KHOA H\u1eccC<\/span><\/p>\n Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u00edch th\u00fa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u00edt hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n Isaac Newton<\/span><\/p>\n T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m s\u00e2u th\u00f3i quen khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n John Dewey<\/span><\/p>\n T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00e1ch g\u00ec kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y khoa h\u1ecdc cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u1eed nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n k\u00e9m th\u00fa v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n Steven Weinberg<\/span><\/p>\n Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng ai suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i \u1edf Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, tuy Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh khoa h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n su\u00f4n s\u1ebb theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i qua Trung c\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cth\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t b\u1ecf\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u00ecn gi\u1eef l\u00fd t\u00ednh trong s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u201cmua chu\u1ed9c\u201d hay th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00fac quanh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, lo\u1ea1i minh tri\u1ebft t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Aristote, Galen v\u00e0 Ptolemy \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Copernic v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n (De Revolutionibus Orbis<\/i>) v\u00e0 Vesalius v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc (De Humani Corporis Fabrica<\/i>) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m (1543) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 v\u00e9n m\u00e0n cho khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n quan s\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u2018khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/i>\u2019. T\u1eeb 1600 \u0111\u1ebfn 1638 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t s\u00e1ch xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi:<\/p>\n 1600: William Gilbert, On the Magnet<\/i><\/p>\n 1620: Francis Bacon, The New Organon, or True Direction Concerning the Interpreting of Nature<\/i><\/p>\n 1620: Johannes Kepler, The New Astronomy<\/i><\/p>\n 1626: Francis Bacon, The New Atlantis<\/i><\/p>\n 1628: William Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood<\/i><\/p>\n 1632: Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems<\/i><\/p>\n 1638: Galileo Galilei, Discourses on the Two New Sciences<\/i><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Gilbert ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y kim la b\u00e0n s\u1edf d\u0129 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh nam ch\u00e2m kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. Francis Bacon cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Aristote kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quy n\u1ea1p<\/i> (inductive), v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m<\/i>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. Bacon l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n Aristote, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Descartes ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, theo Bacon, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a suy di\u1ec5n (deductive) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 \u201cch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u00f2, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111ang c\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n Kepler, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ee7a Tycho Brahe, ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh elip quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Harvey ch\u1ee9ng minh, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Galen, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u0129nh m\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch nhau ra m\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e1u l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tim \u0111\u1eadp. Galilei c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eadt t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Copernic b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o. \u00d4ng m\u1edf ra n\u1ec1n thi\u00ean v\u0103n vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Isaac Newton (1642-1727)<\/p>\n Tranh kh\u1eafc g\u1ed7 t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch L’atmosph\u00e8re m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique populaire<\/i> c\u1ee7a Camille Flammarion (1841-1925) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan m\u1edbi<\/em> \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy<\/em>. Cho n\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3. Tranh minh h\u1ecda T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng \u201cquy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m\u201d. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Pedro Berruguete (1450-1504), danh h\u1ecda T\u00e2y Ban Nha.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn do th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00f3, hay ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a “tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m”, v\u00e0 to\u00e1n\u00a0 h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc,<\/i> di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, m\u00e0 Newton l\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 Aristote gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, b\u1eb1ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u00ednh logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba, l\u00e0 th\u1eed (test) nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Immanuel Kant c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u0103ng trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay<\/i>. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Galilei, Bacon v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u201cm\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi ch\u1edbp l\u00ean soi s\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc, sau khi h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u00f2 m\u1eabm trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.\u201d Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy\u201d. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Bacon l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d (Joseph Ben-David).<\/p>\n Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa kh\u00f4ng, v\u0103n minh H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1500. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2m th\u1ea7m l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc \u00dd, Paolo Rossi (1923-2012), \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n khoa h\u1ecdc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i>. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba danh \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i: Copernic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan, Bacon, Harvey v\u00e0 Newton l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, Descartes, Fermat, Pascal ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Tycho Brahe ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Paracelsus, Kepler v\u00e0 Leibniz ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Huygens ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, Galilei, Torricelli v\u00e0 Malpighi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. H\u1ecd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi bi th\u1ea3m.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n S\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 duy Aristote l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1edfi Aristote \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u2018\u00f4 d\u00f9\u2019 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, v\u00ec \u00f4 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Aristote \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00ean n\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t “t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc”, tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u2018h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i\u2019 gi\u1eefa t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Aristote. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Aristote n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00ec theo h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi Aristote. M\u1ed9t “c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o”. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u2018d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\u2019. Giordano Bruno b\u1ecb thi\u00eau s\u1ed1ng n\u0103m 1600, Galilei b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n th\u00fac su\u1ed1t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ra \u0111\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o (inquisition) ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t g\u1eaft gao. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Aristote v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3. Gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u tuy h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 theo \u00fd Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t (corrupt) trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1ee5n b\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i t\u00ecm. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u00c2u ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc cho n\u00ean th\u1eadt l\u00e0 to l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau b\u00fat m\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ra \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai n\u00e0y. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy cho tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng (Joseph Ben-David). Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Herbert Butterfield (1900\u22121979) cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cB\u1edfi v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 con c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u2212 v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd Aristote \u2212 n\u00f3 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng l\u1ea5n \u00e1t h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1ng c\u1ea5p Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch (Tin l\u00e0nh) xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft (episodes), ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch n\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o Trung c\u1ed5.\u201d<\/p>\n Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u 17, kh\u00f4ng ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 t\u0129nh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201c thu\u1ed9c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u201d (Christian) \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc\u201d. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 xung l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai minh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 quay sang khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, trong khi khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng m\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng m\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y\u201d. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 trung t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sang trang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0 duy, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eebng l\u00e0m m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 lung lay, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu (Richard Westfall).<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (Westfall).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Giordano Bruno:<\/p>\n Ai mong mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd (philosophize) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eafng nghe nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t, so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u00fd do thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft hay l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh ta nghe, hay tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng, hay thanh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean quan, m\u00e0 anh ta ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft h\u1eefu c\u01a1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh (Giordano Bruno).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Descartes sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m trong C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/i>: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1eddi anh ta, nghi ng\u1edd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u xa c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.\u201d S\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc George Sarton (1884-1956) lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, qua \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u201cl\u1ea7n theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed1i t\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3.\u201d \u201cHo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch to l\u1edbn l\u00e0m sao gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf (Genesis) xoay quanh V\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 (bao la) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng anh ta ph\u1ea3i khoan dung<\/i> v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (Sarton).<\/p>\n Theo B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc) Harvard, c\u00f3 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1945, \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n minh (civilized man) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5; anh ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ec9nh l\u1ebb, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban Harvard c\u1ed5 x\u00fay \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0103n minh l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/i> v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ckh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan, m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.\u201d V\u00ec khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u1ebft, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai, \u201ck\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.\u201d<\/p>\n Henri Poincar\u00e9, nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, ra s\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00e1c: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc (scientific ethics) trong ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd; nh\u01b0ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ee5y khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00ean s\u1ee3. [\u2026] \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, khi c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd th\u00edch nghi l\u1eabn nhau. Khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1eef ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta; n\u00f3 m\u1edf ra cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bao la. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta linh c\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u1edbn h\u01a1n; c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m vui \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta qu\u00ean \u0111i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.\u201d<\/p>\n \u00d4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc cao c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng: \u201cV\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ef1 cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (khoa h\u1ecdc) ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e0ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n khi Ng\u00e0i c\u00e0ng r\u1eddi xa ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n hay sao? \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n s\u1ebd bu\u1ed3n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i v\u1ee5n v\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9 nh\u1ecf nhoi nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m.\u201d<\/p>\n Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n hai ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Khai minh Iona, Hy L\u1ea1p, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf “l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh” th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng trong t\u0103m t\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tinh th\u1ea7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eebng d\u1eady v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Alexandria c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt trong th\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 tan t\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u00e3i m\u00e3i m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i sau nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon \u0111\u01b0a ra trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t M\u1ef9 I. I. Rabi (1898-1988) gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n Trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0\/ hay h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ec9a mai c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u2212 Ai c\u1eadp, Mesopotamia, Ba T\u01b0 (Persia), Trung Hoa, Nam \u00dd, Hy L\u1ea1p \u2212 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, trong khi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoang d\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u2212 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Anh qu\u1ed1c, Scandinavia, \u0110\u1ee9c, M\u1ef9, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Nga \u2212 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0, ai b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i r\u1edbt l\u1ea1i sau xa h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00edch nghi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00edch nghi khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi; ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t; ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1m hoa trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n \u1ef3.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Newton v\u1ec1 \u201ct\u00ednh kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u00edch th\u00fa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd \u00edt hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t<\/i>\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch v\u00f9i m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng y\u00eau th\u00edch huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, m\u00ea t\u00edn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Napoleon m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn Fontanes c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m ta kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y: l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m<\/i> v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c<\/i>, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u1ee1i g\u01b0\u01a1m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i.\u201d \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Napoleon c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cNh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ngu mu\u1ed9i.\u201d Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf hay sao? Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a minh tri\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i ngu mu\u1ed9i, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay sao? H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, hay c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 ch\u00ed kim c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i. B\u1ee9c tranh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecd chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n NXX<\/p>\n Th\u00e1ng 4, 2015<\/p>\n Xem th\u00eam<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2021\/04\/Picture-6-r\u1ed7ng-b\u00ean-trong.png?resize=61%2C61&ssl=1\")
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