebng c\u00f3 6.000 sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m 1300, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y s\u1ed1ng chung trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd hay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y n\u1ed5i l\u00ean cao ng\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0i ba sinh vi\u00ean. H\u1ecd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u201canh h\u00f9ng\u201d m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i d\u0169a th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng. Ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1eabn nhau, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3, tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u00e0ng h\u00f3a\u201d cao c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2212 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 minh h\u1ecda s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, h\u1ecd n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n, hay nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00f3p m\u00e9o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda\u00a0s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a\u00a0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cS\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\u201d, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Khai s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 sinh ra c\u0169ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3: khai s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, khi n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay khi \u0111\u00eam d\u00e0i Trung c\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd t\u00ednh, d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt khai ph\u00f3ng, bi\u1ebft tranh lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea5p cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o thi\u1ebfu \u0111i l\u00fd t\u00ednh? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban t\u1eb7ng? Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra Ch\u00faa nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u00ednh t\u1eeb di s\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 th\u00fa.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, g\u1ed3m 7 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (ba m\u00f4n v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, logic c\u1ee7a Trivium<\/i>, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n m\u00f4n s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, thi\u00ean v\u0103n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Quadrivium<\/i>), l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc cao nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft n\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i>, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ebft ng\u1ea9ng nh\u00ecn l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, anh ta s\u1ebd v\u1eabn l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c anh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap anh tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. Khai ph\u00f3ng (liberal) l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do<\/i> (liber), hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quan, m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, bi\u1ebft t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc <\/i>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong t\u01b0 duy<\/i>, hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Fukuzawa nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t n\u1eefa. Tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c tri th\u1ee9c\u201d m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kinh vi\u1ec7n <\/i>(scholastic culture), t\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, l\u00f4gic nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cho n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eb1m \u201cph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ch\u00faa trong ch\u00fang ta\u201d (Hugh \u1edf Saint Victor). S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 Aquinas n\u00f3i. \u00d4ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Paol\u00f4: \u201cnh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u2026 \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra.\u201d Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Aristotle l\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m. Sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn cho n\u00ean khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eafm v\u1eefng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Kant: \u201cTr\u00ean t\u00f4i b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y sao. Trong t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9c tin Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d. T\u1eeb n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch La tinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cv\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d (v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc) ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La M\u00e3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/i> t\u1ef1 do<\/i> trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m, trong khi \u1edf v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. Tuy t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n, \u201cm\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Trung c\u1ed5 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u1eb1m khai ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9c tin theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n rao gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p \u201c\u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch\u201d. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh l\u00e0m \u201cn\u1eef ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t (g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 7 m\u00f4n khai ph\u00f3ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (khoa h\u1ecdc), tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc). Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Paris l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp trung l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Platon, hay Lyceum c\u1ee7a Aristotle, hay t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 Abelard v\u00e0 Siger \u1edf Brahant. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i m\u1ed9t khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi tinh hoa nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tri th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb t\u1eeb lan t\u1ecfa v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ba \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u1edf Paris, Oxford, hay Bologna, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1500 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m khai s\u00e1ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c cha nh\u00e0 th\u1edd mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau Ch\u00faa trong s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/i> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i sau s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e0i Trung c\u1ed5, ma tr\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c: t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u2026, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Cu\u1ed9c thai ngh\u00e9n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Aristote c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc<\/i> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, m\u00e0 Galilei, Kepler, Newton l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ra \u0111\u1eddi, l\u00fd t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do cho n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eabn xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c: nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Newton \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eebng r\u1ee1 reo l\u00ean: \u201c\u00d4i Ch\u00faa, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u con ngh\u0129 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd quan ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p m\u1ea7u<\/i> m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u m\u1edbi c\u00f3. Sau 600 n\u0103m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi: l\u00fd t\u00ednh, t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n, t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ho\u00e0i nghi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u00e1m n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n uy. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i v\u1eadt t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n in \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t l\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u01a1n, t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n(1)<\/sup>. Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn xa ngh\u0129 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/i> v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, hay \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c, chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00ecn l\u00f9i l\u1ea1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi<\/i> c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch ng\u1ea7m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong Th\u1eddi \u0111en t\u1ed1i, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 410 Sau C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean, l\u00fac Roma b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp ph\u00e1, r\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0110\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Alexandria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Alexander \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay cho Athen, cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng 1000 n\u0103m v\u0103n minh Hy L\u1ea1p, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hy-La ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\"Image<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00e9p s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n Trung c\u1ed5 (Internet)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt Hy-La v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh l\u1eeda trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1eebng d\u1eady, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 13, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di s\u1ea3n khoa h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1ea2 r\u1eadp, gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Gi\u1edbi tu s\u0129 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ctr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y\u201d th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ed3i sinh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n sang c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 th\u1edd r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cx\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, d\u00f9 trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00f3e s\u00e1ng. Ch\u00ednh Newton b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng khi \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu t\u00f4i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y xa h\u01a1n Descartes, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u Bernard \u1edf Chartres c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng(2)<\/sup>. \u00d4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng Democritus, Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes v\u00e0 Ptolemy, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n to l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf John Maynard Keynes nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y x\u00e2u chu\u1ed7i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i <\/i>c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m h\u01a1n khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn \u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y\u2026 Newton kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt s\u0129 (magicians), ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon v\u00e0 Sumer, b\u1ed9 \u00f3c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng con m\u1eaft nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng di s\u1ea3n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta sau 10.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Isaac Newton, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con sinh ra m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i cha v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y Gi\u00e1ng Sinh 1642, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1o s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai c\u1ee7a tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u201cn\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u201d t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong x\u1ea3y ra, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Luther, Zwingli v\u00e0 Calvin, v\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Copernice, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 d\u1eef d\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Aristotle-Ptolemy \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ghi trong Kinh th\u00e1nh, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xoay quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. Thuy\u1ebft Copernice l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n m\u1eb7t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1eb7t, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 xoay xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi xoay xung quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u201ckinh ho\u00e0ng\u201d. Thuy\u1ebft Aristotle-Ptolemy \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb 1500 n\u0103m, b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd La M\u00e3, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi Luther, Zwingli v\u00e0 Calvin c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t l\u00ean \u00e1n, cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3\u201d d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o. Copernice l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i di ch\u00fac: ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5u gi\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1edfi m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Bruno b\u1ecb thi\u00eau n\u0103m 1600. Galilei b\u1ecb x\u1eed n\u0103m 1633. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9 khoan dung, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1ecfi. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i h\u00e0n l\u00e2m vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f2n gi\u00e1ng\u201d cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho t\u1edbi l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m De Revolutionibus<\/i> (C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng quay) c\u1ee7a Copernice v\u00e0 Dialogue <\/i>(\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a Galilei ra \u201cngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u00ecn Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con m\u1eaft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi: Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 tinh t\u1ebf. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Hy L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi Iona, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN, t\u1ee9c 2300 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o theo l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u0103n minh s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 khai s\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, l\u00e0 \u00e1nh ch\u1edbp s\u00e1ng l\u00f2e c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean lan t\u1ecfa sang c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u1edbi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c: t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy<\/i> v\u00e0 khoan dung<\/i>, v\u1ed1n n\u1eb1m trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n \u0111ang m\u1ea5t \u0111i xung l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111ang l\u00ean th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u1edf Anh, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/i>, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111i v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy t\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u1eefa. N\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng \u201ckh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i\u201d. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft<\/i>.<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn sang \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u di\u1ec5n ra, th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. L\u00fd do d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng khoan dung. Ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Hy L\u1ea1p sang ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 r\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Koran. S\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u1eaft b\u1ecf, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng b\u1ecb truy b\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc madrasa<\/i> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong khi \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. N\u0103m 1515, vua Selim I \u0111\u00e3 \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eed h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ai s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y in. N\u0103m 1580, vua ra l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e0i thi\u00ean v\u0103n Takiy\u00fcdd\u012bn v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y 5 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C\u0103n nh\u00e0 Minh tri\u1ebft<\/i> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong \u201c\u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. N\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n nghe gi\u1ea3ng: V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u2026 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng quay xung quanh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u \u2026<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111i chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. N\u0103m 1683, \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda ng\u00f5 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Vienna c\u1ee7a \u00c1o \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, sau khi qu\u00e2n h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u0103m 1687, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i Principia<\/i> c\u1ee7a Newton ra \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ba n\u0103m sau, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m The Second Treatise of Government<\/i> (Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u00f4ng, John Locke, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 duy l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ra sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0a khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. T\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Napoleon n\u0103m 1806, v\u00e0 Ph\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi l\u00e0m hoa ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d, l\u00e0m h\u1ed3i sinh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Ph\u1ed5 \u0111ang b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m suy s\u1ee5p. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin l\u00e0 hoa ti\u00eau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2n-nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0110\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u0111\u1ea7u 19, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi<\/i>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Gi\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Trung c\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n khai s\u00e1ng th\u00ec l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, Wissenschaft<\/i>, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng<\/i>. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kho\u00e1c nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kinh vi\u1ec7n kh\u1ec7 n\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tri th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ti\u00ean phong \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cKhoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm\u201d, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u1ee9t, theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Humboldt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1<\/i> cho \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Berlin.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1 thay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n <\/i>tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m 1789, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 21 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00e0o Friedrich Schiller trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n nhau v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Brotgelehrter<\/i>, \u201ch\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec\u201d, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cphilosophischer Kopf\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t tri th\u1ee9c \u201cx\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng d\u00e0i\u201d, n\u00f3i theo Humboldt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i c\u0169 k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cc\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy\u201d kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf c\u00e1c bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi h\u01a1n y\u00eau h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea5y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00e0m ni\u1ec1m vui. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201ch\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec\u201d, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. Schiller c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169 \u0111ang x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Schiller c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Lessing: vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Schiller k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 400 trong s\u1ed1 800 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jena \u0111\u1ebfn nghe, b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft tha tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/i> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft hay nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kho b\u00e1u m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng thi\u00ean ph\u00fa, l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang v\u1ec1 cho ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta v\u00f4 \u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 th\u1eafm m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7! V\u00e0 ai trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y d\u1eady l\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u00e2m th\u1ea7m tr\u1ea3 m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/i>, m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 m\u00e0 anh ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9? M\u1ed9t khao kh\u00e1t cao qu\u00fd ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng trong ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o di s\u1ea3n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp xa h\u01a1n, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 du c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t t\u1eed x\u00e2u l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3! M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u1eed \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 gi\u1ee5c gi\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi, ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n” \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau. V\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/i> tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Schiller \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00eam n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 hai cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/i> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau, cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Schiller linh c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh trong tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang d\u1eady men m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau th\u00f4i, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i chanh ch\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh sang c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thay ca l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/i>, m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chia tay gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho khoa h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu th\u1eddi Plato-Aristotle, khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 3 TCN tr\u1edf \u0111i, khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111ang d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, sau cu\u1ed9c chia tay gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh<\/i>, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 trong c\u01a1n \u201cth\u00f4i th\u00fac v\u00e0 gi\u00f4ng b\u00e3o\u201d, gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng to l\u1edbn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. N\u1ebfu Kant b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/i>, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 \u201cb\u00e1 ch\u1ee7\u201d khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu Wilhelm von Humboldt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Berlin trong tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh em c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Alexander von Humboldt, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20(3)<\/sup>. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Alexander tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00f4ng, cho n\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 uy t\u00edn khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Vua trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed3i sinh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang, ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu theo, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn chua cay v\u00e0 t\u1ee7i nh\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Napoleon ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c sau \u0111\u00f3 lan t\u1ecfa kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sang Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau Humboldt, v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, Charles W. Eliot, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

[\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u] kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y; v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tri th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n khoa h\u1ecdc Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) c\u00f3 con m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Truman, theo \u0111\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/i> c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Humboldt gi\u00fap cho Hoa K\u1ef3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00f3. Nguy\u00ean ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, Gerald Casper, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Stanford hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Humboldt th\u1ea3o ra trong v\u1ecb vong l\u1ee5c n\u0103m 1810 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua Thung l\u0169ng Silicon n\u01a1i \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Trung c\u1ed5, th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/i> l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c: Lehrfreiheit<\/i>, t\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 Lernfreiheit<\/i>, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc, kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i n\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ef1c, h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u1ec9. Nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc Helmholtz minh h\u1ecda: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 khi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y\u201d. <\/i>Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Paulsen chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n: \u201cN\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ra l\u1ec7nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y h\u00e0n l\u00e2m; \u00f4ng ta v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n uy n\u00e0o; \u00f4ng ta t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ai c\u1ea3. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh vi\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cph\u00fac \u00e2m\u201d m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 n\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd xuy\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1ed1n y\u00eau t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eadn ra t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp thu t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c. Charles W. Eliot trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1869 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n:<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 do<\/i>. [\u2026] M\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y khao kh\u00e1t ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh trung th\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n cao c\u1ea3; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 h\u1ecd, t\u1ef1 do<\/i>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. (nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u01a1n ai h\u1ebft sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, bi\u1ebft nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u201cPh\u00fac \u00e2m\u201d m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Ph\u00fac \u00e2m sinh ra Ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Humboldt ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u trong b\u1ecb vong l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u1edbi Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Schelling, Fichte, Hegel, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Paulsen, Jaspers, Habernas, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, Kerr, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California th\u1eddi h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn; \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c du nh\u1eadp th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb Duy t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n m\u1edbi; \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean B\u1ed3i t\u1eebng du nh\u1eadp m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh; \u1edf VN c\u00f3 H\u1ed3 \u0110\u1eafc Di, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng Humboldt; r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 Kerr, Levin, Casper, Wildavsky, v\u00e0 Donald Kennedy. H\u1ecd n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc?<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao bao nhi\u00eau tinh hoa nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc? H\u00e3y nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Clark Kerr, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n nay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u01b0a l\u00fac n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c t\u00edch l\u0169y; v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c – l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f2n di l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/i>, tri th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/i>, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/i>, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p Diogenes \u0111\u01b0a ra 2400 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd b\u00e1u ch\u1ec9 t\u00f4 th\u1eafm th\u00eam v\u0103n h\u00f3a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c d\u00e1m xem l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd theo c\u00e1ch c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp h\u01a1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u2018tha h\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 (exile) c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u1eeda m\u1edf sang th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tinh hoa \u0111ang ph\u1ee7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i thi\u00ean h\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u00e0o quang s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u201cspin-off\u201d tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng. Thung l\u0169ng Silicon, trung t\u00e2m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 internet, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford, UC Berkeley v\u00e0 ch\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a California.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111ang tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? T\u1eeb \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, Singapore, M\u00e3 Lai, Th\u00e1i Lan \u0111\u1ebfn H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00ec t\u1eeb l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i), r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u xa vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ea1nh tranh. V\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ch\u00ednh<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a x\u1ee9ng t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc?<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u00fd t\u00ednh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 l\u1edbn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Friedrich Nietzsche t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d. Trong b\u00e0i \u201cL\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc\u201d (Die Vernunft in der Schule) n\u0103m 1878 (trong t\u1eadp Menschliches, Allzumenschliches), \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng gi\u1eefa hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a:<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00f4gic. Cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y… N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng sau n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Tuy nhi\u00ean bao l\u00e2u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9i b\u1eadt \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u2039L\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tri th\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u203a nh\u01b0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t Goethe nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u2013 Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean von Baer nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd tin, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy l\u00f4gic v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, trong khi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 Thi ca, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, hay l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh (phantasy). L\u00fd t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u: trong th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia xung quanh \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd t\u00ednh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y xung l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC mong m\u1ecfi truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0, v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed<\/i> qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leiden c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5 (\u0110\u1ee9c), ch\u00f9m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 trong phong tr\u00e0o giao \u0111\u1ea5t sau cu\u1ed9c N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u1eafc Kinh c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn hay t\u1ee5t h\u1eadu. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u201cKhai d\u00e2n tr\u00ed, ch\u1ea5n d\u00e2n kh\u00ed, h\u1eadu d\u00e2n sinh\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc qu\u00e1 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 am t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc khai ph\u00f3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n minh h\u1ecda sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201ckh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t<\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa Yukichi mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng V\u0103n minh lu\u1eadn<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ch\u01b0a l\u1ed9t t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. \u00d4ng linh c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t m\u00e0 l\u00fd\u00a0do l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i tinh th\u1ea7n khai s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC d\u1ea7y 570 trang, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng ng\u1ea7n \u1ea5y trang cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 900 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 th\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm 1574 trang, r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u0169ng 550 trang. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t khung th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n 4 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Harvard ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1636, c\u0169ng d\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2017, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m 2 t\u1eadp, d\u1ea7y t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean 1300 trang. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 500 trang. M\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, t\u1eeb tinh hoa \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, chi\u1ebfm 600 trang. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ea7y \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ee9c tranh ba chi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9. Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n n\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 Karl Jaspers n\u00f3i, \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ai mang trong m\u00ecnh \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang theo s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Ai kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y\u2026 B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i trang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d. \u201cXa l\u1ed9\u201d \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 minh tri\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia. H\u00e3y t\u00ecm, v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe, s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, networking<\/i>, v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nghe nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Fukuzawa n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh:<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc, s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. V\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau trong \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. T\u00e2m h\u1ed3n gi\u00e0 \u0111i c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng gian kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

[Trong di\u1ec5n v\u0103n khai m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a khoa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kei\u014d Gijuku n\u0103m 1890. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Fukuzawa c\u00f3 may m\u1eafn quen bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 thu\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 M\u1ef9 do ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch Charles W. Eliot c\u1ee7a Harvard ch\u1ecdn. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p M\u1ef9 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea1o cho Kei\u014d uy t\u00edn l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tokyo, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c.]<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh Humboldt cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xa g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 cho d\u00e0nh th\u00ec gi\u1edd qu\u00fd b\u00e1u vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen t\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u00f3 th\u00eam xung l\u1ef1c khi ra m\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tay nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng mong m\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0n tay ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, gi\u00fap cho tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i h\u1ebft, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC, t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, hay c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a quan t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c keim\u014d<\/i>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n 150 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Minh Tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tri th\u1ee9c kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/i>\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong N\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc<\/i> n\u0103m 1868 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u00e1p T\u1ebft K\u1ef7 H\u1ee3i 2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC, Nxb T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, d\u1ea7y 570 trang, gi\u00e1 b\u00eca 185.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\bia<\/p>\n

B\u00eca sau c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng trang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n in th\u1ee9 hai:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0

Xem \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khen t\u1eb7ng<\/p>

<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu. N\u00f3 cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t chi ti\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang khi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng h\u1ed5i \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00c0M THANH S\u01a0N<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng phu, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd, cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, phong ph\u00fa, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c1. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, <\/i>v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt.<\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

Qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u1ed7i x\u00f3t xa c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ch\u00e1y b\u1ecfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c qu\u00fd b\u00e1u ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb – sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc – l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00c2M QUANG THI\u1ec6P<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, nguy\u00ean V\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng V\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c trong tri th\u1ee9c, kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft trong v\u0103n phong v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh, tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c,\u00a0t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.\u00a0T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n quan tr\u1ecdng\u00a0v\u00ec gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, y\u00eau khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u0169ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm cho l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay: n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia, Vi\u1ec7t Nam tuy ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc x\u1ee9ng t\u1ea7m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0TR\u1ea6N V\u0102N TH\u1ecc<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Waseda, Tokyo<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i n\u00f3i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc k\u0129 ph\u1ea7n l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch, c\u00f2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec3m qua c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 d\u1ee9t ra, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e1ng cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ed7 ch\u1eafc c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft l\u00ed s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 \u201cd\u1ea1y\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc\u201d, v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u201d …<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n khai s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m Oxford, Berlin, Harvard v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m\u2026 \u201c\u0110\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u201cch\u1ebft\u201d \u2026 V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, lo l\u1eafng [\u2026]<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng lo l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: S\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 900 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ta h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kinh k\u1ec7!, <\/i><\/i>c\u1ea3 d\u1ea1y l\u1eabn h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ea7n l\u00ed t\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u00edt qu\u00e1, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng!<\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N TRUNG<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 V\u0103n Ki\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00f4i th\u00fac kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng s\u1eaft son c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00e2u \u00c2u Trung c\u1ed5 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh tr\u00e1c vi\u1ec7t r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i theo. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi\u00a0m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn\u00a0v\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0nh cam ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea0M XU\u00c2N Y\u00caM<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u CNRS<\/p>\n

v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris 6, Ph\u00e1p<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu EINSTEIN l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m say m\u00ea h\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3, th\u00ec nay t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m say m\u00ea l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i theo nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, v\u00e0 cam ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

V\u00d5 T\u00c1 H\u00c2N<\/p>\n

Chuy\u00ean gia kinh t\u1ebf<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u00e0 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady. T\u1ef1 do, qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi trong t\u00ecm t\u00f2i v\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t qu\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V\u0168 MINH KH\u01af\u01a0NG<\/p>\n

PGS. TS. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng L\u00fd Quang<\/p>\n

Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia Singapore<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tinh hoa th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00f2 b\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean hu\u1ea5n hay n\u01a1i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. V\u1eady \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em> L\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7y thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111ang h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay s\u1eafp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

GI\u1ea2N T\u01af TRUNG
\nVi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c IRED. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3
\ns\u00e1ch \u0110\u00fang Vi\u1ec7c – M\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n khai minh
\n<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m h\u1ecdc, khi t\u00f4i l\u00e1i xe v\u00e0o b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cTh\u01b0a \u00f4ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d T\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u1eadu sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eeba nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i lang mang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft: \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u: L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kia, hay l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c? \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2, \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u2026<\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N MINH TH\u1ecc<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Leuven, B\u1ec9<\/p>\n

Qua quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi 900 n\u0103m qua, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21.<\/p>\n

Hy v\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Vi\u1ec7t nam c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong tay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t la b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh, h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, xa r\u1eddi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy, t\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qua quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh khai s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u0168 QUANG VI\u1ec6T<\/p>\n

Chuy\u00ean gia t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5<\/p>\n

ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1eafc b\u00e9n, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC s\u1ebd gi\u00fap truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00c2u M\u1ef9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, tinh hoa hay gi\u1edbi vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kinh vi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, hay l\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1, kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Phan V\u0103n Kh\u1ea3i, mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC \u0111\u01b0a ra khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o. V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Fulbright Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea0 V\u0102N T\u00c0I<\/p>\n

Ph.D., LL.M., lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mi\u1ec1n<\/p>\n

Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1975 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean Harvard Law School<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng<\/em>, n\u01a1i Pythagore, Euclid, Archimedes, Plato, Socrate, Aristote, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, L\u00e3o T\u1eed… g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 trao truy\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u00f4n sinh. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, h\u1ecd mang theo “\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc” \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3: m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i bi\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u hay m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1n… H\u1ecd l\u00e0 tinh hoa tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, mang n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c d\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0, tinh hoa tri th\u1ee9c do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111i t\u00ecm con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3, th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng alpha-male<\/em> nh\u01b0 Pythagore v\u00e0 Euclid “\u0111\u1ee9ng” tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7? V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tri th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, r\u1ed3i th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa, m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc – \u0110\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, <\/i>b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

NGUY\u1ec4N \u0110\u1ee8C T\u01af\u1edcNG<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 V\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ottawa<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1eeba kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, th\u00ec quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111ang c\u1ea7m tr\u00ean tay c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i sao \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c xem \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn theo ki\u1ec3u, v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 chia s\u1ebb: \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc mang trong m\u00ecnh d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 l\u1ebd sinh t\u1ed3n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00fd t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2212 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 minh h\u1ecda s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i chung, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

TR\u1ea6N \u0110\u0102NG KHOA<\/p>\n

Doanh nh\u00e2n \u2013 Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3<\/p>\n

click \u0111\u1ec3 thu g\u1ecdn \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh s\u00e1ch \u1edf tr\u00ean<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n

M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C<\/span> <\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em> 2018 \u2013 T\u1ed5ng quan<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N 1 L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec<\/p>\n

1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n

\u25aaM\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u
\n\u25aa\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Trung c\u1ed5
\n\u25aa\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin
\n\u25aa\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng\u25aa \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi
\n\u25aa\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay
\n\u25aa\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam
\n\u25aaPh\u1ea7n k\u1ebft<\/p>\n

2. Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: S\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>
\n3. Humboldt hay Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i? V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c thay ca l\u1ecbch s\u1eed gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>
\n4. Ghi ch\u00e9p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u: Humboldt \u2013 Hegel \u2013 Adorno \u2212 Arendt \u2013 Oppenheimer \u2212 Chomsky
\n5. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb<\/em>)
\n6. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5
\n7. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N 2 T\u01af LI\u1ec6U L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec<\/p>\n

8. Werner Jaeger, Paideia hay l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>
\n9. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf khoa h\u1ecdc cao \u1edf Berlin<\/em>. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ti\u1ebfn B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch.
\n10. Gerhard Casper, \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nghi\u00ean-c\u1ee9u-t\u1eadp-trung & \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21.<\/em> Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 V\u0103n T\u00e2n v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh d\u1ecbch.
\n11. Friedrich Schleiermacher, Nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh c\u1edd v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>
\n12. Johann D. Michaelis, V\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tin l\u00e0nh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>
\n13. Friedrich Paulsen, T\u1ef1 do d\u1ea1y \u2212 Ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>
\n14. Karl Jaspers, \u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>
\n15. J\u00fcrgen Habermas, \u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>
\n16. Clark Kerr, \u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u0110a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N 3 TI\u1ec2U LU\u1eacN<\/p>\n

17. Cho Clark Kerr, C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/em>:<\/p>\n

\u25aa\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 \u2212 Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n
\n\u25aaClark Kerr \u2013 M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed
\n\u25aaCollege Hoa K\u1ef3 \u2212 S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/p>\n

18. Richard C. Levin, S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c1<\/em>. Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Ly d\u1ecbch
\n19. Cho Ben Wildavsky, Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>
\n20. Cho Donald Kennedy, Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ebeT<\/p>\n

\n

Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

(1).\u00a0Xem th\u00eam <\/span>T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c khai ph\u00f3ng?<\/span><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n

(2).\u00a0C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hy L\u1ea1p: ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00f9 Orion c\u00f5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb Cedalion tr\u00ean vai \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft cho anh ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

(3). Xem th\u00eam <\/span>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i xin vui l\u00f2ng ghi xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 Rosetta.vn<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt: Xem b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao GI\u1ea2I S\u00c1CH HAY 2019: \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay 2019 GS. Ph\u1ea1m Ph\u1ee5 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n b\u00e1o DOANHNHANPLUS 2019: Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[19],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1964"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1964"}],"version-history":[{"count":83,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1964\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5860,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1964\/revisions\/5860"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1964"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1964"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1964"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}