{"id":2749,"date":"2019-05-25T16:14:46","date_gmt":"2019-05-25T09:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=2749"},"modified":"2019-05-25T22:35:25","modified_gmt":"2019-05-25T15:35:25","slug":"murray-gell-mann-cha-de-cua-hat-quark-khong-con-nua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/murray-gell-mann-cha-de-cua-hat-quark-khong-con-nua\/","title":{"rendered":"Murray Gell-Mann, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t Quark kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

MURRAY GELL-MANN<\/span><\/h1>\n

CHA \u0110\u1eba C\u1ee6A M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH H\u1ea0T C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N<\/span><\/h1>\n

QUARK<\/span><\/span> KH\u00d4NG C\u00d2N N\u1eeeA<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/h2>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i>. Murray Gell-Mann kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 5, 2019, t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang \u1edf Santa Fe, New Mexico, Hoa K\u1ef3, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 89 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u201canh h\u00f9ng\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 n\u00fai h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950-60 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ba <\/i>(3) <\/i>h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Quark<\/i> t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t neutron v\u00e0 photon trong m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, t\u1eeb \u201cB\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1t Quark, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c thi\u00ean t\u00e0i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ea1t Higgs<\/i> xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2014 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Tri Th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t Higgs cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u0103m 2012, kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c \u0111i t\u00ecm M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n<\/i> trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi xong, t\u1eeb J. J. Thomson kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 electron (1897), Ernest Rutherford kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 the proton (1919) cho \u0111\u1ebfn Gell-Mann, v\u00e0 George Zweig m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ed9 ba h\u1ea1t Quark c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (1964), Higgs \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 BEH mang t\u00ean Brout \u2013 Englert v\u00e0 Higgs (1964) (gi\u1ea3i Nobel 2013), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00fang, l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n-y\u1ebfu th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc QCD, v\u00e0 hai th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb quark v\u00e0 lepton, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1t Higgs (2012), h\u1ea1t b\u1ecb nguy\u1ec1n r\u1ee7a l\u00e0 “h\u1ea1t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh” c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh “H\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa” \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n n\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n<\/i> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/p>\n

[1]<\/b><\/p>\n

H\u00e3y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Gell-Mann n\u00f3i, <\/i><\/p>\n

v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u1ea5y <\/i>c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa.<\/i><\/p>\n

(M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a ITEP,\u00a0Vi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m Moscow)<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019)<\/p>\n

\u201cKhi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa c\u00e1c m\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i chim, b\u01b0\u1edbm, c\u00e2y v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c c\u00f3 hoa. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ebf t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed hi\u1ec3u chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n chi ph\u1ed1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y quanh ta m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 (accidents) trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng d\u00e0i c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1eaft x\u00edch trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c \u0111i (n\u1ebfu l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i). H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u0103ng gi\u00e1ng (fluctuations) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean thi\u00ean h\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ee5i v\u00e0 kh\u00ed, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 gen l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gieo gi\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Gell-Mann trong The Third Culture.(1)<\/sup><\/i><\/p>\n

Gell-Mann n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u00c1o-Hung di d\u00e2n sang M\u1ef9 n\u0103m 1911. V\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i 15 \u00f4ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd, v\u00e0 n\u0103m 21 tu\u1ed5i \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc MIT d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Victor Weisskopf. L\u00fac m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc Finnegans Wake c\u1ee7a James Joyce, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u201cquark\u201d cho h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m sau.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cVua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1905-60 c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Mendeleev m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e0m lu\u1eadt\u201d cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cB\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb v\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft uy\u00ean th\u00e2m; l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft to\u00e1n nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u1eb7t ra ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cba h\u1ea1t quark\u201d (kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quark l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Finnegans) l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t proton v\u00e0 neutron c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh George Zweig \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn thi\u00ean t\u00e0i, \u0111i\u1ec1u sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u00ean tri.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1955, v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Feynman, Gell-Mann \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1o s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Celtech, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t (27) \u1edf Caltech v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u 1993. Caltech \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc danh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c. Feynman c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 Gell-Mann: \u201cTri th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Murray Gell-Mann.\u201d Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1960, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi Gell-Mann v\u00e0 Feynman l\u00e0 \u201chai t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

\"http:\/\/www.achievement.org\/achievers\/gel0\/large\/gel0-006.jpg\"<\/p>\n

Gell-Mann v\u00e0 Feynman: hai \u201cb\u00e1u v\u1eadt n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a<\/p>\n

ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Brookhaven n\u0103m 1963, sau khi thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u1ed9p b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9p m\u1ed9t trang v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng dang d\u1edf c\u1ee7a Schubert, v\u00e0 b\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng thay cho b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn khoa h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t c\u1ea1nh tranh. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0 \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh\u201d. B\u1ea1n h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y mai. Gell-Mann c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u2018kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang g\u00ec \u00f4ng, Feynman, hay Pauli ho\u1eb7c Oppenheimer. Lee v\u00e0 Yang, nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau vinh quang, \u0111\u00e3 chia tay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cay \u0111\u1eafng. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng, ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n, hay c\u1ea3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng Yang-Mills ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1954, nh\u01b0ng m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m t\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai m\u1eddi hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark c\u1ee7a Gell-Mann, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Higgs t\u1ea1o kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Peter Higgs, hay \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n-y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Weinberg, v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Murray Gell-Mann nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u0103m 1969<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1969, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m n\u0103m sau s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau khi quark \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m gia t\u1ed1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh Stanford (SLAC) \u1edf California, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u201ccho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng d\u00e0nh cho Gell-Mann! \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9p b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o cho u\u1ef7 ban Nobel in. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 20 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd t\u00ean v\u00e0o \u201cStockholm Memorandum\u201d v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Stockholm l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba n\u0103m 2011 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1edf th\u00edch r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. \u201cT\u00f4i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i chim v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng lo\u1ea1n th\u1ea7n kinh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u0111\u00f3.\u201d \u00d4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim. Theo George Johnson, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed Strange Beauty<\/i>(2)<\/sup> v\u1ec1 \u00f4ng, th\u00ec Gell-Mann \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n trong ch\u00edn ng\u00e0n lo\u00e0i chim tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi! Nh\u01b0ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u201ctheo chim b\u1eaft b\u01b0\u1edbm\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u201cth\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh\u201d th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi \u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xa l\u00eca h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ee9a con g\u00e1i Lisa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m M\u00e1c-L\u00ea-Mao-\u00edt c\u1ef1c t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4 ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh n\u1eefa. Lisa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng minh t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 tan r\u00e3 sau khi kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng hay v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, khi \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n bu\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i College de France th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1972, n\u01a1i \u00f4ng t\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u cho B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 ba \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u00f2ng ch\u1eadt n\u00edch c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Mao-\u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eafng ch\u1eedi \u00f4ng. H\u00f4m sau, khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i, th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, n\u00ean \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2010, \u0111\u1ec3 vinh danh v\u00e0 m\u1eebng sinh nh\u1eadt Gell-Mann 80 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, H\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p<\/i>(3)<\/sup> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Nanyang, Singapore, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Santa Fe Institute, Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i Nobel k\u1ef3 c\u1ef1u trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 C.N. Yang. Proceedings c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nxb World Scientific Publishing House c\u1ee7a Singapore ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

NXX<\/p>\n

trong K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ea1t Higgs<\/i>, nxb Tri Th\u1ee9c, 2014<\/p>\n

[2]<\/b><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Quark trong b\u00e0i H\u1ea1t Higgs v\u00e0 Ch\u00fang ta<\/i> c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u0103ng trong s\u1ed1 K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ea1t Higgs<\/i> v\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Chu\u1ea9n<\/i> cho nh\u1eefng ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\Hat<\/p>\n

K\u1ef7 y\u1ebfu H\u1ea1t Higgs,<\/span> 2014<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH QUARK<\/h3>\n
\n

Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i t\u00ecm \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau<\/i><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 quark, l\u00e0 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ea1, anh \u01a1i. <\/i><\/p>\n

Hawkwind(4)<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u00f2ng tin \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cc\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i\u201d tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang s\u00e1ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark<\/i> n\u0103m 1964, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi Murray Gell-Mann v\u00e0 George Zweig \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t proton v\u00e0 neutron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ba quark<\/i> b\u00ean trong: proton ch\u1ee9a hai quark up, m\u1ed9t quark down: (uud); neutron m\u1ed9t quark up, hai quark down: (udd); v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng ra, nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c (hadron) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quark v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n-quark. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 xu\u1ed1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e1y\u201d s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u201ckh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d: Gell-Mann, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Ne\u2019eman t\u1eeb Do Th\u00e1i, n\u0103m 1962 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t theo c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m SU(3)(5)<\/sup>, nh\u00f3m ba h\u1ea1t, t\u00e1m h\u1ea1t, m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y h\u1ea1t, theo s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed (operator, hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, transformation) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n(6)<\/sup> c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 quay m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kia c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1t, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n theo c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (theo s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1, strangeness; ho\u1eb7c theo s\u1ed1 isospin), v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Gell-Mann g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng t\u00e1m h\u1ea1t (octet) l\u00e0 \u2018B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u2019. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n t\u00e1m h\u1ea1t hay m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3 (decuplet\/ decimet) Gell-Mann c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Ne\u2019eman nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y hay h\u1ea1t kia, v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kia, v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00fang. Qu\u1ea3 nhi\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang. B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb Gell-Mann \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt (ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ec7nh, ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/i>), Gell-Mann l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u00e0 Mendeleev t\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ra cho 92 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c, tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. B\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n Mendeleev d\u1ef1a l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, trong khi b\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 isospin.<\/p>\n

Gell-Mann, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cvua h\u1ea1t\u201d. S\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n ha\u0323t \u2126- b\u0103\u0300ng thi\u0301 nghi\u00ea\u0323m n\u0103m 1963 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ti\u00ean \u0111oa\u0301n la\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t sensation<\/i>, gi\u00f4\u0301ng nh\u01b0 s\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n ca\u0301c nguy\u00ean t\u00f4\u0301 co\u0300n thi\u00ea\u0301u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ti\u00ean \u0111oa\u0301n trong ba\u0309ng tu\u00e2\u0300n hoa\u0300n Mendeleev m\u00f4\u0323t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m Lie \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1t theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (current) \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y li\u00ean can \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t boson gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t t\u1ea3i l\u1ef1c (Johnson, 190-91)(7)<\/sup>. B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng h\u1ea1t h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. Sau B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i> v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu, Gell-Mann \u0111\u00e3 s\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cni\u1ebft b\u00e0n\u201d v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel n\u0103m 1969, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t quark! V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, Gell-Mann c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi, \u201ca new me\u201d. \u00d4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng h\u1ea1t h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Gell-Mann l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111am m\u00ea, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111am m\u00ea quan s\u00e1t chim. Trong t\u00e1m ng\u00e0n lo\u00e0i chim th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n n\u1eeda. \u00d4ng tham gia v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u201cBa\u0301t cha\u0301nh \u0111a\u0323o<\/i>\u201d (The Eightfold Way). S<\/i> l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1 (strangeness), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gell-Mann v\u00e0\u2026\u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edbi (quantum number) cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1eadm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t isospin(8)<\/sup> (ta kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

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B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/i>, hay b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n 8 h\u1ea1t (octet), c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t Baryon (Griffiths 2011, 35)<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\xanhnguyen\\Documents\\DATA\\Xanh_Higgs<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1t Baryon (decuplet) H\u1ea1t \u03a9–<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp c\u00e1c b\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

theo s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 quark up ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ed1 l\u1ea1<\/i>. Sau hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t pion, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t l\u1ea1<\/i>, ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i<\/i> trong c\u00e1c va ch\u1ea1m hay ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t K0<\/sup> lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t \u03a3+<\/sup>, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t K0<\/sup> hay hai K0<\/sup> . Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. Gell-Mann \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ea1, hay s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 (strangeness), c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s<\/i>, c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m l\u1eabn d\u01b0\u01a1ng; s<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u1ea1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i.(9)<\/sup> C\u00e1c proton, neutron, pion \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1, n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 0, nh\u01b0ng +1 cho K+<\/sup> v\u00e0 K0<\/sup> ; \u22121 cho c\u00e1c \u03a3 v\u00e0 \u039b v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. Trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 0, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t l\u1ea1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 +1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 \u22121. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t l\u1ea1 sau n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9a quark l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ba<\/i> quark? Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi ba to\u00e1n t\u1eed, s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi t\u00e1m, m\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e1n t\u1eed, hay m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi ba to\u00e1n t\u1eed. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n v\u1edbi ba to\u00e1n t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u201cvi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng ba \u201cquork\u201d hay \u201cquirk\u201d, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ebb l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u201ckh\u00f3 coi\u201d b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ebb ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m! Robert Serber l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd, sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c Gell-Mann \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u201cb\u1ed9 ba\u201d n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. B\u00e0i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark c\u1ee7a Gell-Mann sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y sau khi h\u1ea1t \u03a9–<\/strong><\/sup> c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Brookhaven. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Sakata \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c hadron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ba h\u1ea1t proton, neutron v\u00e0 lambda, cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ba l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y n\u00f3i. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u201cBa ng\u00f4i\u201d (Trinity). T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u201cba ng\u00f4i\u201d: Th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (Brahma), th\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec (Vishnu) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t (Shiva). Ch\u00ednh con s\u1ed1 ba<\/i> l\u1ebb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4 th\u00eam n\u1eefa, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cquark m\u00e0u\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc<\/i> nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh l\u1edbp h\u1ea1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ba quark tuy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c proton v\u00e0 neutron qu\u1ea3 c\u00f2n \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Feynman c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cparton\u201d (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gluon, ch\u1ea5t keo c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef quark). Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed5 n\u1ed7i, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt\u201d vi\u00ean quark n\u00e0o ra ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn m\u00e0 tin c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tin. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u201cb\u1ed9 ba\u201d n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean (+1 cho proton v\u00e0 0 cho neutron), n\u00ean c\u00e1c quark ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00e1n nguy\u00ean (+2\/3 cho quark up<\/i> v\u00e0 -1\/3 cho quark down<\/i>), ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1edbi hai \u1ea9n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00e1n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a quark. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng nghi ng\u1edd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ebb ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea3. S\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn quark b\u1ecb treo, v\u00e0 quark b\u1ecb xem ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho ti\u1ec7n \u00edch th\u00f4i. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Gell-Mann c\u0169ng b\u00e1n t\u00edn b\u00e1n nghi c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1eeda tin, b\u1edfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cB\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ba quark ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft nh\u00f3m SU(3) m\u00e0 Gell-Mann v\u00e0 Ne\u2019eman \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u1edfi v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p l\u00f4gic thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u201ct\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t.\u201d M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gell-Mann nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cN\u1ebfu quark kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.\u201d Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t quark n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201ctr\u1eadn c\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t. Ngay nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Feynman, v\u00e0 Victor Weisskopf, th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Gell-Mann, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tin m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark. V\u00e0 nh\u00f3m v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kyoto, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a Marx\/ Engels, \u0111\u00e3 xem quark l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\u201d.(10)<\/sup> Gell-Mann ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd duy nh\u1ea5t tin v\u00e0o quark ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Paul Dirac. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng tin b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ph\u1ea3n-h\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t \u201c\u0111i\u00ean kh\u00f9ng\u201d nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\"\"\n

Minh ho\u0323a m\u00f4\u0323t proton g\u00f4\u0300m hai quark u va\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t quark d. Chu\u0301ng co\u0301 ma\u0300u, hay s\u0103\u0301c ti\u0301ch. Gluon ta\u0301c \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng gi\u01b0\u0303a ca\u0301c quark \u0111\u00ea\u0309 gi\u01b0\u0303 chu\u0301ng la\u0323i. Ca\u0301c quark pho\u0301ng thi\u0301ch va\u0300 h\u00e2\u0301p thu li\u00ean tu\u0323c ca\u0301c gluon. (Wikipedia)<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\xanhnguyen\\Documents\\DATA\\Higgs<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c proton, neutron, pion \u03c0+<\/sup> ,\u03c0–<\/sup><\/strong><\/em> v\u00e0 kaon K+<\/sup> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quark. C\u00e1c d\u00af, u\u00af, s\u00af (d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 trong \u1ea3nh) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c meson c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 pion, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t quark v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n-quark. C\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quark. (Giancoli, 904)<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3i Nobel kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea5n an \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng. Gell-Mann ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc: \u201cCu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3…S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m n\u0103m qua; m\u1ed9t c\u00fa s\u1ed1c s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00e1 nhanh.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1 khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Dirac s\u1ee3 d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a electron l\u00e0 proton<\/i>, v\u00ec proton c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a electron. N\u0103m 1931, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, \u00f4ng m\u1edbi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t \u201cph\u1ea3n-electron\u201d, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c electron. N\u0103m 1932 Carl Anderson t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t electron, positron. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m sau, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gell-Mann h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n ngay ph\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t electron, \u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u00e1t gan.\u201d(11)<\/sup><\/p>\n

Sau gi\u1ea3i Nobel 1969, tuy Gell-Mann v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t tr\u1ebb. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Gell-Mann l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Moses \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Do Th\u00e1i, Gell-Mann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t ra kh\u1ecfi sa m\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Jericho, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o Mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ea5t H\u1ee9a.(12)<\/sup><\/p>\n\"Murray\n

Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019)<\/p>\n

(Courtesy of Nobel Committee)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

QUARK<\/p>\n

\u201cThree quarks for Muster Mark<\/i>\u201d<\/p>\n

Gell-Mann l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c quark c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 <\/i>quirk <\/i>hay quork (k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1). Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Finnegans Wake<\/i> c\u1ee7a James Joyce (1882-1941) m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc \u1edf tu\u1ed5i teen, th\u00ec \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con h\u1ea3i \u00e2u say r\u01b0\u1ee3u g\u1ecdi bia, thay v\u00ec \u201cBa chai bia (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Anh) cho \u00f4ng Mark\u201d (Three quarts for Mister Mark) th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ch\u1ec7ch ra: \u201cBa quark cho Muster Mark\u201d (Three quarks for Muster Mark). Quark, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 qu\u1ea1c trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i chim h\u1ea3i \u00e2u. Tr\u1eddi, sao n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ba quark<\/i> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c proton v\u00e0 neutron c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf. \u00d4ng l\u1ea5y ngay c\u00e1i t\u00ean quark<\/i>! Quark \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ph\u00f4 mai t\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u01b0 cottage cheese, \u0111a d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t quark b\u1ecb gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gluon c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh trong \u201ct\u00f9 h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i\u201d, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1eaft ra m\u1ed9t quark trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, v\u00ec th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a quark l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1968 t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Gia t\u1ed1c tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh Stanford (SLAC), c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Jerome Friedman, Henry Kendall v\u00e0 Richard Taylor, gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1990, v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh tan m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quark l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t\u201d di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i SLAC d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Burton Richter, v\u00e0 song song t\u1ea1i Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Brookhaven d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Samuel Ting. Hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1t duy\u00ean<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean J\/psi meson. Gi\u1ea3i Nobel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho hai \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1976.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n

Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/em>:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Brockman, John, <\/span>The Third Culture. Be<\/span><\/i>a<\/span>yond the Scientific Revolution<\/span><\/i>. Simon & Schuster 1995.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Johnson, George, <\/span>Strange Beauty. Murray Gell-Mann and the Revolution in Twentieth-Century Physics<\/span><\/i>. Vintage Books, 1999. <\/span><\/li>\n
  3. H. Fritzsch and K.K. Phua (ed.), <\/span>Murray Gell-Mann\u2019s 80th Birthday<\/span><\/i>. Quantum Mechanics, Elementary Particles, Quantum Cosmology and Complexity. World Scientific, 2011. <\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Ban nh\u1ea1c rock, trong b\u00e0i h\u00e1t <\/span>Quark, Strangeness and Charm <\/span><\/i>(Quark, T\u00ednh l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 Duy\u00ean).<\/span><\/li>\n
  5. L\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p quay trong kh\u00f4ng gian ba chi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p quay n\u00e0y l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m (c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u00f3m), l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Lie, theo t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Na Uy Sophus Lie th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh <\/span>kh\u00f4ng<\/span><\/i> giao ho\u00e1n (kh\u00f4ng-aben, non-abelian): AxB (\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hai ph\u00e9p quay A v\u00e0 B l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p quay BxA (B tr\u01b0\u1edbc, A sau). Trong ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao ho\u00e1n <\/span>xy<\/span><\/i> = <\/span>yx<\/span><\/i>. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. Xem Johnson, <\/span>Strange Beauty<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9.<\/span><\/li>\n
  6. Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n<\/span><\/i> (representation) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m G: l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u00e1p (mapping) <\/span>D<\/span><\/i> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a G l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh (linear operator) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span>\n
      \n
    1. D<\/span><\/i>(<\/span>e<\/span><\/i>) = 1, trong \u0111\u00f3: <\/span>e<\/span><\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a G, v\u00e0 1 l\u00e0 to\u00e1n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. <\/span><\/li>\n
    2. D<\/span><\/i>(<\/span>g1g2<\/span>) = <\/span>D<\/span><\/i>(<\/span>g1<\/span>)<\/span>D<\/span><\/i>(<\/span>g2)<\/span> n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p l\u00ean ph\u00e9p nh\u00e2n trong kh\u00f4ng gian tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n
    3. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft trong Johnson, <\/span>Strange Beauty<\/span><\/i>, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9.<\/span><\/li>\n
    4. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Heisenberg \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1932 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng (g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang) gi\u1eefa neutron v\u1eeba t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 proton, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Isospin c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 I. I (c\u1ee7a proton) = 1\/2x(s\u1ed1 quark up \u2013 s\u1ed1 quark down) = \u00bd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 I (c\u1ee7a neutron) = -1\/2.<\/span><\/li>\n
    5. Xem Griffiths 2013, 115-17; v\u00e0 Baggott 2012, 58-59.<\/span><\/li>\n
    6. Johnson, 232.<\/span><\/li>\n
    7. Baggott 2004, 45 hay Gell-Mann, 179.<\/span><\/li>\n
    8. Riordan, 121.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        MURRAY GELL-MANN CHA \u0110\u1eba C\u1ee6A M\u00d4 H\u00ccNH H\u1ea0T C\u01a0 B\u1ea2N QUARK KH\u00d4NG C\u00d2N N\u1eeeA Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u. Murray Gell-Mann kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 5, 2019, t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang \u1edf Santa Fe, New Mexico, Hoa K\u1ef3, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd 89 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u201canh h\u00f9ng\u201d c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2749"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2792,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2749\/revisions\/2792"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}