{"id":258,"date":"2012-07-14T14:44:35","date_gmt":"2012-07-14T14:44:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=258"},"modified":"2017-11-14T19:53:25","modified_gmt":"2017-11-14T12:53:25","slug":"triet-hoc-da-ben-re","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/triet-hoc-da-ben-re\/","title":{"rendered":"Suy ngh\u0129 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecdc Tr\u00f2 Chuy\u1ec7n Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc<\/i> c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC \u0110\u00c3 B\u00c9N R\u1ec41<\/a><\/sup><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta.<\/em>2<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Arthur Schopenhauer<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u00e0ng hoang mang h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc.<\/em>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n<\/p>\n

(I)<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, ng\u00e0y 28\/6\/2012, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra m\u1eaft ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n S\u00e0ig\u00f2n Ti\u1ebfp Th\u1ecb, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tri\u1ebft l\u00fd trong t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean hai n\u0103m qua, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Cty S\u00e1ch Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1eed to\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cnh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e1p ng\u00e0\u201d, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, b\u00e1c s\u0129\u2026\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec7n th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n hai ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 t\u00e1m n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd t\u00ednh thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd<\/em> c\u1ee7a Immanual Kant n\u0103m 2004, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n gi\u1ea3i Phan Ch\u00e2u Trinh r\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> b\u1ed1n tr\u0103m trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong sinh ho\u1ea1t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1: Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 tr\u00ean m\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u00e1p ng\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn qua c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, xa h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean tr\u1eddi r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n \u0111em v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1edd b\u00e1o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb9p, qu\u00e1 hay, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt cao m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb, xen l\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e1t. B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb kho b\u00e1u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch v\u0103n t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

(II)<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u01a1n 2000 n\u0103m. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u01b0u t\u01b0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau minh tri\u1ebft: \u201cS\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean (\u03b4\u03b1\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd) l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau m\u1ebfn minh tri\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, v\u00e2ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y.\u201d (Plato, Theaitetos<\/em>) Hay: \u201cS\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft l\u00fd.\u201d (Aristote, Metaphysik<\/em>) L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T\u00f2 m\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (epistime<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng (idea<\/em>), v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi hang \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 minh (Plato). C\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 minh tri\u1ebft<\/em> (wisdom).<\/p>\n

T\u00f2 m\u00f2, ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00ea t\u00edn m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babylon v\u00e0 Ai c\u1eadp bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n b\u00ed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Khai minh<\/em> Ionia th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean (v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch Ca, L\u00e3o t\u1eed v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng t\u1eed \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng). Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p tin r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n linh hay ma qu\u1ef7 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u00e0 xem th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ham mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm cho ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0.4<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Einstein c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 tinh anh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Plato v\u00e0 Aristote v\u1eeba n\u00f3i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean phi th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i b\u00ed \u1ea9n, v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ai \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, \u00e1nh m\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft l\u1ecbm \u0111i.<\/em>\u201d 5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u01b0u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

(III)<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc d\u00ednh g\u00ec v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi? D\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9. N\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u201c\u0111a m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch\u201d c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c. Wilhelm von Humboldt c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, Wissenschaft<\/em>, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, bao tr\u00f9m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh, hay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c \u0111ang c\u00f3. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft d\u00e2y, hay cu\u1ed9c truy t\u00ecm h\u1ea1t Higgs hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng con m\u1eaft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. Einstein th\u1ea5y Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u00fat l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Don-Quichote hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n trong l\u0169 con c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nh\u1ecf nhen<\/em>6<\/sup><\/a>. <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1ea7y, Einstein h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: t\u01b0 th\u1ebf tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t; nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, mechanical<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ed5 th\u1ee5 sum xu\u00ea c\u00e0nh nh\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng gi\u1ea7y v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh doanh n\u00f3i chung. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o S\u00e0\u00ecg\u00f2n Ti\u1ebfp Th\u1ecb: kinh doanh b\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc khi \u0111\u01b0a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n v\u00e0o t\u1edd b\u00e1o m\u00ecnh. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

(IV)<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn, disputation<\/em> v\u00e0 logic<\/em> v\u1ed1n th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Thu\u1eadt h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, rhetoric<\/em>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ea3y m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ecdi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Humboldt di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u1edf v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. C\u00e1i h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u<\/em>, documentary learning. Nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n FukuzawaYukichi khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u1edbi ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng<\/em> c\u00f3 ch\u1eef tranh lu\u1eadn<\/em>, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. R\u1ed3i \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eadp tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n

(V)<\/p>\n

H\u1eb3n c\u00f3 l\u00fac tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u201cl\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng\u201d b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 xem tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 con \u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/em>, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng theo Immanuel Kant, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm, con \u1edf theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0o, con \u1edf \u201cc\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho phu nh\u00e2n hay n\u00e2ng \u0111u\u00f4i \u00e1o v\u00e1y ph\u00eda sau cho b\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3 \u0111i hay b\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i\u201d8<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1eb3n Kant mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 u \u0111\u1ea7u! Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, Kant m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t khoa, l\u00e0 khoa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do<\/em> h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy\u201d, m\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tr\u00ean l\u00e0m kim ch\u1ec9 nam n\u00e0o\u201d, v\u00ec \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1edbi gi\u00fap \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, trong khi t\u00ednh h\u1eefu \u00edch (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 hai\u201d. Kant n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp: \u201cCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 do th\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa kh\u00e1c (\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng), v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d9<\/sup><\/a> <\/span><\/span>Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 r\u1ed3i sang th\u1eddi Khai Minh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, vinh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c Hegel \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d10<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>, \u201cNh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u201d l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 xem tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 sang tr\u1ecdng\u201d c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1eabn nh\u00e2n sinh quan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 17 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cam go c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d (philosophical imperialism<\/em>) m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Galileo Galilei v\u00e0 Francis Bacon nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. Khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 bao bi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169.<\/p>\n

(VI)<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c (Ph\u1ed5) v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u1ea7u 19, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kant. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t tr\u1eadn. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t tri\u1ebft gia t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb tay Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Humboldt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p b\u00fat th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m: s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1-ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, b\u00e1nh xe con trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1m tinh luy\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c. Trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Berlin (Humboldt) tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u201cv\u0169 tr\u1ee5 tri th\u1ee9c\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khai ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c khai ph\u00e1 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean minh gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n Ph\u00e1p n\u01a1i tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng Grand Ecoles<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Napoleon, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc trong tinh th\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc.11<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thanh ni\u00ean th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>, men of moral character. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, Francis Weyland, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Brown c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em>\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u; \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc (hay \u00edt ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng qui t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p12<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span>. Ch\u1ee9c danh Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> (Doctor of Philosophy, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft Ph.D. \u1edf M\u1ef9 hay Dr. Phil. \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a hai y\u00eau c\u1ea7u: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 tinh th\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tri th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi sau nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em>.13<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(VII)<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u00f3c b\u00faa c\u1ee7a n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u 20 nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cNh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n giao ph\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u0103n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc; b\u1edfi v\u00ec anh ta <\/em>(nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd) bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfc gi\u1ea7y b\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n.<\/em>\u201d14<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span> D\u0129 nhi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 sung nhau.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e1 th\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc: Einstein, Planck, Bohr, Heisenberg, Schr\u00f6dinger. Khi nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi than phi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i sao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn th\u00ec Adolf Harnack, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Berlin v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Trung T\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kaiser Wilhelm (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Max Planck) b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9<\/em>, h\u1ecd b\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i trong ph\u00e2n khoa tri\u1ebft n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i trong ph\u00e2n khoa v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ean nh\u01b0 Planck, Einstein.15<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

(VIII)<\/p>\n

Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3m, m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u01b0 duy n\u00f3i chung, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ebf t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u01b0 duy l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c<\/em>. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0 duy tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng linh h\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0 con thuy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebfu b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i. Mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m to\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n, th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n khai s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y\u201d c\u1ee7a Kant. Trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh quang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb hoang d\u00e3 ho\u00e1 th\u00ec tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Athena c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, hay nh\u01b0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n minh tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Diogenes. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m minh tri\u1ebft<\/em>, nh\u00e2n sinh quan. M\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 minh tri\u1ebft, c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

Plutarch<\/em>, s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u sau c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, thu\u1ed1c men v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111au \u1ed1m ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 kho\u1ebb th\u00eam. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i hay phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c<\/em> duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea toa. Cho n\u00ean, theo \u00f4ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em>. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u201cy\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cphi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o\u201d l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(IX)<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em>, 28\/6\/2012, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh c\u1edd l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eafc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean th\u1ec1m bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u xa x\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng? Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 d\u00ednh g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi. C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9. Ngay \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh Jena 1806, n\u01a1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n Napoleon, Hegel ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u1eadn tinh th\u1ea7n<\/em>16<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span>. N\u0103m 1806\/7 J.G. Fichte \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em>17<\/sup><\/a><\/i><\/span><\/span> n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c gia trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn. Fichte mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c<\/em>. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cth\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong s\u1ee3i chu\u1ed7i v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00f3i chung, d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao h\u01a1n<\/em>.\u201d Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cr\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. N\u00f3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d. V\u00e2n v\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Schopenhauer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i: tri th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/em> th\u00ec Tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i tri th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 \u201cs\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed\u201d, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u201cs\u1ef1 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d. N\u1ebfu \u201cGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e9t d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh\u201d (J.S. Mill) th\u00ec Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em> m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

NXX, TP H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 7\/2012<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/em>:<\/p>\n

1<\/a>\u00a0B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1edd b\u00e1o in v\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Tu\u1ed5i Tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 Tia S\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

2<\/a>\u00a0Tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb \u201cTr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/p>\n

3<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

4<\/a>\u00a0Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger,\u00a0<\/span>Die Natur und die Griechen<\/i><\/span>. Kosmos und Physik. Rowohltsche Deutsche Enzyklop\u00e4die, 1956. Ionia l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a khai minh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

5<\/a>\u00a0Trong s\u00e1ch EINSTEIN c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh, nxb Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n

6<\/a>\u00a0Trong\u00a0<\/span>EINSTEIN<\/i><\/span>\u00a0s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/span><\/p>\n

7<\/a>\u00a0Artes liberales<\/i><\/span>\u00a0g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n, v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m, bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

8<\/a>\u00a0Trong kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u201cS\u1ef1 tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa\u201d (<\/span>Der Streit der Fakult\u00e4ten<\/i><\/span>) c\u1ee7a Immanuel Kant; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2.<\/span><\/p>\n

9<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

10<\/a>\u00a0System der Sittlichkeit.<\/span><\/p>\n

11<\/a>\u00a0Joseph Ben-David,\u00a0The Scientist\u2019s Role in Society<\/i>. The University of Chicago Press, 1984; ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7.<\/p>\n

12<\/a>\u00a0Derek Bok,\u00a0Universities and the Future of America<\/i>. Duke University Press, 1990; tr.63.<\/p>\n

13<\/a>\u00a0John S. Bruhacher,\u00a0On the Philosophy of Higher Education<\/i>. Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1978; tr.120.<\/p>\n

14<\/a>\u00a0Trong\u00a0EINSTEIN<\/i>\u00a0s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn.<\/i><\/p>\n

15<\/a>\u00a0Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

16<\/a>\u00a0BVNS d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2006.<\/p>\n

17<\/a>\u00a0Johann Gottlieb Fichte,\u00a0<\/span>Reden an die deutsche Nation<\/i><\/span>. C\u00e1c di\u1ec5n v\u0103n th\u1ee9 3 v\u00e0 4.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  TRI\u1ebeT H\u1eccC \u0110\u00c3 B\u00c9N R\u1ec41 Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta.2 Arthur Schopenhauer Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u00e0ng hoang mang h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc.3 B\u00f9i V\u0103n Nam S\u01a1n (I) Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, ng\u00e0y 28\/6\/2012, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=258"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=258"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=258"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=258"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}