{"id":2793,"date":"2019-06-06T21:49:59","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T14:49:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/?p=2793"},"modified":"2023-07-28T21:24:01","modified_gmt":"2023-07-28T14:24:01","slug":"nuoc-duc-the-ky-xix-tai-ban-lan-iv-co-gi-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/nuoc-duc-the-ky-xix-tai-ban-lan-iv-co-gi-moi\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/i> t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n IV c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ee8C TRONG B\u1ed0I C\u1ea2NH<\/span><\/h1>\n

CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI<\/span><\/h1>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/h2>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ngT\u00e2y th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ecf c\u00e2y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y.<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n

Fukuzawa Yukichi<\/span><\/strong>
\n(Trong Tho\u00e1t \u00c1 lu\u1eadn<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

(Xem th\u00eam V\u00ec sao t\u00f4i vi\u1ebft N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/i>?)<\/a><\/p>\n

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L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i><\/strong><\/span>. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/i>, sau l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay th\u00e1ng 10, n\u0103m 2017, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 IV. Xin ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n C\u00f4ng ty s\u00e1ch ZENBOOKS v\u1ec1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Trong l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t Ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/i>, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, v\u00e0 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Anh qu\u1ed1c, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 khai s\u00e1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/i> c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a sau \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n th\u00eam n\u00e0y d\u00e0i 50 trang in. Cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201ckinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea1i l\u00ednh\u201d, n\u00ean t\u00e0i n\u0103ng b\u1ecb mai m\u1ed9t. Napoleon, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u201cWeltgeist<\/i> tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng ng\u1ef1a\u201d, \u201ck\u1ebb t\u1eed th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ancient regimes\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ch\u1ecbu m\u1edf m\u1eaft ra nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 qua, th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vua quan, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n<\/i> c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i xoay theo. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea1nh, khi n\u00e0o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, th\u00ec t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd y\u1ebfu \u1edbt v\u00e0 s\u1ebd r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf k\u00ecm h\u00e3m m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng l\u00e2u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i m\u1edbi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/i> \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 y\u00ean, l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 m\u00e3i. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7-phong ki\u1ebfn, \u201cH\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m\u201d \u2013 Laissez-faire<\/i>, nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Adam Smith. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (1871) th\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/i>, v\u1edbi Weimar \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 Athen. Gi\u1edbi tinh hoa, t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/i> nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hy L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Humboldt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/i> v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u201ctham chi\u1ebfn\u201d v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. Cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, ngo\u00e0i t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c b\u1eadc d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a<\/em> gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc – khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n – v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00eam t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, l\u00fd t\u00ednh<\/i>, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp thu cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n, v\u00ec s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1edf v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Minh Tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ed5, r\u1ed3i g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Park Chung Hee c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00e0y khi \u00f4ng \u0111i tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho cu\u1ed9c l\u1ed9t x\u00e1c H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960. \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1eddi H\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 s\u00f4ng Rhein\u201d, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cTh\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 s\u00f4ng H\u00e0n\u201d cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Park c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u:<\/p>\n

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\u201c\u00dd th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi b\u1ed1, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 minh h\u1ecda \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia, hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n\u201d nh\u01b0 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Anh, danh t\u1eeb \u201cjob\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Beruf, h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

PARK CHUNG-HEE<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/i> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u201cB\u1ea3n l\u0129nh\u201d \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1eed th\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t<\/i> c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tang b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t ham mu\u1ed1n\u2026. \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00fang ta cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang ta r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

ADAM SMITH<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta? [\u2026] \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng (emancipation). Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Irish, Hy L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i \u1edf Frankfurt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en T\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y k\u00ecm h\u00e3m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

HEINRICH HEINE<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\bia<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX<\/em>, Cty ZENBOOKS, th\u00e1ng 6, 2019, 350 trang, gi\u00e1 b\u00eca 120.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Th\u1ecd<\/span>, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0<\/span><\/span> kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Waseda, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, th\u00e1ng 9, 2019<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C S\u00c1CH<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u1ea3i S\u00e1ch Hay<\/em> 2017\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 7<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp 2016: B\u1ea3n l\u0129nh \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 11<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 35<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc g\u00ec t\u1eeb “B\u1ea3n l\u0129nh \u0110\u1ee9c”?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 41<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n I – \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, khai ph\u00e1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 47<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e0n II – Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 95<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 96<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 103<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n III – Bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 151<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – L\u1ecbch s\u1eed chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 266<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 – N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 297<\/span><\/p>\n

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C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P H\u00d3A V\u00c0 C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00e2u \u00c2u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u2013 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u2212 l\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. (\u0110\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf Anh t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18) \u0110\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 ba di\u1ec5n ra sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, 1945. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. T\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Mehmet Ali, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1930. T\u1ea1i Brazil, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tinh luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1815. T\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, gia \u0111\u00ecnh Tagore \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb Anh. Trung Hoa, sau khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Nha phi\u1ebfn 1840, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn xa trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m n\u1eeda v\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Nga v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n sau nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cay \u0111\u1eafng. Th\u1eddi Napoleon, Nga l\u00e0 k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng trong Li\u00ean minh Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi h\u1eadu Napoleon, n\u00ean Nga ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 tin. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb li\u00ean minh Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Crimea (1854-56). L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng n\u00f4, \u0111i\u1ec1u Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u1eeda v\u1eddi. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u1ef1c l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. R\u1ed3i h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Nga-Nh\u1eadt 1904-05 l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng 1905, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, sau khi b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c b\u1edfi \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u M\u1ef9 k\u00e9o v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh Edo n\u0103m 1853-54 b\u1eafn ph\u00e1, \u0111\u00f2i m\u1edf c\u1eeda, v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda s\u00e2u xa, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u00ean gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa, m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o t\u1eebng th\u1edb th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu hay ch\u1eadm th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb x\u00e2u x\u00e9, hay s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 Trung Hoa, hay \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf Ottoman. Ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gai g\u00f3c ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Fichte (1793): \u201cN\u1ebfu k\u00ecm h\u00e3m b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea3y ra. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u2013 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u1ed7i th\u00ea l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01a1i b\u1edbt, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng h\u01a1n; ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc qua; – ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n: ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ebd b\u1ebb g\u00e3y v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m n\u00f3, c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. T\u00f4i s\u1ee3, khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kia, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00ec gi\u1edd n\u1eefa, hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00ea ng\u0103n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.\u201d C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00ea xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/span><\/p>\n

NH\u1eeeNG KINH NGHI\u1ec6M T\u1eea ANH QU\u1ed0C<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/i> \u1edf Anh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 ng\u1ee5c Bastille, hay \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u201cNh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed3n \u00e0o c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d nh\u01b0 Adam Smith n\u00f3i. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng hai ph\u00e1t minh: M\u00e1y ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 ri\u00eang (separate condenser) c\u1ee7a James Watt \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t ch\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc (water frame) c\u1ee7a Richard Arkwright \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ee3i cotton b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u1edbc thay cho s\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1769, cho n\u00ean n\u0103m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3<\/i>, annus mirabilis (theo Donald Cardwell) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t l\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Friedrich Engels so s\u00e1nh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (1847): \u201cL\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 Anh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. Anh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc; Anh qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u2013 hai th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i Anh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 cho ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, hay cho c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi? Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p trong s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Algiers (v\u00e0 ba n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng). V\u00e2ng, c\u00f2n ai truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u0103n minh \u1edf M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u \u00c1, ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00dac, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Anh?\u201d Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Engels, Hegel t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft trong Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/i>: \u201cS\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n<\/i> gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a V\u0103n minh<\/i> tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; v\u00ec tinh th\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd l\u1ee5c l\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c man di, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1edf Anh, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t. Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600 v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 200.000, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 kim nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef (nh\u1eefng d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u0129 b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd), nh\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 in, th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. [Trong khi Berlin, \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n l\u00ednh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. N\u0103m 1780, trong s\u1ed1 141.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, Berlin c\u00f3 33.000 l\u00ednh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, 13.000 quan ch\u1ee9c, 10.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 56.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u00f4ng. Magdeburg c\u00f3 5-6.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n l\u00ednh trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 20.000 d\u00e2n c\u01b0. T\u1ea1i Petersburg (Nga), trong s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n 218.000 c\u00f3 55.600 l\u00ednh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. (Sidney Pollard)]<\/p>\n

Anh qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb sau cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Vinh quang 1688 (Glorious Revolution), tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f4n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n cho quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/i> v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u00f3c t\u00f2 m\u00f2 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Phong c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Anh-Scotland l\u00e0 \u00edt tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u00edt t\u01b0 bi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u2212 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qui n\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn khai th\u00e1c n\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cC\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \u201cl\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean)\u201d. Qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1i, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh (J. M. Roberts & O. A. Westad). Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1790 khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tinh vi, h\u1ecd vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn Bacon nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/i> c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn l\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi Tin l\u00e0nh, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m t\u1eeb Newton v\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh cao. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1ecfi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Francis Bacon, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khai s\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/i> (Industrial Enlightenment, Mokyr), tin v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i suy gi\u1ea3m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00ean. Khai s\u00e1ng gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb homo civilis<\/i> (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n) sang homo economicus<\/i> (con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh t\u1ebf), h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201c\u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai s\u00e1ng\u201d (R. Porter).<\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00edch nghi v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu g\u00f2 b\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi hay xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 (I. I. Rabi). Khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u01b0\u1eddn g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a vun x\u1edbi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u00e2y m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn l\u00ean s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p in<\/i> c\u1ee7a Gutenberg th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh<\/i> th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3. Tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Tin L\u00e0nh khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh th\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng s\u00e1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Khai s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef l\u1edbn. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Newton ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ebfn 2.000 quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch, m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd m\u00ea t\u00edn, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n-hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y m\u00ea t\u00edn s\u1edbm bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c. \u1ede Anh, Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh.\u201d Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh kinh t\u1ebf (Max Weber). Khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a (science as culture). Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Humboldt. (Xem s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1eccC<\/i> <\/a> c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3)<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1726, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Daniel Defoe, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Robinson Crusoe<\/i>, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: \u201cGi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Anh \u0103n b\u00e9o v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng ng\u1ecdt, s\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m \u0103n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u; h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau x\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.\u201d \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Anh n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Anh qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ca ng\u1ee3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi cho qu\u1ed1c gia \u2026 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed, phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ed3n vinh l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh h\u01a1n. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh gi\u00e0u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, \u201cv\u0103n minh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0; m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hoang d\u00e3, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia man di ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd.\u201d (Roy Porter)<\/p>\n

\"Daniel<\/p>\n

Daniel Defoe (1659\/60-1731)<\/p>\n

Defoe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cnh\u00e0 \u00e1i qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf\u201d, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, theo \u00f4ng, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc (patriotism), v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Anh. \u201cQuy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d, Defoe vi\u1ebft, \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 h\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p, hay h\u1ea1nh ki\u1ec3m\u201d. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cNgo\u00e0i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u201d, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd vinh quang<\/i> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 \u1edf Anh, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0, qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eb7n b\u00e3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Vua Charles II n\u00f3i: R\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c<\/i> (Gentry) \u1edf Anh. \u1ede Anh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u201cnh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c\u201d, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ee7n x\u1ec9n nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh nam ch\u00e2m cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, \u201cl\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p.\u201d Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u201d, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vinh quang v\u00e0 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u2026. l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u1edfi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u2026c\u00e1i l\u00e0 su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9ng l\u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec.\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cAi tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, cung c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n vay, v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i? Ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty? … Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea3 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho chi\u1ebfn tranh?\u201d V\u00e0 \u201cch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i qu\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3 hay sao?\u201d (Liah Greenfeld)<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed danh t\u1eeb \u201cnh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n\u201d, merchant, t\u1eebng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn nho gi\u00e1o \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u vinh d\u1ef1 \u1edf Anh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo Defoe, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Anh. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: \u201cB\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ao, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i.\u201d Ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Anh th\u1eddi Defoe \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a Anh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Wealth of the Nations<\/i>: L\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng g\u00ec c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn, hay d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f2n xem m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea5t h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, hay \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n xem vi\u1ec7c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i kinh th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mercantilism th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Smith, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf Anh h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

\"C:\\Users\\HP\\AppData\\Local\\Microsoft\\Windows\\INetCacheContent.Word\\Adam<\/p>\n

Adam Smith (1723-1790)<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu: T\u1ef1 do<\/i>, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7<\/i>. Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1edbm c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u khoan dung h\u01a1n. T\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, kinh doanh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khoan dung v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, tuy ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng th\u1ebf: Mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb phong ki\u1ebfn, hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Khi ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, khung lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u1ecfi l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. Theo Smith, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u201ch\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Alan Macfarlane).<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng minh. Ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Marx t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o?\u201d v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201c\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham th\u00edch. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 1900, hai qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Anh, c\u00f3 8.000 khoa h\u1ecdc gia m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1940, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 70.000 khoa h\u1ecdc gia trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Manhattan c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 40.000. \u0110\u1ebfn 1980, Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u. T\u00e2y \u00c2u c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (J. R. McNeill & W. H. McNeill).<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf Anh c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: tinh th\u1ea7n Tin l\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 Max Weber ch\u1ec9 ra. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin l\u00e0nh thanh gi\u00e1o (puritan) \u1edf Anh tin r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i hay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng phung ph\u00ed, s\u1ed1ng \u201ckh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh b\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gian\u201d, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ea5t gi\u1ea5u trong kho, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ai s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 tr\u1edf \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i theo Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb Amsterdam \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n (Fernand Braudel)1<\/sup>. N\u00f3i chung, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin, ni\u1ec1m tin g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1eaby thu nh\u1eadp trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e3o h\u00f2a\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch, hay k\u00ecm h\u00e3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh hay c\u1ed1 \u00fd, nh\u01b0 Philippin v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La Tinh hay Ch\u00e2u Phi, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, trong khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Singapore nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh.<\/p>\n

Ghana v\u00e0 H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 GNP, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u01b0ng 30 n\u0103m sau t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c: H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u00f4 t\u00f4, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f2n gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ghana kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 GNP ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3? C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean do, nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean do quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng si\u00eang n\u0103ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ghana c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. (Lawrence E. Harrison v\u00e0 Samuel P. Huntington)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh dung v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh, qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i con s\u1ed1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh hay t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d (workshop of the world). N\u0103m 1850 Anh qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Wale, Scotland v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Ai-Len) s\u1edf h\u1eefu ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u00e0u \u0111i bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray xe l\u1eeda. N\u0103m 1851 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh (Great Britain) luy\u1ec7n 2.5 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n s\u1eaft, b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n Hoa K\u1ef3, v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Anh c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng 1.2 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e3 l\u1ef1c, h\u01a1n ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i (Roberts & Westad). Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u0111i. Cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i Pha l\u00ea t\u1ea1i Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n n\u0103m 1851 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Anh tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Anh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i cho \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Hai th\u1ebf k\u00fd 18 v\u00e0 19 \u2212 gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1702 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i William \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1901 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Victoria \u1edf Anh \u2212 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p (factory) l\u00ean ng\u00f4i, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. De Tocqueville cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 tr\u1edf \u0111i, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 mang gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n tr\u00ean thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1900, m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng gia n\u0103m 1500 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ganh t\u1ef5. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Shakespeare v\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Elizabeth \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Dickens v\u00e0 N\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Victoria, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. (Ron Davison)<\/p>\n

\u2055\u2055\u2055<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a Adam Smith, Friedrich List, Francis Bacon, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, theo tinh th\u1ea7n H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m<\/i> \u2013 Laissez-faire \u2013 c\u1ee7a Adam Smith: C\u1edfi tr\u00f3i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a khoan dung<\/i>, c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec k\u00ecm h\u00e3m c\u1ea7n n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ee1 b\u1ecf. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/i>, d\u1eabn d\u1eaft, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n
  2. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a<\/i> nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c theo tinh th\u1ea7n Friedrich List v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9; c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa doanh nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/i> (manufacturing nation); khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
  3. T\u1ea1o ra v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/i> trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ni\u1ec1m tin<\/i> m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng<\/i> (Francis Bacon). M\u1edf mang gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng tri th\u1ee9c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e0u l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, lu\u00f4n \u1edf tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
  4. N\u00e2ng cao v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a doanh nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1ec7nh mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u1ea7y, l\u00e0m quan, ch\u1ec9 tay h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay b\u1ecb ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m v\u0103n h\u00f3a nho gi\u00e1o.<\/li>\n
  5. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u00ean phong<\/i>, \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c; ra s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 thua k\u00e9m hay l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu.<\/li>\n
  6. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi tinh hoa ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng<\/i> v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean<\/i> v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i> n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n \u2212 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5n h\u01b0ng \u2013 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh<\/i> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/i>; \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng li\u00eam khi\u1ebft<\/i>. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/i> (state ethics) t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    N\u00f3i cho c\u00f9ng, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n vinh cho qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh nhanh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u00ecm h\u00e3m ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a giai t\u1ea7ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y. \u201cTheo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed duy v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a\u201d, Engels vi\u1ebft sau khi Marx m\u1ea5t, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/i> (production) v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/i> (reproduction) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. Marx v\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec h\u01a1n.\u201d Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00e2u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    \u2055\u2055\u2055<\/span><\/p>\n

    M\u1ec6NH L\u1ec6NH C\u1ee6A TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I<\/span><\/p>\n

    C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu \u201cCh\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch gi\u1eabm l\u00ean hay b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 ch\u1ed7 an ngh\u1ec9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng anh h\u00f9ng li\u1ec7t s\u0129 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, hay \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd d\u1eady\u201d, nh\u01b0 Abraham Lincoln n\u00f3i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nhau, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khai s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o khoa h\u1ecdc, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ty c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Siemens, Krupp, Thyssen, Bayer, nh\u1eefng \u201cti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c zaibatsu<\/i> c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, hay chaebol<\/i> c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c sau n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng m\u1edbi v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ebfu v\u00ed th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh ch\u1ec9 huy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn x\u00e0i cung t\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. \u201cM\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng\u201d, nh\u01b0 Abraham Lincoln n\u00f3i trong \u0111\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ai c\u1ea3, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh vai v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c, th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c r\u1ee7 s\u1ea1ch m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ee7i h\u1ed5 n\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng t\u1ee7i h\u1ed5 khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c anh h\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u201cx\u00e2u x\u00e9\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed 4000 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o cho nh\u1eefng ai quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u00eam m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa<\/i>!<\/p>\n

    Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    15 th\u00e1ng 10, 2017<\/span><\/p>\n

    Xin xem th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong s\u00e1ch<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n

    Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

    1. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Byzantine \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u00eda Nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo Tin l\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ebfn 1610-1620, danh t\u1eeb <\/span>ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/span><\/i> (capitalism) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho ph\u00eda Nam (Braudel). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Tin l\u00e0nh, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Weber. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh l\u00e0m \u0103n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft ti\u1ec7n t\u1eb7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u, chi nhi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      N\u01af\u1edaC \u0110\u1ee8C TRONG B\u1ed0I C\u1ea2NH CU\u1ed8C C\u00c1CH M\u1ea0NG C\u00d4NG NGHI\u1ec6P TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Xanh   \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0n gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ngT\u00e2y th\u1ed5i v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ecf c\u00e2y n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2793"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2793"}],"version-history":[{"count":43,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2793\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2803,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2793\/revisions\/2803"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2793"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2793"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rosetta.vn\/nguyenxuanxanh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2793"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}